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BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. November, 1894. 



ADVER T/SEMENTS. 



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fitted with ventilated French roasting and pastry steel ovens ; they 
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their heating and cooking apparatus, and are in use at all the 
U. S. Posts. 



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VULCAN IRON WORKS, 

86 No. Clinton Street, 
CHICAGO, = = ILLS. 



The United States Public Works. 

CONTAINING A SUMMARY OF THE 

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTER OF MATERIALS AND PLANT 

USED IN THE PUBLIC WORKS UNDER THE CHARGE OF THE WAR AND TREASURY DEPARTMENTS, AND OF THE 
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, INCLUDING WORKS OF RIVER AND HARBOR 
IMPROVEMENT, BUILDINGS AT POSTS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, LIGHT- 
HOUSES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, LIFE-SAVING STATIONS, AND WORKS 
OF MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING OF WASHINGTON, D. C. ; 

ALSO OF THE 

Laws, Regulations, and Forms Prescribed for the Conduct of Such Works; 

AND 

A DIRECTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AGENTS IN CHARGE OF THESE WORKS, AND OF 

CONTRACTORS FOR THEM, ALSO OF MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN 

MACHINERY, MATERIALS, AND MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES USED 

IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORKS. 

PUBLISHED AS A BOOK OF REFERENCE FOR ALL PERSONS INTERESTED IN THE PUBLIC WORKS, AND 

FOR ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS IN GENERAL. 

BY 

Captain W. M. BLACK, 

Of the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 

EllussttatrtJ i>g ober forts ^ftotogtabures anb S2Eorfctng UBratoings. 



NEW YORK : 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 
53 East Tenth Street. 

1895, 




mxmy * 



<LsO 



Copyright, 1895, . 

BY 

W. M. BLACK. 






ROBERT DRUMMOND, ELECTROTYPER AND PRINTER, NEW YORK. 



INTRODUCTION. 



" Public Works," as defined by the " Century Dictionary," are 
" all fixed works constructed for the public use, . . . ; more strictly, 
military and civil engineering works constructed at the public cost." 
In the following pages the limits of the term will be extended slightly, 
to include buildings erected for the public use. 

The public works of the United States are in charge of agents 
working under different bureaus of the executive departments of the 
Government, and are carried on either by hired labor or by contract. 
New works are being started and old works are demanding repair 
daily. In all cases the agent of the United States charged with the 
work wants to know where the needed supplies can be obtained best, 
or where he can find experienced, responsible men, prepared to 
undertake the class of work required. At the same time, while the 
large body of merchants, manufacturers, and contractors know in 
a general way that large sums are expended annually by the Govern- 
ment for the very material or labor which they are prepared to offer, 
they are deterred from bidding for them through ignorance of the 
exact nature of the materials or work, and of the methods for placing 
their offers before the proper agent. 

It is the design of this book to show the prescribed business 
methods of those of the executive departments which most largely 
control the classes of Government work defined in the first para- 
graph ; to describe briefly the nature of the works and the plant 
and materials most largely required ; and to give a directory of 
Government agents, and of the larger supply-houses, manufacturers, 
and contractors. 

The subject thus includes the methods and work of the Corps of 



Engineers and Quartermaster's Department of the Army under the 
War Department; of the Lighthouse Establishment, Life-saving 
Service, and Supervising Architect's Office under the Treasury 
Department ; and of the officers charged with the public works in 
Washington. 

The operations of these departments cover works of fortification ; 
works for the improvement of rivers and harbors ; construction of 
barracks and quarters at army posts ; construction and maintenance 
of lighthouses and beacons, of life-saving stations, of Federal build- 
ings ; and the works of municipal engineering of Washington. 

It is not proposed to describe or to discuss the interior economy 
of the departments, or the relations between the agents of the United 
States and their immediate superiors, but only to give the methods 
and limitations prescribed by law and regulation for the government 
of these agents in their business with the public. To this end, to 
eliminate errors due to personal interpretation, the extracts from the 
United States- Revised Statutes and the official regulations directly 
applicable are given in exact terms as far as possible. 

In the first chapter are found the general laws and regulations 
under which all of the public works are carried on ; in the succeeding 
chapters are given a brief description of the departments, in turn, 
with the special laws and regulations for work under each, and a 
description of the works carried on by them. Following these 
chapters are copies of the official forms of each department, and last 
are the directories. 

The laws and regulations are grouped by subjects. Typical 

works of less well-known classes are described in detail, with photo- 

iii 



IV 



INTRODUCTION. 



graphic illustrations and detail drawings. Working methods, plant, 
materials, and arrangement of gangs are described ; and itemized 
tables of costs are given whenever such items seemed sufficiently 
novel or valuable. These items are scattered under the subheads 
to which they refer, but are made available for general use by the 
Index. 

The book does not treat of engineering principles, but it is hoped 
that in the descriptions of the work and plant the engineering profes- 
sion at large will find matter of interest and value. 



In preparing the matter for this book, the compiler has been 
compelled to seek information and aid from many of his fellow agents 
of the United States. In every instance the assistance asked for has 
been given promptly and courteously, and the most valuable portions 
of the text are the result. He desires particularly to express his 
obligations to Major Raymond, Captains Marshall and Rossell and the 
late Captain Price of the Corps of Engineers, and to Mr. E. V. Kemper, 
Chief Executive of the Office of the Supervising Architect, Treasury 
Department. 






TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 
General Laws and Treasury Regulations. 

PAGES 

Appropriations. Labor. Materials. Purchase of Land. Legal Holidays. 
Purchases and Contracts. Payments. Payment of Treasury Drafts 
and Official Checks. Treasury Regulations in Case of Official Checks 
Lost or Destroyed. Treasury Instructions Relative to Public Moneys 
and Official Checks 1-9 

CHAPTER II. 

War Department Laws and Regulations. 

Duties. Engineer Department. Quartermaster's Department. Appro- 
priations and Allotments. Business Methods, General Regulations. 
Purchases. Advertising. Proposals and Contracts. Open-market 
Purchases. Payments. Vouchers and Checks. Laws and Special 
Regulations for Work under Engineer Department. Proposals. 
Contracts. Laws and Regulations for Work under Quartermaster's 
Department. Proposals 10-27 

CHAPTER III. 
War Department Public Works. 

Works under Engineer Department. Fortifications. Dredging. Rock 
Excavation. Sea and Lake Shore Protection Works. Breakwaters, 
Sea. Jetties and Dikes, Sea. Lake Harbor Breakwaters and Piers. 
River Regulation Works. Coffer-dams. Locks and Dams. 

Works under Quartermaster's Department 28-107 

CHAPTER IV. 

Treasury Department Public Works. 

United States Light-House Establishment, Laws and Regulations. Or- 
ganization and Duties. Business Methods. Purchases and Contracts. 
Proposals. Contracts. Open-market Purchases. Payments. 



Light-Houses and Beacons. Skeleton Towers. Cast-Iron Tower on Land, 
Towers on Iron Tubular Foundations. Iron Tower on Wooden Cais- 
son. Masonry Towers. Pile Beacons. Platform for Test Borings, 
Outer Diamond Shoals 108-135 

CHAPTER V. 

Treasury Department, Office Supervising Architect: Laws and 

Regulations. 

Organization of Office. Purchase of Land. Expenditures on Public 
Buildings. Business Methods. Appropriations. Expenditures. Pro- 
posals and Contracts. Payments. 

Federal Buildings. Extracts from Specifications. Tabular Statement of 
Federal Buildings under Charge of the Treasury Department, showing 
Cost, etc 136-163 

CHAPTER VI. 

Treasury Department, Life-Saving Service : Laws and Regulations. 

Organization. Appropriations. Purchase of Land. Purchases, Pro- 
posals, and Contracts. Emergency Purchases. Payments. 

164-167 



Life-Saving Stations 



CHAPTER VII. 

Municipal Works, District of Columbia, Building for Library of 
Congress. Public Buildings and Grounds. 

District Government, Laws and Regulations. Organization of District 
Government. Office Methods. Estimates and Appropriations. Ad- 
vertisements, Proposals, Contracts. Bonds. Legal Holidays. 

Municipal Works, District of Columbia. Street Pavements. 

Building for Library of Congress. 

Public Buildings and Grounds in Washington, D. C. Washington Aque- 
duct 168-184 

v 



VI 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
Forms. 

PAGES 

Engineer Department Forms. Proposals with Guarantee, Justification of 
the Guarantors and Certificate. Contracts. Bonds. Vouchers. Pay- 
Roil. 

Quartermaster's Department Forms. Circular Proposal. Proposal with 
Guarantee, Justification of Guarantors and Certificate. Contracts. 
Bond. Vouchers. Pay-Roll. 

Light-House Establishment Forms. Advertisement. Proposal. Con- 
tract. Bond. Vouchers. Pay-Roll. 

Supervising Architect's Office Forms. Advertisement and Proposal. 
Bond for Accepted Proposal. Contract. Bond. Voucher. Pay- 
Roll. 

Life-Saving Service Forms. Proposal. Contract. Bond. Voucher. 

District of Columbia Forms. Proposals. Contract. Bond. Pay-Roll. 
Vouchers. Measurement Sheets. 

Building for Library of Congress Forms. Proposal. Contract. Bond. 185-224 



CHAPTER IX. 
Public Works. Directories. 

PAGES- 

Works under War Department and Officers in Charge. Fortifications and 
River and Harbor Works. Boards and Commissions. Public Build- 
ings and Grounds in Washington, D. C. Washington Aqueduct. 

Quartermaster's Department Works. Army Posts and Post Quarter- 
masters. 

Works under Treasury Department. Light-House Districts, Engineers, 
and Inspectors. 

Supervising Architect's Office. 

Life-Saving Service. Superintendent. Superintendents of Construction. 
Districts and District Superintendents. 

District of Columbia Government. Building for Library of Congress. 225-239 

Directory of Contractors 240-250 

Directory of Manufacturers and of Dealers in Machinery, Materials, and 

Supplies 251-265. 






ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PLATES. 

FACING PAGE 

Frontispiece. Building for Library of Congress, from Capitol, Nov. 1894. 

Plate I. United States Dredge " Ram" 43 

II. United States Dredge and Snag-boat " Suwanee " 44 

III. Pulsometer Depositing Mud on League Island, 1892 46 

IV. Model of Drill Platform, Improvement of James River, Va 54 

V. Drill-scow at Work, Improvement of Harbor of Oswego, N. Y 55 

VI. Self-righting, Geared Dump Car 70 

VII. Model of Jetty at Mouth of Columbia River, Oregon 70 

VIII. Model of Jetty at Mouth of Columbia River, Oregon 70 

IX. Pile Foundation, Crib and Superstructure of Pier, Calumet 

Harbor, 111 72 

X. Cross Sections of Crib Constructions used in Chicago Harbor 74 

XI. Concrete Plant, Buffalo Harbor Breakwater 75 

XII. Cross Sections of Breakwaters in Lake Champlain 78 

XIII. Models of Brush and Rock Dams and Dikes 79 

XIV. Model of Shore Protection, Pile Dike and Plant 80 

XV. Timber and Canvas Coffer-dam 91 

XVI. Plan, Sections and Elevation, Lock No. 7, Great Kanawha River. . 92 

XVII. Lock No. 7, Great Kanawha River during Construction 92 

XVIII. Plan and Sections, Dam No. 7, Great Kanawha River 93 

XIX. Lock Gate and Anchor Irons, Lock No. 7, Great Kanawha River. . 94 

XX. Details of Upper End of Lock No. 2, Great Kanawha River 95 

XXI. Dam No. 2, Shore Protection and Abutment, Great Kanawha 

River 9° 

XXII. Lock at Davis Island Dam, Ohio River. Plan, Sections and 

Elevation 9° 

XXIII. Davis Island Dam, Ohio River. Plan of Lock and Dam and 

Sections of Dam 97 

XXIV. Davis Island Dam, Ohio River. Drift Gap with Bear-trap Gates. 97 

XXV. Illinois River Improvement. Kampsville Lock 97 

XXVI. " " " " " Lower Gate 97 

XXVII. " *' " " Dam 98 

XXVIII. Illinois and Mississippi Canal. View of Works at Head of Lower 

Rapids, Rock River 101 



XXIX. 
XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 
XXXIII. 
XXXIV. 

XXXV. 
XXXVI. 



Figure 1. 
2. 

3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 

7- 

8. 

9- 
10. 

11, 
11, 
11, 
11, 
12. 

13- 

14. 

15- 
16. 

17- 
18. 
19. 



FACING PAGE 

Illinois and Mississippi Canal. Guard Lock, Sluiceway and 

Culvert 101 

Illinois and Mississippi Canal. Stone-crushing and Concrete 

Plant 101 

Illinois and Mississippi Canal. Guard Lock during Construction. 101 

Model of Locks, Saint Marys Falls Canal 102 

South Leaf of Lower Lock Gate, Saint Marys Falls Canal 102 

Fort Point Light-house, Galveston Harbor 115 

Front Beacon, Craighill Channel, Baltimore Harbor Entrance 120 

Building for Library of Congress during Construction 182 

FIGURES. 

Arrangement of Pump and Pipes for Excavation in Quicksand... . 32 

Template for Setting Anchor Bolts in Mortar Platform 33 

Cross-section of Concrete Superstructure, Buffalo Breakwater .... 75 

Cross-section of Pile and Slab Dike, Ashland Harbor, Wis 76 

Schuylkill River Dike 87 

James River Dike 88 

Riprap Dike, Tennessee River 89 

Crib Coffer-dam, Great Kanawha River 93 

Light-house on Fowey Rocks, Florida 116 

Light-house for Cape Charles and Hog Island, Va 117 

a. Elevation of Light-house, Cape Henry, Va 118 

b. Sections " " " " " " 118 

c. Section " " " " " " 119 

d. " " " " " " " 119 

Crib Pier used in Construction of Stannards Rock Light-house... . 121 
Method of Fitting Iron Cylinder to Rock Bottom, Stannards Rock 

Light-house 122 

Deer Island Light-house, Boston Harbor 123 

Working Platform for Constructing Round Towers 126 

Spectacle Reef Light-House 128 

Tillamook Light-house 128 

" during Construction 129 

Boring Platform, Outer Diamond Shoals I3 2 

vii 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



A. R. United States Army Regulations. 

E. D. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. 

E. R. Regulations for the Government of the Corps of Engineers, U.S.A. 

L. H. R. Regulations relating to the Light-House Establishment. 

L. S. S. Life-Saving Service. 



Q. M. D. Quartermaster's Department, U. S. Army. 
Rep. C. of E. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S.A. 
R. S. United States Revised Statutes. 
S. A. O. Supervising Architect's Office. 

Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. or T. A. S. C. E. Transactions of the American 
Society of Civil Engineers. 



Vlll 



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SEE ILLUSTRATED 1895 
CATALOGUES 



JAMES H. LANCASTER, Patentee, Thames Building, New York. 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER I 



GENERAL LAWS AND TREASURY REGULATIONS. 



APPROPRIATIONS, LABOR AND MATERIALS. 

Application of Appropriations. — Disbursing officers are held 
strictly accountable that all appropriations are applied to the ob- 
jects for which they are made and to none other ; that no liabilities 
are incurred beyond the sums allotted or appropriated for the several 
works ; and that the expenditures in any fiscal year shall be paid from 
and do not exceed the appropriations available for that year. (Sees. 
3678, 3679, 3690, 3733, 5503, R. S.) 

Voluntary Service. — Officers are forbidden to accept voluntary 
service for the Government except in cases of sudden emergency 
involving the loss of life or destruction of property. (Act May 1. 
1894.) 

Alien Labor. — The importation and migration of foreigners and 
aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United 
States, its territories and the District of Columbia is forbidden. (Acts 
of Feb. 26, 1885, and Feb. 23, 1887.) 

Eight Hour Law. — Except in cases of extraordinary emergency 
the services of laborers and mechanics employed on any of the 
public works of the United States are limited and restricted to eight 
hours in any one calendar day. (Act Aug. 1, 1892.) 

Liability for Materials and Labor Furnished for Public Works. — 
" Hereafter any person or persons entering into a formal contract with 



the United States for the construction of any public building, or the 
prosecution and completion of any public work or for repairs upon 
any public building or public work, shall be required before com- 
mencing such work to execute the usual penal bond, with good and 
sufficient sureties, with the additional obligations that such contractor 
or contractors shall promptly make payments to all persons supplying 
him or them labor and materials in the prosecution of the work pro- 
vided for in such contract ; and any person or persons making appli- 
cation therefor, and furnishing affidavit to the Department under the 
direction of which said work is being, or has been, prosecuted, that 
labor or materials for the prosecution of such work has been supplied 
by him or them, and payment for which has not been made, shall be 
furnished with a certified copy of said contract and bond, upon which 
said person or persons supplying such labor and materials shall have 
a right of action, and shall be authorized to bring suit in the name of 
the United States for his or their use and benefit against said con- 
tractor and sureties and to prosecute the same to final judgment 
and execution : Provided, That such action and its prosecutions shall 
involve the United States in no expense. 

" Provided that in such case the court in which such action is 
brought is authorized to require proper security for costs in case 
judgment is for the defendant.'" (Act Aug. 13, 1894.) 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



PURCHASE OP LAND. 

Purchase of Land. — "No land shall be purchased on account of 
the United States except under a law authorizing such purchase." 
(Sec. 3736, R. S.) 

Condemnation of Land. — " In every case in which the Secretary 
of the Treasury or any other officer of the Government has been, 
or hereafter shall be, authorized to procure real estate for the 
erection of a public building or for other public uses he shall be, 
and hereby is, authorized to acquire the same for the United States 
by condemnation, under judicial process, whenever in his opinion it 
is necessary or advantageous to the Government to do so. 

" And the United States circuit or district courts of the district 
wherein such real estate is located, shall have jurisdiction of the 
proceedings for such condemnation, and it shall be the duty of the 
Attorney-General of the United States, upon every application of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, under this act, or such other officer, to 
cause proceedings to be commenced for condemnation, within thirty 
days from the receipt of the application at the Department of Justice. 

" The practice, pleadings, forms and modes of proceeding in causes 
arising under the provisions of this act shall conform, as near as may 
be, to the practice, pleadings, forms and proceedings existing at the 
time in like causes in the courts of record of the State within which 
such circuit or district courts are held, any rule of the court to the 
contrary notwithstanding." (Act Aug. 1, 1888.) 

Title — Jurisdiction. — " No public money shall be expended upon 
any site or land purchased by the United States for the purpose of 
erecting thereon any armory, .... fortification, navy-yard, 
custom-house, light-house, or other public building, of any kind what- 
ever, until the written opinion of the Attorney-General shall be had 
in favor of the validity of the title, nor until the consent of the legis- 
lature of the State in which the land . . . may be, to such 
purchase, has been given. . . ." (Sec. 355, R. S.) 

" No light-house, beacon, public piers, or landmark, shall be built 



or erected on any site until cession of jurisdiction over the same has 
been made to the United States." (Sec. 4661, R.S.) 

Consent of State. — " The President of the United States is au- 
thorized to procure the assent of the legislature of any State, within 
which any purchase of land has been made for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings, without 
such consent having been obtained." (Sec. 1838, R. S.) 

LEGAL HOLIDAYS. 

Legal Holidays. — Per diem employees of the Government are 
allowed the following holidays : " the first day of January, the twenty- 
second day of February, the fourth day of July, the twenty-fifth day 
of December, and such days as may be designated by the President 
as days for national thanksgiving, and shall receive the same pay as 
on other days." (Joint Res. Jany. 6, 1885.) 

"All per diem employees of the Government . . . shall be 
allowed the day of each year, which is celebrated as ' Memorial ' or 
' Decoration Day,' and the Fourth of July of each year, as holiday, 
and shall receive the same pay as on other days." (Joint Res. Feb. 
23, 1887.) 

" The first Monday of September in each year, being the day 
celebrated and known as Labor's Holiday, is hereby made a legal 
holiday, to all intents and purposes, in the same manner as Christmas, 
the first day of January, the twenty-second day of February, the 
thirtieth day of May, and the fourth day of July are now made by 
law public holidays." (Act June 28, 1894.) 

PURCHASES AND CONTRACTS. 

Advertisement for Proposals — Open Market Purchases. — "All pur- 
chases and contracts for supplies or services, in any of the Depart- 
ments of the Government, except for personal services, shall be made 
by advertising a sufficient time previously for proposals respecting 
the same, when the public exigencies do not require the immediate 



GENERAL LAWS AND TREASURY REGULATIONS. 



delivery of the articles or performance of the service. When im- 
mediate delivery or performance is required by the public exigency, 
the articles or service may be procured by open purchase or contract, 
at the places and in the manner in which such articles are usually 
bought and sold, or such service engaged, between individuals." (Sec. 
3709, R. S.) 

Note. — The act of January 27, 1894, amends sec. 3709, R. S., insofar as 
that section relates to the purchase of supplies for the Departments and Gov- 
ernment establishments in the City of Washington, including the government 
of the District of Columbia, and provides that the proposals shall be opened 
at 2 p.m. on the same days in each Department and establishment, and that 
the schedules of bids and the proposed action thereon of the respective Depart- 
ments and establishments shall be submitted to a specified board for recom- 
mendation as to acceptance or rejection. 

Time for Opening Bids. — " Whenever proposals for supplies have 
been solicited, the parties responding to such solicitation shall be 
duly notified of the time and place of opening the bids, and be per- 
mitted to be present either in person or by attorney, and a record of 
such bid shall then and there be made." (Sec. 3710, R. S.) 

Transfer of Contracts. — " No contract or order, or any interest 
therein, shall be transferred by the party to whom such contract 
or order is given to any other party, and any such transfer shall 
cause the annulment of the contract or order transferred, so far as 
the United States are concerned. All rights of action, however, for 
any breach of such contract by the contracting parties, are reserved 
to the United States." (Sec. 3737, R. S.) 

Interest of Members of Congress in Contracts. — " No member 
of or delegate to Congress shall directly or indirectly, . . . 
undertake, execute, hold or enjoy in whole or in part any con- 
tract or agreement made or entered into in behalf of the United 
States, by any officer or person authorized to make contracts in 
behalf of the United States. ... All contracts or agreements 
made in violation of this statute shall be void. . . ." (Sec. 3739, 
R. S.) 



" Nothing contained in the preceding section shall extend, or 
be construed to extend, to any contract or agreement, made or 
entered into or accepted, by any incorporated company, where such 
contract or agreement is made for the general benefit of such incor- 
poration or company; nor to the purchase or sale of bills of exchange 
or other property by any member of (or delegate to) Congress, where 
the same are ready for delivery, and payment therefor is made, at 
the time of making or entering into the contract or agreement." (Sec. 

3740, R. S.) 

" In every such contract or agreement to be made or entered 
into, or accepted, by or on behalf of the United States, there shall 
be inserted an express condition that no member of (or delegate 
to) Congress shall be admitted to any share or part of such con- 
tract or agreement, or to any benefit to arise thereupon." (Sec. 

3741, R. S.) 

Bribery of Government Officials. — " Every member of Congress 
or any officer or agent of the Government who, directly or indi- 
rectly, takes, receives, or agrees to receive, any money, property, 
or other valuable consideration whatever, from any person for pro- 
curing, or aiding to procure, any contract, office, or place, from the 
Government or any Department thereof, or from any officer of the 
United States, for any person whatever, or for giving any such con- 
tract, office, or place to any person whomsoever, and every person 
who, directly or indirectly, offers or agrees to give, or gives, or be- 
stows any money, property, or other valuable consideration what- 
ever, for the procuring or aiding to procure any such contract, office, 
or place, and every member of Congress who, drectly or indirectly, 
takes, receives, or agrees to receive any money, property, or other 
valuable consideration whatever after his election as such member, 
for his attention to, services, action, vote, or decision on any ques- 
tion, matter, cause, or proceeding which may then be pending, or 
may by law or under the Constitution be brought before him in 
his official capacity, or in his place as such member of Congress, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be imprisoned 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



not more than two years and fined not more than ten thousand 
dollars. And any such contract or agreement may, at the option of 
the President, be declared absolutely null and void ; and any mem- 
ber of Congress or officer convicted of a violation of this section, 
shall, moreover, be disqualified from holding any office of honor, 
profit, or trust under the Government of the United States." (Sec. 
1781, R. S.) 

" Every person who promises, offers, or gives, or causes or pro- 
cures to be promised, offered, or given, any money or other thing of 
value, or makes or tenders any contract, undertaking, obligation, gra- 
tuity, or security for the payment of money, or for the delivery or 
conveyance of anything of value, to any officer of the United States, 
or to any person acting for or on behalf of the United States in any 
official function, under or by authority of any department or office of 
the Government thereof, or to any officer or person acting for or on 
behalf of either House of Congress, or of any committee of either 
House, or both Houses thereof, with intent to influence his decision or 
action on any question, matter, cause, or proceeding which may at 
any time be pending, or which may by law be brought before him in 
his official capacity, or in his place of trust or profit, or with intent to 
influence him to commit or aid in committing, or to collude in, or 
allow, any fraud, or make opportunity for the commission of any fraud, 
on the United States, or to induce him to do or omit to do any act in 
violation of his lawful duty, shall be punished as prescribed in the pre- 
ceding section." (Sec. 5451, R. S.) 

Sec. 5450, R. S., prescribes a fine of not less than three times 
the amount or value of the thing so offered, etc., and imprisonment 
for not more than three years. 

Contracts Limited by Amount of Appropriation. — " No contract or 
purchase on behalf of the United States shall be made, unless the 
same is authorized by law or is under an appropriation adequate to 
its fulfillment, except in the War and Navy Departments, for clothing, 
. . . quarters, . . . which, however, shall not exceed the 
necessities of the current year." (Sec. 3732, R. S.) 



" No contract shall be entered into for the erection, repair, or 
furnishing of any public building, or for any public improvement 
which shall bind the Government to pay a larger sum of money than 
the amount in the Treasury appropriated for the specific purpose." 
(Sec. 3733, R. S.) 

Transfers of Claims. — "All transfers and assignments made of 
any claim upon the United States, or of any part or share thereof, 
or interest therein, whether absolute or conditional, and whatever 
may be the consideration thereof, and all powers of attorney, orders, 
or other authorities for receiving payment for any such claim, or of 
any part or share thereof, shall be absolutely null and void, unless 
they are freely made and executed in the presence of at least two 
attesting witnesses, after the allowance of such a claim, the ascertain- 
ment of the amount due, and the issuing of a warrant for the pay- 
ment thereof. Such transfers, assignments, and powers of attorney, 
must recite the warrant for payment, and must be acknowledged by 
the person making them, before an officer having authority to take 
acknowledgments of deeds, and shall be certified by the officer ; and 
it must appear by the certificate that the officer, at the time of the 
acknowledgment, read and fully explained the transfer, assignment, 
or warrant of attorney to the person acknowledging the same." (Sec. 
3477, R. S.) 

Powers of Attorney. — The following are extracts from a decision 
of the Comptroller of the Treasury, dated December 27, 1894, relative 
to powers of attorney. " . . . It, therefore, becomes necessary now 
to adopt a practice in regard to powers of attorney, which shall govern 
all the accounting officers of the Government. As in my opinion Sec. 
3477 (Revised Statutes) prohibits the giving of such powers of attorney, 
. . . and as it is held in the Lopez case that it is in the dis- 
cretion of the accounting officers whether they shall recognize such 
powers of attorney or not, in order to carry out the evident spirit 
of the section, I deem it my duty to refuse to approve any such powers 
in future. 

" If disbursing officers in fact make payment to persons holding 



GENERAL LAWS AND TREASURY REGULATIONS. 



unrevoked and undisputed powers of attorney, under the decisions of 
the Supreme Court in McKnight v. United States, 98 U. S., 179, and 
Bailey v. United States, 109 U. S., 432, and of the Court of Claims in 
the Lopez case, 24 C. Cls. R., 84, the accounting officers are neces- 
sarily compelled to allow the disbursing officers credit for such pay- 
ments in the settlement of their accounts. In order, however, to give 
such credits it will be necessary to show that at the time payment was 
made there existed in favor of the person to whom payment was made, 
a power of attorney which, at the time, remained undisputed and un- 
revoked, either by the voluntary action of the grantor of the power or 
by his death. 

• ■■•••■• 

" Nothing in this letter is intended to affect payments to regular 
agents of corporations, the manner of payment in such cases being 
fixed by Treasury regulations." 

PAYMENTS. 

Unexpended Balances of Fiscal Year Appropriations. — " All balances 
of appropriations contained in the annual appropriation bills and 
made specifically for the service of any fiscal year, and remaining 
unexpended at the expiration of such fiscal year, shall only be applied 
to the payment of expenses properly incurred during that year, or to 
the fulfillment of contracts properly made within that year ; and 
balances not needed for such purposes shall be carried to the sur- 
plus fund. This section shall not apply to appropriations known as 
permanent or indefinite appropriations." (Sec. 3690, R. S.) 

Advance Payments. — " No advance of public money shall be 
made in any case whatever. And in all cases of contracts for the per- 
formance of any service, or the delivery of articles of any description, 
for the use of the United States, payment shall not exceed the value 
of the service rendered, or of the articles delivered previously to such 
payment. . . ." (Sec. 3648, R. S.) 



" (1886. Department No. 157.) 

" Treasury Department, First Auditor's Office, [ 
" Washington, D. C, November io, 1886. S 

" (Referring to Sec. 3648 R. S.) 

" This statute is mandatory and binding upon all who serve the 
Government for salary or fees ; and also for all purchases of articles 
for delivery to the United States ; carefully restricting payment made 
to amount of service rendered, or articles purchased and duly de- 
livered before such payment. 

" Hereafter, specific evidence of delivery of any and all articles 
purchased for the public use will be required for file with the vouchers 
presented to this office for audit. 

" The rendition of a bill, with receipt, for moneys claimed as due 
for purchase made will not be deemed evidence of delivery in any 
case. 

" Persons or corporations demanding payments in advance for 
gas, water, or other service, or supplies for the public use, are notified 
that, under the restrictive provisions of the statutes, no account can 
be certified by this office except for service, etc., rendered at the date 
of presentation of such account. 

" The certificate of delivery of property purchased for use of the 
United States will be required in all cases where practicable, duly 
signed by the legal custodian thereof. Where property is delivered 
to other parties than those above indicated for transportation, or for 
a subsequent delivery, the certificate will be signed by the actual cus- 
todian to whom delivered. 

"Daniel Manning, Secretary." 

Time Limit for Appropriations. — " From and after the first day 
of July, eighteen hundred and seventy-four, and of each year there- 
after, the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause all unexpended 



6 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



balances of appropriations which have remained upon the books of 
the Treasury for two fiscal years to be carried to the surplus fund 
and covered into the Treasury : Provided, That this provision shall 
not apply to permanent specific appropriations, appropriations for 
rivers and harbors, light-houses,* fortifications, public buildings, and 
pay of navy and marine corps ; but the appropriations named in this 
proviso shall continue available until otherwise ordered by Congress. 
. . ." (Sec. 5 Act Appd. June 20, 1874.) 

Misapplication of Public Funds. — " If any officer charged with the 
disbursement of the public moneys, accepts, receives, or transmits 
to the Treasury Department to be allowed in his favor, any receipt 
or voucher from a creditor of the United States, without having 
paid to such creditor in such funds as the officer received for dis- 
bursement, . . . the full amount specified in such receipt or 
voucher, every such act is an act of conversion, by such officer, to 
his own use, of the amount specified in such receipt or voucher." 
(Sec. 5496, R. S.) 

Outstanding Official Checks. — " At the termination of each fiscal 
year all amounts of moneys that are represented by . . . 
checks issued ... by any disbursing officer of any Department 
of the Government . . . which have for three years or more 
remained outstanding, unsatisfied, and unpaid, shall be deposited by 
the Treasurer, to be covered into the Treasury by warrant, and to be 
carried to the credit of the parties in whose favor such . . . 
checks were respectively issued, or to the persons who are entitled to 
receive pay therefor, and into an appropriation account to be de- 
nominated ' outstanding liabilities.' " (Sec. 306, R. S.) 

Payment of Old Outstanding Official Checks. — " The payee or the 
bona-fide holder of any draft or check, the amount of which has been 
deposited and covered into the Treasury pursuant to the foregoing 
sections, shall, on presenting the same to the proper officer of the 

♦Extract from decision of First Comptroller of the Treasury, July 17, 
1874: " I do not understand this provision as extending to all appropriations 
for the Board, but only to those for construction and repairs." 



Treasury, be entitled to have it paid by the settlement of an account 
and the issuing of a warrant in his favor, according to the practice 
in other cases of authorized and liquidated claims against the United 
States." (Sec. 308, R. S) 



PAYMENT OF TREASURY DRAFTS AND OFFICIAL CHECKS 
OF PUBLIC DISBURSING OFFICERS. 

" Treasury Department, \ 

" Office of the Secretary, >• 

"Washington, D. C, April 21, 1891. ) 

" (Sections 306, 7, 8, 9, and 10, R. S.) 

" REGULATIONS. 

"1. Hereafter any Treasury draft or any check drawn by a 
public disbursing officer still in service, which shall be presented for 
payment before it shall have been issued three full fiscal years, will 
be paid in the usual manner by the officer or bank on which it is 
drawn, and from funds to the credit of the drawer. . . . 

" Any such draft or check which has been issued for a longer 
period than three full fiscal years will be paid only by the settlement 
of an account in this Department, as provided in Sec. 308, R. S. . . . ; 
and for this purpose the draft or check will be transmitted to the 
Secretary of the Treasury for the necessary action. 

" 5. In case of the death, resignation, or removal of a public dis- 
bursing officer, any check previously drawn by him and not presented 
for payment within four months of its date will not be paid until its 
correctness shall have been attested by the Secretary or Assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

" 6. If the object or purpose for which any check of a public 
disbursing officer is drawn is not stated thereon, as required by depart- 
mental regulations, or if any reason exists for suspecting fraud, the 
office or bank on which such check is drawn will refuse its payment. 



GENERAL LAWS AND TREASURY REGULATIONS. 



" These regulations are intended to supersede those of February 
25, 1890, on this subject. 

" Charles Foster, Secretary." 

Official Checks Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed. — " Whenever any original 
check is lost, stolen, or destroyed, disbursing officers of the United 
States are authorized, after the expiration of six months, and within 
three years from the date of such check, to issue a duplicate check ; 
and the Treasurer, assistant treasurers, and designated depositaries of 
the United States are directed to pay such duplicate checks, upon 
notice and proof of the loss of the original checks, under such regula- 
tions in regard to their issue and payment, and upon the execution 
of such bonds, with sureties, to indemnify the United States, as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. This section shall not 
apply to any check exceeding in amount the sum of twenty-five 
hundred dollars." (Sec. 3646, R. S., Act Feb. 16, 1885.) 

Note. — A special act of Congress is necessary to enable a disbursing officer 
to issue a duplicate check in case the amount of the lost check exceeds $2,500. 

The following is an example of an act of this kind : 

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Utiited States 
of America in Congress assemb/ed. That Captain W. H. Bixby, Engineers 
United States Armjr, be, and is hereby, authorized and instructed to issue a 
duplicate of an original check under such regulations in regard to its issue and 
payment as have been prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury for the issue 
of duplicate checks under the provisions of section thirty-six hundred and 
forty-six, Revised Statutes of the United States. Said duplicate check to take 
the place of an original check issued by said W. H. Bixby on September 
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, upon the subtreasury at New 
York, in favor of Hughes Brothers and Bangs, for the sum of five thousand 
and eleven dollars and ninety-three cents, and numbered two hundred and fifty- 
nine thousand and one, being for services in August, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-three, under their contract with the United States for work at Point 
Judith, Rhode Island, which check is alleged to have been lost in its trans- 
mission through the United States mail." 

Approved August 27, 1894. 

" In case the disbursing officer or agent by whom such lost, de- 
stroyed, or stolen check was issued, is dead, or no longer in the 
service of the United States, it shall be the duty of the proper ac- 



counting officer, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe, to state an account in favor of the owner of such 
original check for the amount thereof, and to charge such amount to 
the account of such officer or agent." (Sec. 3647, R. S.) 

TREASURY REGULATIONS IN CASE OP OFFICIAL 
CHECKS LOST, Etc. 

" Treasury Department, ) 

"Washington, D. C, June 28, 1889. ) 

'• In compliance with the requirements of the preceding sections 
of the Revised Statutes (Sec. 3646, 3647), the following regulations 
are established : Immediately upon the loss of a check, the owner, 
to better protect his interest, should, in writing, notify the office or 
bank on which it was drawn of the fact of such loss, stating the 
name of the officer or agent by whom it was drawn, describing 
the check — giving, if possible, its date, number, and amount — and 
requesting that payment of the same be stopped. 

" In order to procure the issue of a duplicate check, the party in 
interest must furnish the officer or agent who issued the original 
check with an affidavit giving the name and residence of the applicant 
in full, describing the check and its indorsement, showing his interest 
therein, detailing the circumstances attending its loss, and what 
action, if any, he has taken to stop payment thereon. The affidavit 
must be made and signed before an officer authorized to administer 
oaths generally, and he must certify that he administered the oath. 

" He must also furnish to the same officer or agent a bond exe- 
cuted on the accompanying form -and according to these instructions, 
which will be furnished to any officer or agent applying therefor. 
The affidavit and the bond, when executed, are to be indorsed by the 
officer or agent as having been submitted to him, and as being the 
proof and security upon which he has acted. After the expiration of 
six months after the time the original check was issued, the officer or 
agent will issue a duplicate, which must be an exact transcript of the 
original, especial care being taken that the number and date corre- 



8 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



spond with the original. The affidavit, bond, and duplicate check he 
will, without delay, forward to the Secretary of the Treasury, who, 
upon their receipt, will advise the office or bank on which the check 
was drawn that an application for a duplicate is pending, and the 
bank or office will immediately inform the Secretary whether a re- 
quest has been made to stop payment of the original, and whether 
such original has been presented or paid, and if not paid, a caveat 
will be entered, and payment will thereupon be stopped. 

" If the information obtained is satisfactory to the proper account- 
ing officer of the Treasury, and he approves of the issue of the dupli- 
cate, and of the accompanying bond, he will certify such approval in 
writing, on the papers as well as on the duplicate check, and return 
them to the Secretary of the Treasury. 

" Any duplicate check issued in pursuance of these instructions, 
bearing such certificate and the approval of the Secretary or Assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury, may, if properly indorsed, be paid by the 
Treasurer, the Assistant Treasurer, or depositary on whom it is 
drawn, subject to the same rules and regulations as apply to the pay- 
ment of original checks ; but no duplicate shall be paid if the original 
shall already have been paid. 

" In case of the loss of a check issued by a United States disburs- 
ing officer or agent who is dead or no longer in the service of the 
United States, the affidavit and bond required to be furnished by the 
owner of said check to an officer or agent in the service of the United 
States, prior to the issue of a duplicate check, should be forwarded 
to the Secretary of the Treasury who will refer them to the proper 
accounting officer for examination and the statement of an account 
in favor of the owner of said check, as provided for in section 
3647. 

" Whenever such an account shall have been stated, and an 
officer or agent charged with the amount of any duplicate check, 
the final accounting officer will notify the Secretary of the Treasury 
in order that the amount of the original check, if remaining to the 
credit of the officer or agent in any United States depositary, may 



be repaid into the Treasury and carried to his credit and to the 
credit of the proper appropriation. 

"These regulations shall not apply to any check exceeding in 
amount the sum of $2,500.00. 

" W. Windom, Secretary." 

CIRCULAR INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO PUBLIC MONEYS 
AND OFFICIAL CHECKS OF UNITED STATES DISBURSING 

OFFICERS. 

" Treasury Department, ( 

"Washington, D. C, August 24, 1876. ) 

" (Sections 3620, 5488, R. S.) 

Care of Public Funds. — " In accordance with the provisions of the 
above sections, any public money advanced to disbursing officers of 
the United States must be deposited immediately to their respective 
credits, with either the United States Treasurer, some Assistant 
Treasurer, or designated depositary, other than a national bank de- 
positary, nearest or most convenient, or, by special direction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, with a national bank depositary, except — 

" 1. Any disbursing officer of the War Department, specially 
authorized by the Secretary of War, when stationed on the extreme 
frontier or at places far remote from such depositaries, may keep, at his 
own risk, such moneys as may be intrusted to him for disbursement. 

Form of Official Checks. — "2 Any check drawn by a 

disbursing officer upon moneys thus deposited must be in favor of 
the party, by name, to whom the payment is to be made, and pay- 
able to ' order ' or ' bearer ' with these exceptions : 

"1. To make payments of individual pensions, checks for which 
must be made payable to ' order ' ; 2. To make payments of 
amounts not exceeding $20 ; 3. To make payments at a distance 
from a depositary, and 4. To make payments of fixed salaries due 
at a certain period ; in either of which cases, except the first, any 
disbursing officer may draw his check in favor of himself or bearer 
for such amount as may be necessary for such payment, but in the 



GENERAL LAWS AND TREASURY REGULATIONS. 



last named case the check must be drawn not more than two days 
before the salaries become due. 

"Any disbursing officer or agent drawing checks on moneys 
deposited to his official credit must state on the face or back of each 
check the object or purpose to which the avails are to be applied, 
except upon checks issued in payment of individual pensions, the 
special form of such checks indicating sufficiently the character of the 
disbursement. 

" Such statement may be made in brief form, but must clearly 
indicate the object of the expenditure, as, for instance, ' pay ', ' pay- 
roll ' or ' payment of troops ', adding the fort or station, ' purchase 
of subsistence ' or other supplies ; l on contract for construction ', 
mentioning the fortification or other public work for which the pay- 
ment is made ; ' payments under $20 ', etc. 

" No allowance will be made to any disbursing officer for ex- 
penses charged for collecting money on checks. 

" In case of the death, resignation, or removal of any disbursing 
officer, checks previously drawn by him will be paid from the funds 
to his credit, unless such checks have been drawn more than four 
months before their presentation, or reasons exist for suspecting 
fraud." 



"(1886. Department No. 109.) 

" Treasury Department, First Auditor's Office, ) 
"Washington, D. C, August 20, 1886. f 

Vouchers from Corporations. — " In auditing accounts of disbursing 
officers, all accounts of corporations paid in cash must be receipted 
by an officer of such corporation authorized to receipt for money 
belonging thereto, evidence of which authority must either accom- 
pany the voucher or be filed in the Department. Receipts for small 
sums paid to corporations, such as railroad, telegraph, turnpike, 
transfer, express, steamboat, hotel, newspaper and ice companies, 
when it is impracticable to obtain the signature of the proper officer 
of the corporation, may be signed by the local agent authorized to 
receive and receipt for money at the places where services were 
rendered or articles purchased. 

" Where an account is paid by draft on the Treasurer or Sub- 
Treasurer, in the name of the corporation as payee, and such fact 
stated on the voucher, with the number of the draft, authority for 
signature will not be required. 

" Individual accounts must be receipted by the individual ; firm 
accounts, by a member of the firm, or be paid by draft, as in the case 
of corporations. 



" Chas. F. Conant, Assistant Secretary." 



" C. S. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treasury." 



10 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER II. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



DUTIES. 

Secretary of War. — As head of the Department the Secretary of 
War is in responsible charge to. a greater or less degree of all the 
work of his Department, which includes work devolving upon it from 
its nature, (as preparation for the general defense), or intrusted to it 
by the President of the United States or by Congress. (Sec. 216 
R. S.) He is assisted in his duties by an Assistant Secretary of War. 
(Act March 5, 1890.) 

It is his duty to prescribe regulations, not inconsistent with the 
law, for the government of his Department and the conduct of busi- 
ness under it. (Sec. 161 R. S.) The General Regulations for the 
Army of the United States and the Regulations for the Government 
of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, promulgated by the Secretary 
of War in accordance with this statute, have the force of law. 

Commanding General. — " The military establishment is under the 
orders of the General commanding the Army in that which pertains 
to its discipline and military control. The fiscal arrangements of the 
Army are conducted by the Secretary of War, through the several 
staff departments." (A. R. 186.) 

Department Bureaus. — The Secretary of War exercises control 
through the bureaus of the War Department. ... (A. R. 813.) 
The particular duties to be assigned to the various bureaus (or de- 
partments of the War Department) are in some cases defined by law. 
In other cases the assignment is left to the discretion of the Secre- 
tary of War. 

ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. 

Personnel. — This Department, including the Engineer bureau, is 
under the command of the Chief of Engineers, who has his head- 



quarters at the seat of Government. The personnel of the Depart- 
ment includes the Corps of Engineers, and Engineer troops, U. S. 
Army, and such civilian assistants as are employed from time to time. 
Duties— Corps of Engineers. — " The duties of the Corps of Engi- 
neers comprise ... 1. The selection of sites and formation of 
plans and estimates for military defenses ; the construction and 
repair of fortifications and their accessories of every description ; 
. . . the construction of military roads and bridges ; also the 
execution of river and harbor improvements assigned to it, and such 
other duties as the President may order. ..." (A. R. 1683.) 

2. The construction and renovation of light-houses. (Sec. 4664 
R. S.) 

3. Municipal engineering works of Washington, D. C. (Act 
June 11, 1878.) 

4. The care of public buildings and grounds of the District of 
Columbia. (Sec. 1797 R. S.) 

5. By special legislation the construction of the Building for the 
Library of Congress has been placed in the charge of the present 
Chief of Engineers, Brig.-General Thos. L. Casey. 

Stations. — For carrying out the duties devolving on the Corps, the 
Chief of Engineers has his office in Washington, D. C, with a small 
staff of assistants. The other officers of the Corps are stationed 
throughout the country wherever their presence is required. 

River and Harbor Improvements. — For works of River and Har- 
bor Improvement the entire country is divided into districts containing 
a certain number of localities under improvement. Each district is 
under the charge of an officer or duly accredited United States agent, 
who has his office in that city within the district from which he can 



IV AR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



ii 



best conduct the operations with which he is charged. He is assisted 
by a body of employees stationed through the district where needed. 

Officer in Charge of District. — The District Engineer is held 
responsible for and superintends the execution of all projects of river 
and harbor improvement within his district, and to this end, subject 
to the approval of the Chief of Engineers, he makes contracts and 
enforces their provisions, carries on works by hired labor, authorizes 
all purchases and makes all disbursements, in accordance with the 
Regulations for the Army and for the Corps of Engineers. 

Fortifications. — The works of fortification are usually assigned 
also to the charge of the officer in whose district they are situated, 
and are carried on in accordance with the same Regulations. 

Light-houses. — The Light-house engineers conduct their work 
under the orders of the Secretary of the Treasury. Their methods 
will be described in another chapter. (Chap. IV.) 

Engineer Commissioner, District of Columbia. — An Engineer Com- 
missioner, who must be an officer of the Corps of Engineers of at 
least twenty years service, and holding the rank of captain or a 
higher grade, with three Engineer Officers as assistants, is in charge of 
all works of municipal engineering in the District of Columbia, which 
are carried on by the District Government. He works under special 
laws governing the District, as will be described later. (Chap. VII.) 

Congressional Library Building. — The present Chief of Engineers 
is charged by Congress Avith the construction of the new Congres- 
sional Library Building. He also conducts the operations under 
special laws, but in the general manner followed by the Corps. 

Public Buildings and Grounds, Washington, D. C. — Another officer 
of the Corps is charged with the care of the public buildings and 
grounds of Washington, including all buildings occupied exclusively 
by the War Department and its branches, and excluding the Capitol 
and its grounds, and buildings occupied by special Departments, such 
as Post Office, Patent Office, Treasury and the like. To his care are 
assigned the parks of Washington. The methods he follows are 
those of the Corps. 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 

Duties. — " Under existing laws, the Quartermaster's Department, 
under the direction of the Secretary of War, provides the Army with 
military stores and supplies requisite for its use, such as clothing and 
equipage, tents, band instruments, tableware and mess furniture, 
equipments for post bakeries, fuel, forage, stationery, lumber, straw 
for bedding for men and animals, all materials for camp, and for 
shelter for troops and stores, furniture for barracks, such as bunks, 
benches, chairs, tables, lockers, heating and cooking stoves for use in 
public barracks and quarters, tools for mechanics and laborers in the 
Quartermaster's Department, furniture, text-books, papers, and equip- 
ment for post schools, reading matter for post libraries, wagons, am- 
bulances, carts, saddles, harness, water supply, sewerage, plumbing, 
illuminating supplies, and heating, for all military posts and build- 
ings. 

" The department is also charged with the duty of transporting, 
by land and water, troops, munitions of war, equipments and all 
articles of military supplies from the place of purchase to the several 
armies, garrisons, posts, and recruiting places. 

" Under act of Congress amending section 1661, Revised Stat- 
utes, for arming and equipping the militia, this department supplies 
quartermaster's stores, clothing, and equipage to the militia of the 
several States and Territories, and transports the same to said States 
and Territories. It also furnishes transportation for ordnance and 
ordnance stores issued by the United States to the militia of the 
several States and Territories. It also transports the property for 
other Executive Departments on requisitions, payments therefor being 
made by the respective departments to the carriers upon accounts 
forwarded through the Quartermaster-General's Office for that pur- 
pose. 

" This department prepares the necessary plans and constructs 
all buildings at military posts, such as barracks, quarters, storehouses, 
hospitals, etc., builds wharves, constructs and repairs roads for mili- 
tary purposes, builds all necessary military bridges, provides, by hire 



12 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



or purchase, grounds for military encampments and buildings ; con- 
tracts for all horses for cavalry, artillery, and for the Indian scouts, 
and for such infantry and members of the hospital corps in the field 
campaigns as may be required to be mounted ; pays for all incidental 
expenses of the military service which are not provided by other 
corps. 

" The care and maintenance of national cemeteries is an addi- 
tional duty of this department. It also provides suitable headstones 
to mark the graves of all soldiers, sailors, or marines who served 
during the late war, including those who have been buried in private 
cemeteries and other burial places. 

" Section 1139, Revised Statutes, makes it the duty of the 
Quartermaster-General, under the direction of the Secretary of War, 
to prescribe and enforce a system of accountability for all quarter- 
master's supplies furnished the Army, its officers, seamen, and 
marines." (Rep. Quartermaster-General, 1894.) 

This volume treats only of those duties of the Quartermaster's 
Department which pertain to construction and repair work. The 
business methods described for work of this character are the same 
as for all work of this Department, and are laid down in the Army 
Regulations. 

Personnel. — The head of the Department is the Quartermaster- 
General, who, with a small staff of assistants, has his headquarters at 
Washington. The personnel of the Department comprises a corps 
of officers permanently commissioned in the Department, a body of 
officers called Acting Assistant Quartermasters, assigned temporarily 
from other branches of the Army, and civilian employees. 

Stations. — At each of the Military Department Headquarters is a 
Chief Quartermaster who has supervision over the operations of the 
Quartermaster's Department in that Military Department. At each 
military post and at all points where work is being carried on, there 
is an Assistant Quartermaster or an Acting Assistant Quartermaster 
in local charge, through and by whom proposals are requested, and 
contracts, purchases and disbursements are made. 



APPBOPBJATIONS AND ALLOTMENTS. 

Appropriations. — All disbursements made by the War Depart- 
ment must be authorized by acts of Congress. These acts may be 
[A] general, appropriating a lump sum for all work of a specific 
character, or [B] may designate the specific works to which the 
money is to be applied. They may also [C] limit to one fiscal year 
the time during which the money appropriated may be used, or [D] 
they may make the appropriation available until expended. Of late 
years Congress has in certain cases [E] authorized contracts to be 
entered into for definite sums to complete certain works and has 
appropriated at the time only the money estimated for one year's 
operations, leaving the remainder to be appropriated as required at 
subsequent sessions. 

Appropriations Under Engineer Department. — The appropria- 
tions for purchase of sites and construction and repair of fortifica- 
tions are of classes " A " and " D", for river and harbor works in 
general under " B " and " D ", for certain important specified 
works under " B ", " D " and " E ", for care and preservation of 
public buildings and grounds in Washington, D. C., " B " and " C ". 

Appropriations Under Quartermaster's Department. — In general, 
appropriations for use of the Department are made under classes 
" A " and " C " ; in particular cases, for the construction of military 
posts or of certain specified buildings they are in classes " B " and 
"D". 

Allotment of Appropriations. — General appropriations are dis- 
tributed to the points where work is required by allotments, made 
by the head of the Department or Bureau to which the expenditure of 
the appropriation belongs (or, should the law so state, by a specified 
board or commission,) based on estimates and projects previously 
submitted by the officers in local charge of the works. 

Withdrawal of Funds from Treasury. — An appropriation having 
become available, the local agent is notified that certain amounts 
have been allotted or appropriated for the works under his charge. 
He then submits a detailed project for the expenditure of the funds 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



13 



available, if one has not been submitted previously, and also an esti- 
mate of the amount of money which he will require to carry on the 
work for a definite period, at present, one month. (Circ. Treas. 
Dept., July 25, 1892.) The projects having been approved by the 
head of the Department, on requisition from him through the Secre- 
tary of War (Sec. 3673 R. S.), the Secretary of the Treasury deposits 
at the Sub-treasury or authorized United States depositary most con- 
venient for the disbursing officer, the funds asked for, and notifies 
the disbursing officer to that effect. The money thus deposited be- 
comes available for use by the disbursing officer on any of the works 
under his charge, the projects for which have been approved. 

BUSINESS METHODS-GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

Chapter I gives the general laws and regulations governing 
operations under the War Department, which are common to all of 
the Departments ; for those relating to application of appropriations, 
see page 1 ; to labor, page 1 ; to protection of persons furnishing ma- 
terials and labor for use on public works, see page 1 ; to purchase of 
land, page 2 ; to legal holidays, page 2 ; to purchases, page 2 ; to 
contracts, page 3 ; to transfer of claims, page 4 ; to payments, page 
5 ; to form of checks, page 8 ; to payments to corporations, page 9. 

Purchase and Use of Land. — " Land shall not be purchased for 
the United States except under an act of Congress authorizing the 
purchase ; nor shall public money be expended for the erection of 
armories, arsenals, forts, fortifications, or permanent buildings of any 
description thereon, until the written opinion of the Attorney-General 
shall have been obtained announcing the validity of the title thereof 
in the Government ; nor, if the land be selected within any State, 
until jurisdiction over it shall have been ceded to the United States 
by the legislature of the State." (A. R. 773.) 

Permanent Structures. — Permanent military buildings are con- 
structed in general only by special authority of Congress. (A. R. 
774.) 

Permanent structures are built and maintained in accordance 



with plans approved by the Secretary of War, and special authority 
is required before any contracts are entered into or materials pur- 
chased for them. (A. R. 775.) 

Title Papers. — Title papers of lands for permanent fortifications 
are filed in the Engineer bureau ; for . . . lands used for bar- 
racks, posts, etc., in the office of the Quartermaster-General. (A. R. 
776.) 

Assistance to Contractors. — " The labor of troops or Government 
employees, or means of transportation, shall not be used to enable 
contractors to fulfil contracts, except in cases of manifest necessity, 
and then only on the written authority of the proper commander, 
and full deduction shall be made for the services rendered." (A. R. 
656.) 

Restrictions on Disbursements. — " An officer shall not receive 
credit for any expense paid for the collection of money on checks. 
He is not authorized to insure public money or property ; nor to 
settle with heirs, executors, or administrators, except by authority of 
the proper bureau of the War Department, and upon accounts that 
have been duly audited and certified by the proper accounting offi- 
cers of the Treasury." (A. R. 738.) 

PURCHASES. 

Purchases from, and Contracts with, Officers Forbidden. — No officer 
concerned in the disbursement of money will be concerned in the 
purchase or sale of any article intended for or pertaining to the De- 
partment to which he belongs. (A. R. 744.) 

Supplies shall not be purchased from or contracts made with 
any other person in the military service. (A. R. 746.) 

Methods Prescribed. — " An officer charged with the duty of mak- 
ing a contract, or purchase, is responsible under the laws and regu- 
lations for his course of action. . . ." (A. R. 621.) 

" Officers required to make contracts or purchases ' will, when 
practicable, give public notice, . . .' inviting sealed proposals." 
(A. R. 617.) 



14 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



" When because of an emergency it is impracticable to give ten 
days notice for proposals, the officer will invite sealed proposals for 
the supplies or service required, by advertising, or by posters or 
circular letters, sent to principal dealers, or by both these methods 
combined, giving as many days notice as practicable." (A. R. 619.) 

Purchases Under Act of 1894. — " . . . Provided further, That 
after advertisement all supplies for the use of the various depart- 
ments and posts of the Army shall be purchased where the same 
can be purchased the cheapest, quality and cost of transportation 
considered, except that purchases may be made in open market in the 
manner common among business men when the aggregate amount 
required does not exceed two hundred dollars, but every such pur- 
chase shall be immediately reported to the Secretary of War." (Act 
Aug. 6, 1894.) 

Open-market Purchases. — * " With reference to cases in which 
the aggregate amount of supplies required does not exceed two hun- 
dred dollars, open purchases should not be resorted to when, without 
detriment to the service, an immediate consolidation of requisitions 
that will in the aggregate exceed two hundred dollars can be made, 
or when the opportunity for such consolidation can reasonably be 
anticipated. 

" The provision of law contained in the Army bill approved Aug. 
6, 1894, in reference to open-market purchases of this character was 
not intended to change the present mode of procuring the regular 
supplies by public advertisement and contract, as required by R. S. 
3709, except in regard to such small supplies as cannot be advan- 
tageously procured by inviting competitive bids. 

" The regular supplies, the quantity of which required for use 
during any fiscal year is sufficient to warrant advertisement, must not 
be purchased in small lots in order to bring the value of each pur- 
chase within the amounts fixed by the law cited above. This law is 
intended to permit the purchase, in open market, of such small sup- 

*See also p. 18. 



plies as do not come under the head of public-exigency purchases, 
and the value of which is insufficient to induce reliable dealers to 
compete for their supply, and which under R. S. 3709 cannot be pur- 
chased promptly and at the lowest market rates. 

"It is forbidden to secure supplies by open-market purchase 
which can be as advantageously procured by public advertisement and 
contract, as prescribed by R. S. 3709. The latter mode of purchase 
must be continued in all cases where it will not be to the injury of 
the public interests." (Ext. Letter dated War Deptmt, Nov. 6, 1894.> 

ADVERTISING-. 

Methods of Giving " Public Notice." — " The law does not restrict 
advertising solely to newspapers. Proposals may be invited through 
hand-bills, posted in public places, or circular letters ; but advertising 
in newspapers will be resorted to when time permits, and when in 
the judgment of the disbursing officer the proposed expenditure is. 
sufficiently large to justify it." (A. R. 595.) 

"Notices inviting proposals will be issued by the officer who 
is to make the contract or purchase ; in special cases, however, if 
competent authority direct it, by any other officer. . . ." A. R. 
596.) 

" No advertisement, notice or proposal for the War Department 
or any bureau thereof, or any office connected therewith, will be 
published in any newspaper except in pursuance of written authority 
of the Secretary of War." (A. R. 597.) 

Note. — The laws and regulations regarding advertising and printing for 
the War Department are to be found in a pamphlet published by the War De- 
partment entitled " Regulations of the War Department relative to Newspaper 
Advertising and Job-printing." This also contains a list of the papers which 
have signified their willingness to accept the regulations and rules of the War 
Department, and are designated by the Secretary of War as papers in which 
official advertisements may be placed. 

Length of Notice. — As a general rule, thirty days is to intervene 
between the date of the first publication of the advertisement and the 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



15 



date for opening the proposals. If necessary, a shorter time may be 
allowed, limited to ten days except in cases of emergency. (A. R. 
602.) 

Number of Insertions. — " Ordinarily advertisements will be given 
six insertions in daily, or four in weekly papers. Those in daily 
newspapers inviting proposals will, when more than ten days are 
to intervene between the date of the first publication and the date 
of opening, be given : first, four consecutive insertions, and subse- 
quently, immediately before the date of opening, two consecutive in- ' 
sertions. Advertisements, in case of emergency, may be given two 
■or more insertions, as time and circumstances permit. ..." 
(A. R. 603.) 

PROPOSALS AND CONTRACTS. 

Powers Granted to Secretary of War. — The Secretary of War is 
authorized "to prescribe rules and regulations to be observed in 
the preparation and submission and opening of bids for contracts 
under the War Department." " And he may require every bid to be 
accompanied by a written guarantee, signed by one or more respon- 
sible persons, to the effect that he or they undertake that the bidder, 
if his bid be accepted, will, at such time as may be prescribed by the 
Secretary of War or the officer authorized to make a contract in the 
premises, give bond, with good and sufficient sureties, to furnish the 
supplies proposed or to perform the service required. 

" If after the acceptance of a bid and a notification thereof to a 
bidder he fails within the limit prescribed by the Secretary of War or 
other duly authorized officer to enter into a contract and furnish a 
bond with good and sufficient security for the proper fulfilement of 
its terms, the Secretary or other authorized officer shall proceed to 
contract with some other person to furnish the supplies or perform 
the service required, and shall forthwith cause the difference between 
the amount specified by the bidder in default in the proposal and the 
amount for which he may have contracted with another party to 
furnish the supplies or perform the service for the whole period of 



the proposal to be charged up against the bidder and his guarantor or 
guarantors, and the sum may be immediately recovered by the United 
States for the use of the War Department in an action of debt against 
either or all of such persons." (Acts Apl. 10, 1878, and Mar. 3, 1883.) 

The requirements of the foregoing acts are more fully set forth 
in the following regulations : 

Proposals.* — The official advertisements direct interested persons 
to apply to the agent of the United States in local charge, for specifi- 
cations, general instructions to bidders, and blank forms of proposals. 
The following regulations govern the preparation and opening of pro- 
posals. 

The specifications for the materials or the labor required shall be 
as full as possible. (A. R. 623 and 624.) 

" Proposals should be prepared in strict accordance with the 
requirements of the advertisement or circular of instructions. . . ." 
(A. R. 626.) 

" When no guarantee is required, bidders must, if called upon 
by the awarding officer, furnish satisfactory evidence before the award 
is made, of the ability to carry their proposals into effect." (A. R. 
632.) 

" No bidder will be informed directly or indirectly, of the name 
of any person intending to bid, or not to bid, or to whom informa- 
tion with respect to proposals has been given." (A. R. 625.) 

" When an advertisement calls for proposals to furnish labor or 
supplies at more than one place, a separate proposal will be made 
for performance at each place, but all may be submitted in the same 
envelope." (A. R. 634.)f 

" Proposals received prior to the time of opening will be se- 
curely kept, so that they cannot be tampered with. The officer 
whose duty it is to open them will decide when that time has ar- 



* For special instructions of the Engineer Department to bidders, see page 
23 ; of the Quartermaster's Department, see page 26. 

t Modified in certain cases of River and Harbor Improvement. (See 
page 25.) 



16 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



rived, and no proposal, for that opening, will thereafter be received." 
(A. R. 635.) 

" Proposals will be opened and read aloud at the time and place 
appointed for the opening. All the bidders have the right to be 
present, and a record of each proposal shall then and there be made 
upon an abstract prepared according to paragraph 640." (A. R. 637.) 

" Except in rare cases, when the United States may elect to 
exercise its right to reject proposals, contracts will be awarded to 
the lowest responsible bona-fide bidder, who, when required, pro- 
duces a proper article, and whose proposal therefor is not unreason- 
able. In considering bids on similar lists of articles, the advertise- 
ments and circulars should, in the absence of a fixed standard for 
all the articles bid for, be so worded as to permit the award for the 
most suitable articles offered for the purpose required, and the bids 
must be considered item by item." (A. R. 638.) 

" Slight failures on the part of a bidder to comply strictly with 
the terms of the advertisement should not necessarily lead to the 
rejection of his bid ; but the interest of the Government should be 
fully considered in making the award." (A. R. 639.) 

For further instructions regarding proposals, see instructions to 
bidders, Engineer Department, page 23; or Quartermaster's Depart- 
ment, page 26. 

Guarantees to Accompany Eroposals. — An officer empowered to 
make a contract shall require written guarantees, as provided for in 
the Act of March 3, 1883, whenever in his opinion such a guarantee 
is necessary. . . . (A. R. 645.) 

The fact that a guarantee is required must be made known to 
bidders, as well as the sum in which the guarantor must justify, and 
the time allowed for the execution of the contract and bond. (A. R. 
646.) 

"Where guarantees are required from bidders, no proposal will 
be considered unless accompanied by a guarantee made in the man- 
ner and form as directed in the advertisement or circular of in- 
structions." (A. R. 647.) 



For form of guarantee, see pages 185 and 192. 

The regulations as to contractor's bonds will appear later. 

For further instructions as to guarantees see, for Engineer De- 
partment, page 23 ; for Quartermaster's Department, page 26. 

Contracts. — " When ever the Secretary of War invites proposals 
for any works, or for any material or labor for any works, there shall 
be separate proposals and separate contracts for each work, and also 
for each class of material or labor for each work." (Sec. 3717 R. S.) 
(See also p. 25.) 

" Contracts will be made as nearly as practicable according to 
prescribed forms, departing therefrom only so far as requisite to meet 
the necessities of the public service. All conditions will be stated 
therein as fully and clearly as possible. Contracts shall be made in 
the name of and shall be signed by the chief officer of that branch of 
the staff of the command to which they pertain." (A. R. 652.) 

" Upon receipt of the contract at the proper bureau of the War 
Department, it will be examined to see that it complies with the 
laws, regulations and orders. If found correct, the approval of the 
proper officer will be indorsed thereon. Should any illegality be 
discovered, it will be submitted to the Secretary of War for his action." 
(A. R. 653.) 

" Contracts will be executed in quintuplicate. . . ." (A. R. 
654.) 

For form of contract seepages 186, 193 and 194. 

" In all contracts for material for any public improvement the 
Secretary of War shall give preference to American material, and all 
labor thereon shall be performed within the jurisdiction of the United 
States." (Act of March 3, 1875.) 

Transfers of contracts or interests in contracts are forbidden. 
(Sec. 3737 R. S.) 

Members of Congress are forbidden to have any interest in con- 
tracts for public works. (Sees. 3739, 3740, and 3747 R. S.) 

Payments on Contracts. — In the case of contracts running through 
long periods of time, it is the general custom of the United States to 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



17 



pay on monthly estimates of work done, when the execution of the 
contract is satisfactory, reserving 10 per cent of the amount due 
until final payment, as additional security for faithful performance of 
the contract. 

Contractor's Bond. — For form, see p. . To be executed in 
duplicate. " The amount of the penalty to be entered in the con- 
tractor's bond shall not be less than one tenth nor more than the full 
amount of the total consideration of the contract ; it will be fixed in 
each case by the officer representing the United States." (A. R. 
662.) 

For form of justification for sureties and guarantors, see p. . 

" The sureties must jointly justify in double the amount of the 
penalty. The affidavit will be taken before any official, or person, 
authorized by the laws of the United States, State, Territory, or Dis- 
trict, to administer oaths." (A. R. 664.) 

" Bonds are to be executed by the contractor as principal, and 
two sufficient and responsible persons as sureties." (See also the 
general regulations for bonds which follow.) " Each must affix to 
his signature a formal seal of wax, or other adhesive substance, and 
each signature must be attested by at least one witness. When 
practicable, there will be a separate witness to each signature. Sure- 
ties must be citizens of the United States." (A. R. 666.) 

Surety. — " A firm will not be accepted as surety, nor will a 
partner be accepted as surety for a copartner, or for a firm of which 
he is a member. Stockholders of a corporation, who are not officers 
thereof, may be accepted as sureties for such corporation." (A. R. 
667.) 

" A guarantor, or the -guarantors, to a bidder's guarantee, may 
be accepted as surety, or sureties, to the bond of the same person 
as contractor, provided such guarantor or guarantors are able to 
justify, as required for the bond. Bidders' guarantees and contrac- 
tors' bonds will be executed in duplicate. . . ." (A. R. 668.) 

The following regulations were promulgated in G. 0. 52, A. G. 0., 
1893: 



Bonds from Corporations — "Section 1. When the principal of a 
bond is a corporation, a copy of its charter or articles of incorpora- 
tion, authenticated by the Secretary of State or other officer having 
authority, is required to be attached to the bond. There shall also 
be attached thereto a copy of the record of the organization of the 
corporation and of the selection and qualification of the officers exe- 
cuting the bond in its behalf, as well as a copy of the record of the 
proceedings of the board of directors or other governing body of the 
corporation showing their authority to execute the same — these copies 
to be duly certified by the custodian of such records, under the seal 
of the corporation, to be correct copies." 

Corporations as Sureties. — " Section 2. The War Department will 
accept as surety on bonds any company which is duly incorporated 
under the laws of the United States, or of any State, and is legally 
authorized to become such surety ; but a foreign company will not 
be accepted. 

" Section 3. Before a corporation will be accepted as surety, 
there shall be filed with the Secretary of War a copy of its charter or 
articles of incorporation and of all laws that may be necessary, or 
which may be required in addition to the charter, to show that it has 
power to enter into the obligation — these copies to be authenticated 
by the Secretary of State or other officer having authority ; and also 
a copy of the record of the organization of the corporation and of the 
selection and qualification of the present officers, as well as a copy of 
the by-laws or other records authorizing certain officers of the cor- 
poration to execute bonds in its behalf — these copies to be duly certi- 
fied by the custodian of such records, under the seal of the corpora- 
tion, to be correct copies. There shall also be filed an itemized 
statement of the financial condition of the company, showing its assets 
and liabilities, and a statement of the amount of its existing obligations 
as surety, duly certified under the corporate seal, by the custodian of 
the records of the corporation, to have been compared by him with the 
records and found to be correct. These papers are not to be at- 
tached to the bond. All papers specified and a statement of the 



18 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



financial condition of the company shall be furnished as often as the 
Secretary of War may require ; provided, however, that the financial 
statement shall be furnished semi-annually, without being called for, 
and the evidence as to the selection and qualification of the officers of 
the company shall be furnished immediately after their election ; and 
whenever any change shall be made in their authority to execute 
bonds evidence thereof shall be immediately furnished. 

" Section 4. In case of financial embarrassment, failure, or other 
disqualifying cause on the part of the surety to a bond, the Secretary 
of War will require the bond to be renewed to his satisfaction, upon 
notification to the principal of the bond. 

" Section 5. The fact that the surety company is actually doing 
business must be certified to by some United States judge or district 
attorney, or, in their absence, by some other civil officer of the 
United States, or by the judge or clerk of a State court of record, with 
the seal of said State court attached to the certificate." 

Non-corporate Guarantors and Sureties. — " Section 6. Justification 
of non-corporate guarantors and sureties shall be followed by the 
certificate of a judge or clerk of a United States court, or United 
States district attorney, or United States commissioner, or judge or 
clerk of a State court of record, with the seal of said State court at- 
tached, that the guarantors or sureties are known to him, and that, 
to the best of his knowledge and belief, each is pecuniarily worth, 
over and above all his debts and liabilities, the sum stated in his 
affidavit of justification. If found necessary, separate certificates may 
be furnished as to each guarantor or surety. 

" Section 7. The principal and surety must sign and seal the 
bond, the corporate seal of the corporation must be affixed to the 
bond by the party thereto authorized, who must also affix the name 
of the corporation to it, followed by his own signature and official 
designation written after the word ' by '. The names and places of 
business of the principal and surety must be written in the body of 
the bond." (Signed by the Acting Secretary of War, May 29, 1893. 
Published in G. 0. 52, A. G. 0. 1893.) 



A simpler form of contract may be used at the discretion of the 
disbursing officer, subject to the approval of the chief of his bureau, 
when the amount involved does not exceed $3,000.00, and the stip- 
ulations are to be fully performed within thirty days. (A. R. 670.) 

" When purchases are made under sealed proposals, without 
executing formal written contracts, the officer will give to each suc- 
cessful bidder written notification of the acceptance of his proposal, 
and file a copy thereof with the proposal. These notifications will 
expressly state the name of the article, quantity, quality, price, kind 
of package, and time and place of delivery. . . ." 

Then follows a similar provision for services other than personal. 
(A. R. 671.) 

OPEN-MARKET PURCHASES.* 

" Supplies may be procured by open purchase, and services 
[other than personal] maybe engaged, in the manner common among 
business men, in the following cases, viz.: 

" 1. When the public exigencies require immediate delivery of 
supplies or performance of services, leaving no time to advertise by 
newspapers or circulars. 

" 2. When the aggregate amount of supplies required does not 
exceed two hundred dollars. 

" 3. When prices of articles are fixed and uniform, and no com- 
petition can be had. 

" 4. When proposals have been invited and none received. 

" 5. When proposals are above the market price or otherwise 
unreasonable. 

" Before making an open purchase the purchasing officer will 
inform himself by inquiry, personal or otherwise, among principal 
dealers in his locality, concerning prevailing prices." (A. R. 672.) 

PAYMENTS. 

" No advances of public money shall be made in any case what- 
ever, except such amounts to disbursing officers of the Government 

* See also p. 14. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



19 



as may be necessary to the fulfilment of the public engagements. 
. . ." (A. R. 674.) 

" Disbursing officers are forbidden to pay any account or indebt- 
edness until it is fully due. . . ." (A. R. 675.) 

Rules for the Computation of Time in Payment for Services. — 
" When applicable, the following rules for the computation of time, in 
payment for services, will be observed : 

" 1. For any full calendar month's service, at a stipulated 
monthly rate of compensation, payment will be made at the stipulated 
rate, without regard to the number of days in that month. 

" 2. When service commences on an intermediate day of the 
month, thirty days will be assumed as the length of the month, what- 
ever be the number of days therein. 

" 3. When service terminates on an intermediate day of the 
month, the actual number of days during which service was rendered 
in that calendar month, will be allowed. 

" 4. When the service embraces two or more months or parts of 
months, but one fraction will be made. Thus : from September 21st 
to November 25th, inclusive, will be calculated September 21st to 
October 20th, inclusive, one month ; from October 21st to November 
20th, inclusive, one month ; from November 21st to November 25th, 
inclusive, five days — making the time allowed two months and five days. 

" 5. When two fractions of months occur and both are less than 
a whole month, as from August 21st to September 10th, the time will 
be determined thus : August 21st to 30th, inclusive (ignoring the 
31st), ten days ; from September 1st to 10th, inclusive, ten days — ■ 
making the time allowed twenty days. 

" 6. Service commencing in February will be calculated as 
though the month contained thirty days, thus : from February 21st 
to February 28th (or 29th), inclusive, ten days. When the service 
commences on the 28th day of that month, three days will be al- 
lowed ; and if on the 29th, two days. 

" 7. If service commences on the 31st day of any month, pay- 
ment will not be made for that day. 



" 8. For commutation of subsistence and for services of persons 
employed at a per diem rate, payment will be made for the actual 
number of days. 

" 9. When services are rendered from one given date to another, 
the account will state clearly whether both dates are included. 

" 10. In computing the wages of laborers employed at a per 
diem allowance, the day on which the service begins and the day on 
which it ends will be allowed in the computation. 11 (A. R. 742.) 

VOUCHERS AND CHECKS. 

Vouchers. — All payments for supplies or labor under contracts 
are made on vouchers, and for personal service on pay-rolls, duly 
signed. 

" Vouchers will ordinarily be made out in duplicate ; occasion- 
ally, in special cases, in triplicate. The number executed will be dis- 
tinctly stated on each copy. 11 (A. R. 714.) 

Note. — The following extract from a letter from the Comptroller, dated Oct. 
8,1888, published by order of the Secretary of War in Cir. 12, 1889, office of 
Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., " for the information and guidance of tlie officers 
of the Corps of Engineers and agents of the United States serving under the 
orders of the Chief of Engineers " would seem to be of general application. 

" In pursuance of the provisions of Article 3 of section 273, Revised Stat- 
utes, I have to request ..." That hereafter vouchers in support of partial 
payments or on which there are retained percentages, be made in triplicate- 
instead of in duplicate as heretofore, one copy to be retained by the disbursing 
officer and two to be forwarded to the accounting officers. ..." 

Circular No. 13, 1889, f rom the same office, states "Concerning Circular 
No. 12 from this office, dated August 28, 1889, officers . . . are informed 
that the Second Comptroller deems it a sufficient compliance with his require- 
ment of October 8, 1888, if the triplicate vouchers referred to be made without 
receipts and without copies of any sub-vouchers ; they should, however, be 
complete in all other respects and certified to by the proper officers. . . ." 

When labor is hired or purchases are made by an agent of the 
United States who is not a disbursing officer, the accounts for the 
services or the bills for the materials, duly certified to by the agent, 
must be sent to the proper disbursing officer for payment, the neces- 



20 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



sary vouchers being sent with the accounts, or prepared by the dis- 
bursing officer after their receipt. 

Bills to Accompany Vouchers. — " Every voucher in support of a 
payment for supplies, or for services other than by the day or month, 
whether it be made pursuant to a formal written contract, or an 
accepted bid, or an open-market purchase or agreement, (unless it 
comes within the excepted cases provided for in paragraph 71 5 J) must 
have attached to it an original bill furnished by the creditor, dated 
and signed by him or his authorized representative, giving his place 
of business or residence, and stating (if for supplies furnished) the 
date of the purchase, the quantity and price of each article, and the 
amount or (if for services other than by the day or month) the char- 
acter of the services, the date or dates on which rendered, and the 
amount. A voucher so accompanied will be made out in favor of 
the creditor, giving his address, and may state the account in general 
terms, with the aggregate amount only extended, and the words ' as 
per bill hereto attached,' or words of like import added. 

" Where papers relating to two or more vouchers are required 
to accompany accounts, they must be filed with the first voucher 
paid, and reference thereto made on the other vouchers. 

" A voucher for services by the day or month must state the 
nature of the service, the inclusive dates of service, the time for which 
payment is made, the rate of pay, and the amount." (A. R. 715.) 

" Where a creditor is. unable for any cause to make out his bill, 
or to have it made out, the disbursing officer must set forth on the 
voucher all the details of the account as required for the bill by para- 
graph 715, and must give reasons in full on the voucher why the bill 
is not furnished. 

" Original bills need not be attached to vouchers in the following 
cases, viz.: where, under a formal written contract, quantities deliv- 
ered or amounts due are determined by a duly authorized inspector, 
and his certificate as to the facts is filed with the voucher to which it 
pertains ; where a bill of lading or transportation request accom- 



panies a voucher for transportation services performed under public 
tariffs ; where a voucher is for telegraphic services at rates fixed by the 
Postmaster-General ; where a voucher is for services by the day or 
month ; or where a creditor makes out his bill on a blank form of 
voucher and certifies to its correctness." (A. R. 715-J-.) 

Half Cent. — " Accounts will be expressed in terms of dollars 
and cents. When fractions of less than one-half cent occur in the 
footing of a voucher, they will be disregarded ; if the fraction be one- 
half or greater, it will be reckoned as a cent." (A. R. 718.) 

Signature on Receipt. — "When a signature is not written by 
the hand of the party, it must be witnessed, and by a commissioned 
officer when practicable." (A. R. 723.) 

" Disbursing officers will only make payments to, and take re- 
ceipts of, the party or parties to whom the money is due from the 
United States, or to a duly appointed attorney.* When an account 
is presented by an individual who is not known to the disbursing 
officer, the latter will require such evidence of identity as will secure 
the Government, as well as himself, against loss." (A. R. 724.) 

" The signature to the receipt and the name of the person or 
business firm as entered at the head of an account, must be literally 
alike. When payment is made to an ' attorney,' he will be required 
to sign the receipt with the name of the principal, adding the words 
' by his [or her] attorney in fact,' signing his own name thereafter." 
(A. R. 725.) 

Payments to Corporations. — " Where money is payable by a dis- 
bursing officer to a person, firm, or corporation, it may be paid to a 
duly authorized agent or attorney of such person, firm, or corpora- 
tion, upon his producing and filing with the disbursing officer, or the 
accounting officers, a power of attorney, or other properly executed 
written authority, authorizing him to receive such money and to give 
a receipt or acquittance therefor ; and a voucher, signed by the name 
of such person, firm, or corporation, by the agent or attorney, will 

* For decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury relative to " powers of 
attorney," see p. 4. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



21 



be deemed sufficient. The authority of the agent or attorney must 
be filed with the voucher for the payment. If subsequent payments 
be made under the same authority, the disbursing officer will refer, 
on the vouchers therefor, to the voucher with which the authority is 
filed." (A. R. 726.) 

" Receipts for small sums for occasional service paid to corpora- 
tions, such as railroads, telegraph, turnpike, express, steamboat, hotel, 
newspaper, and ice companies, may be signed by the local agent in 
charge of the business of the company at the place where the service 
is rendered, or where it begins or terminates, and the certificate of 
the officer making payment that the person to whom payment was 
thus made was then the local agent of the company, in charge of its 
business at the place designated, will be sufficient evidence of the 
agent's authority to receive and receipt for the money paid." (A. R. 
727.) 

Receipts in Blank Forbidden. — " All officers are forbidden to 
give or take receipts in blank for public money or property ; in all 
cases the voucher will be made out in full and the exact amount of 
money or quantity of property, in words, will be written out in the 
receipt before it is signed." (A. R. 731.) 

Vouchers for Unpaid Accounts Forbidden. — " Disbursing officers 
will not issue vouchers, which act as due bills against the United 
States, for unpaid accounts, excepting that a certified statement of 
personal services and of wages due may be given to a discharged 
employee not paid at the time of discharge for want of funds." (A. 
R. 732.) 

Means of Payment to be Described — Date of Check on Vouchers 
sent through Mails. — " When disbursing officers draw checks in pay- 
ment of accounts on funds placed to their credit, they will note upon 
the receipt or voucher taken for such payment the number, date, and 
amount of the check given in payment, and designate the assistant 
treasurer or depositary upon whom it is drawn ; and when an 
account is paid in part in currency the amount of the same will 
be stated. . . . When vouchers are sent by mail for signature 



the date in the receipt will be left blank, and the check in payment 
will not be drawn until the vouchers are received back properly 
signed, when the date of the check will be added to the receipt." 
(A. R. 734.) 

Protection of Creditors signing Vouchers before receiving Check. 
— As shown above, creditors of the United States are required to 
sign the necessary vouchers in advance of the payment. They are 
protected by the laws (see p. 6. Sec. 5496, R. S.) and regulations 
against fraud arising from this prior signature. The voucher cannot 
be used by the disbursing officer to relieve himself from responsibility 
for the funds intrusted to him unless he can show that a correspond- 
ing check has been delivered to the creditor or has been presented 
for payment. All payments are to be made by checks, with a few 
unimportant exceptions. After being cashed, these checks are not 
returned to the drawer, but are retained by the Treasury Depart- 
ment, and are independent evidence of the truth of the statements 
made on the vouchers as to payments made. 

For the Treasury regulations concerning the payment of checks 
issued in support of vouchers and the form required, see pp. 6 
and 8. 

Duplicate Checks. — " Sections 3646 and 3647, R. S., and the act 
approved February 16, 1885, provide that when an original check not 
exceeding in amount $2,500.00, is lost or destroyed, the disbursing 
officer may, after six months and within three years of its date, issue 
a duplicate of the same, which the Treasury or designated depositary 
may pay, upon the fulfillment of certain conditions, which the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is authorized to prescribe. In case the dis- 
bursing officer who issued the original check is no longer in service, 
the proper accounting officer of the Treasury, under such regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury will make, shall state an account in 
favor of the owner of the original check for the amount thereof, and 
charge the same to the account of the disbursing officer." (A. R. 
704.) 

In compliance with the requirements contained in the laws 



22 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



referred to in the preceding paragraph, the Secretary of the Treasury 
has published certain regulations which are to be found in Treasury 
Circular dated June 28, 1889. (See p. 7.) 

Bond in Case of Duplicate Checks. — The following regulations are 
published by the War Department to govern the preparation of the 
required bond : 



" In preparing the bond the following general instructions will be 
observed : 

" 1. The Christian names must be written in the body of the 
bond in full, and signed to the bond. 

" 2. Each signature must be made in the presence of two per- 
sons who must sign their names as witnesses. 

" 3. The penalty of the bond should be in even dollars, and 
at least double the amount of the lost check, but in no case less 
than one hundred dollars. 

" 4. Either a United States judge, commissioner, district attorney, 
marshal, assessor, or collector of internal revenue, collector, naval 
officer, or surveyor of the customs, assistant treasurer or designated 
depositary of the United States, president or cashier of a national 
bank depositary of the United States, under his proper official desig- 
nation and seal, or a clerk of a court of record, under the seal of 
the court, or a commissioned officer of the Army or Navy of the 
United States, must certify that the sureties are sufficient to pay the 
penalty of the bond. 

" 5. A seal of wax or wafer must be attached to each sig- 
nature. 

" 6. The residence and post-office address (giving number and 
street where the residence is so designated) of the principal and of 
each surety and witness must be given." (A. R. 705.) 

In case the check lost be for a sum exceeding the limit laid 
down in Sec. 3646 R. S., a special act of Congress is required before 
a new check can be issued. For example see p. 7. 



LAWS AND SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR WORK UNDER 
ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. 

River and Harbor Works. — " ... It shall be the duty of the 
Secretary of War to apply the money herein and hereafter appropri- 
ated for improvements of rivers and harbors, other than surveys, 
estimates and gaugings, in carrying on the various works, by contract 
or otherwise, as may be most economical and advantageous to the 
Government. 

" Where said works are done by contract, such contract shall be 
made after sufficient public advertisement for proposals, in such 
manner and form as the Secretary of War shall prescribe ; and such 
contracts shall be made with the lowest responsible bidders, accom- 
panied by such securities as the Secretary of War shall require, con- 
ditioned for the faithful prosecution and completion of the work 
according to such contract." (Sec. 3, Act Aug. 11, 1888.) 

Land and Materials for River and Harbor Works. — " Be it en- 
acted, etc., That the Secretary of War may cause proceedings to be 
instituted, in the name of the United States, in any court having 
jurisdiction of such proceedings, for the acquirement by condemna- 
tion of any land, right of way, or material needed to enable him to 
maintain, operate or prosecute works for the improvement of rivers 
and harbors for which provision has been made by law ; such pro- 
ceedings to be prosecuted in accordance with the laws relating to 
suits for the condemnation of property of the States wherein the pro- 
ceedings may be instituted : 

" Provided, however, That when the owner of such land, right of 
way, or material shall fix a price for the same, which in the opinion 
of the Secretary of War, shall be reasonable, he may purchase the 
same at such price without further delay ; 

" And provided further, That the Secretary of War is hereby 
authorized to accept donations of lands or materials required for the 
maintenance or prosecution of such works." (Act Apl. 24, 1888. 
See also p. 2, Act Aug. 1, 1888.) 

Land for Fortifications. — " . . . Hereafter the Secretary of 



W AR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



23 



War may cause proceedings to be instituted, in the name of the 
United States, in any court having jurisdiction of such proceedings, for 
the acquirement, by condemnation, of any land, or right pertaining 
thereto, needed for the site, location, construction, or prosecution of 
works for fortifications and coast defenses, such proceedings ". . . 
(etc., precisely as in Act of Apl. 24, 1888, above). 

" Provided, That when the owner of such land or rights pertain- 
ing thereto shall fix a price for the same, which, in the opinion of 
the Secretary of War, shall be reasonable, he may purchase the same 
at such price without further delay : 

Provided further, That the Secretary of War is hereby author- 
ized to accept on behalf of the United States donations of lands or 
rights pertaining thereto required for the above-mentioned purposes : 

And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be 
construed to authorize an expenditure, or to involve the Government 
in any contract or contracts for the future payment of money, in 
excess of the sums appropriated therefor. . . . (Act Aug. 18, 
1890.) 

Appropriations for Fortifications. — The act approved September 
22, 1888, amended by the act of February 24, 1891, making appro- 
priations for fortifications, etc., provides that the appropriations therein 
provided for shall be available until expended and shall be ex- 
pended under the direct supervision of a board therein constituted, to 
be known as the Board of Ordnance and Fortifications, said board to 
be under the direction of the Secretary of War ; and that, subject to 
the regulations provided by the Board, the expenditure is to be made 
by the several bureaus of the War Department having jurisdiction of 
the same under existing law. 

Materials for Fortification Work. — The act approved August 1, 
1894, on the same subject, provides that "all material purchased 
under its provisions shall be of American manufacture, except where 
in the judgment of the Secretary of War it is to the manifest interest 
of the United States, to make purchases in limited quantities abroad, 
which material shall be admitted free of duty." 



PROPOSALS. 

General Instructions for Bidders. — " 1. The attention of bidders 
is especially invited to the acts of Congress approved February 26, 
1885, and February 23, 1887, as printed in Vol. 23, page 332, and 
vol. 24, page 414, United States Statutes at Large, which prohibit 
the importation of foreigners and aliens, under contract or agreement, 
to perform labor in the United States or Territories or the District of 
Columbia. 

" 2. Preference will be given to articles or materials of domestic 
production, conditions of quality and price being equal, including in 
the price of foreign articles the duty thereon. 

"3. Maps of the localities may be seen at this (the advertising) 
office. Bidders, or their authorized agents, are expected to visit the 
place and to make their own estimates of the facilities and difficulties 
attending the execution of the work, including the uncertainty of 
weather and all other contingencies. 

" 4. No proposal will be considered unless accompanied by a 
guarantee in manner and form as directed in these instructions. 

" 5. All bids and guarantees must be made in duplicate,* upon 
printed forms to be obtained at this (the advertising) office. 

" 6. The guaranty attached to each copy of the bid must be 
signed by two responsible guarantors, to be certified as good and 
sufficient guarantors by a Judge of United States Court, United States 
District Attorney, Collector of Customs, or any other officer under 
the United States Government. 

" 7. A firm will not be accepted as surety, nor will a partner be 
accepted as surety for a copartner or for a firm of which he is a 
member. An officer of a corporation will not be accepted as surety 
for such corporation. Sureties must be citizens of the United States. 

" 8. Each signature in proposals, guarantees, contracts, and 
bonds shall have affixed to them seals of wax, wafer or other adhe- 
sive substance, and should be written out in full, and the signatures 



* If officers prefer, they may require proposals to be submitted in tripli- 



cate. 



24 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



to the guarantees, contracts, and bonds should be attested by at least 
one witness, and, when practicable, by a separate witness to each 
signature. 

"9. Each guarantor will justify in the sum of . The 

liability of the guarantors and bidder is determined by the Act of 
March 3, 1883, 22 Statutes, 487, Chap. 120, and is expressed in the 
guarantee attached to the bid. 

" 10. When firms bid the individual names of members should 
be written out, and should be signed in full, giving the Christian 
names ; but the signers may, if they choose, describe themselves in 
addition as doing business under a given name and style as a firm. 

"11. The place of residence of every bidder, and post-office 
address, with county and State, must be given after his signature. 

" 12. All prices must be written as well as expressed in figures. 

" 13. One copy each of the advertisement, the instructions for 
bidders, and the specifications, all of which can be obtained at this 
(the advertising) office on application by mail or in person, must be 
securely attached to each copy of the proposal and be considered as 
comprising a part of it. 

"14. Proposals must be prepared without assistance from any 
person employed in or belonging to the military service of the United 
States or employed under this office. 

" 15. No bidder will be informed, directly or indirectly, of the 
name of any person intending to bid or not to bid, or to whom in- 
formation in respect to proposals may have been given. 

" 16. Any one signing the proposal as the agent of another or 
others, must file with it legal evidence of his authority to do so. 

" 17. All blank spaces in the proposal and bond must be filled 
in, and no change shall be made in the phraseology of the proposal, 
or additions to the items mentioned therein. Any conditions, limita- 
tions, or provisos attached to proposals will be liable to render 
them informal, and cause their rejection. 

" 18. Alterations by erasure or interlineation must be explained 
or noted in the proposal over the signature of the bidder. 



" 19. If a bidder wishes to withdraw his proposal, he may do so 
before the time fixed for the opening, without prejudice to himself, 
by communicating his purpose in writing to the officer who holds it, 
and, when reached, it shall be handed to him or his authorized agent 
unread. 

" 20. Reasonable grounds for supposing that any bidder is in- 
terested in more than one bid for the same item will cause the re- 
jection of all bids in which he is interested. 

"21. No bids received after the time set for opening of pro- 
posals will be considered. 

" 22. The proposals and guarantees must be placed in a sealed 
envelope marked Proposals for , and inclosed in another 

sealed envelope addressed to . The outer envelope 

must be so indorsed as to indicate, before being opened, the particu- 
lar work for which the bid is made. 

" 23. The United States reserves the right to reject any and all 
bids, and to waive any informality in the bids received ; also to disre- 
gard the bid of any failing bidder or contractor known as such to the 
Engineer Department. 

" 24. The bidder to whom award is made will be required to 
enter into written contract with the United States, with good and 
approved security, in an amount of , within ten (10) 

days after being notified of the acceptance of his proposal. 

" 25. The contract which the bidder and guarantors promise to 
enter into shall be, in its general provisions, in the form adopted and 
in use by the Engineer Department of the Army, blank forms of 
which can be inspected at this (the advertising) office and will be 
furnished, if desired, to parties proposing to put in bids. Parties 
making bids are to be understood as accepting the terms and con- 
ditions contained in such form of contract. 

" 26. The sureties are to make and subscribe affidavits of justi- 
fication on the back of the bond to the contract, and they must jointly 
justify in double the amount of the penalty. 

" 27. Bidders are invited to be present at the opening of the bids. 



W AR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



25 



" 28. A copy of this advertisement, specifications, and instruc- 
tions will be attached to the contract and form a part of it. 

" 29. The contractor should, within ten days from the award of 
the contract, furnish the office with the post-office address to which 
communications should be sent. 

" 30. Transfers of contracts, or of interests in contracts, are pro- 
hibited by law. 

" 31. The contractor will not be allowed to take advantage of 
any error or omission in these specifications, as full instructions 
will always be given should such error or omission be discov- 
ered. 

" 32. The decision of the Engineer Officer in charge as to quality 
and quantity shall be final. 

" 33. It is understood and agreed that the quantities given are 
approximate only, and it must be understood that no claim shall be 
made against the United States on account of any excess or defi- 
ciency, absolute or relative, in the same. Bidders are expected to 
examine the drawings, and are invited to make the estimate of 
quantities for themselves. 

" 34. Payments will be made monthly. A percentage of ten 
(10) per centum will be retained from each payment until the com- 
pletion of the contract. 

" 35. Should the time for the completion of the contract be ex- 
tended, all expenses for inspection and superintendence during the 
period of the extension, the same to be determined by the Engineer 
Officer in charge, shall be deducted from payments due or to become 
due to the contractor ; Provided, however, That if the party of the 
first part shall, in the exercise of his discretion, because of freshets, 
ice, or other force or violence of the elements, allow the contractor 
additional time, in writing, as provided for in the form of contract, 
there shall be no deduction for the expenses for inspection and super- 
intendence for such additional time so allowed ; Provided further, 
That nothing in these specifications shall affect the power of the 
party of the first part to annul the contract as provided for in the 



form of contract adopted and in use by the Engineer Department of 
the Army." (Official Instructions to Bidders, Engr. Dept.) 

CONTRACTS. 

Two or More Works in Same Contract. — " Sec. 2. That nothing 
contained in section thirty-seven hundred and seventeen of the Re- 
vised Statutes of the United States, nor in section three of the river 
and harbor act of August eleventh, eighteen hundred and eighty- 
eight, shall be so construed as to prohibit or prevent the cumulation 
of two or more works of river and harbor improvement in the same 
proposal and contract, where such works are situated in the same 
region and of the same kind or character. . . ." (Act Sept. 19, 
1890.) 

No bid for works or supplies under a formal written contract 
will be accepted or rejected in advance of the approval of the Chief 
of Engineers. (Par. 68, E. R.) 

Extensions of contracts are not to be made except with the ap- 
proval of the Chief of Engineers. (Par. 71, E. R.) 

Payment of expenses due to extensions of contracts must not be 
demanded of or received from contractors by Engineer Officers or 
agents, but deduction to cover the amounts must be made on the 
vouchers from sums due the contractors. (Par. 71a, E. R.) 

LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR WORK UNDER QUARTER- 
MASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 

The Quartermaster's Department of the Army in obtaining sup- 
plies for the military service shall state in all advertisements for pro- 
posals that a preference shall be given to articles of domestic production 
and manufacture, and to the extent that these articles are needed for 
the public service on the Pacific coast, to articles produced there. 
(Sec. 3716 R. S.) (See also p. 14, Ext. from Act Aug. 6, 1894.; 

Vouchers. — "Where a purchase under an accepted bid after 
public notice is made in the Quartermaster's . . . Department, 
the voucher besides being subject to the foregoing requirements (see 



26 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



lib A. R., page 20), will be accompanied by a copy of the public 
notice, the accepted bid, and a copy of the letter accepting the bid, 
and must contain a certificate that the award was made to the lowest 
responsible bidder for the best and most suitable articles, and that 
the needs of the service required the purchase to be made in the 
manner indicated in the public notice. . . ." (715 A. R.) 

PROPOSALS. 

General Instructions to Bidders. — " Proposals should be pre- 
pared in strict accordance with the requirements made known in the 
advertisement, or circular of instructions to bidders ; and copies of 
such advertisements, circular, or letter should be attached to the 
proposal and form part of it, and plans or specifications with which 
the bidder may have been furnished be referred to in the proposal. 

" Numbers and prices should be written out in words as well 
as expressed in figures ; but when a great variety of articles is re- 
quired, as in case of stationery, hardware, etc., quantities and prices 
may, if the amounts involved are inconsiderable and the forms of 
proposals so indicate, be expressed in figures only. 

" Specifications need not be written out in the body of a pro- 
posal. Their attachment to the proposal or the declaration that they 
form part of it will be sufficient. 

" Alterations by erasures or interlineations should be explained 
or noted in the proposal over the signature of the bidder. 

" Proposals are to be prepared without assistance from any 
person belonging to, or employed in, the military service of the United 
States. They should be made in duplicate (or triplicate, as may be 
required), upon the forms and in the manner designated in the ad- 
vertisement. 

" Proposals should be signed by the bidder submitting them 
with his usual signature in full. 

" When a firm is a bidder, the member of the firm or agent who 
signs the firm-name to the proposal should state, in addition, the 
names of all the individuals composing the firm. 



" Any one signing a proposal as the agent of another or of 
others must file with it legal evidence of his authority to do so. 

" The place of residence of every bidder, with post-office ad- 
dress, county and State, District or Territory, should be given after 
his signature. 

" All proposals should be inclosed in suitable envelopes, securely 
sealed, indorsed, and addressed as required by the advertisement, 
and be delivered to or received by the officer to whom addressed 
before the time appointed for the opening; and no responsibility 
shall attach to that officer for the premature opening of any proposal 
not so indorsed as to show that it is a proposal, and the particular 
purpose for which it is made. 

" When an advertisement calls for proposals to deliver supplies or 
render services at more than one place, a separate proposal should be 
made for each place, but all may be submitted in the same envelope. 

" The officer whose duty it is to open proposals will decide 
when the time fixed upon for the opening has arrived, and no pro- 
posal for that opening will thereafter be received as formal. 

" If a bidder wishes to withdraw his proposal he may do so 
before the time fixed for the opening, without prejudice to himself, 
by communicating his purpose, in writing, to the officer who holds 
it ; and when his proposal is reached it shall be handed to him, or 
his authorized agent, unread. 

" Transfers of contracts, or of interests in contracts, are pro- 
hibited by law. 1 ' (Official Instructions to Bidders, Q. M. Dept.) 

Guarantees and Bonds. — " When no guarantee is required, bidders 
must, if called upon by the awarding officer, furnish satisfactory evi- 
dence, before the award is made, of their ability to furnish the sup- 
plies or perform the work for which they bid. 

"Written guarantees, signed by two responsible persons, to 
accompany proposals pursuant to the Act of March 3, 1883, shall be 
required whenever, in the opinion of the officer authorized to make 
contracts under the War Department, such guarantees are necessary 
to protect the interests of the Government. 



WAR DEPARTMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



27 



" In all cases where guarantees are required from bidders, no 
proposal will be considered unless accompanied by a guarantee made 
according to the form prescribed. 

" When such guarantee is required, the fact will be stated either 
in the advertisement or in the printed circular giving instructions to 
bidders, and in the same will also be stated the sum in which the 
guarantors must justify, and the period that will be allowed after the 
date of award for filing the contract and bond. 

" A guarantor or the guarantors to a bidder's guarantee may be 
accepted as surety or sureties to the bond of the same person (if his 
bid be accepted) as contractor, provided such guarantor or guarantors 
are able duly to justify as required for the bond. 

" Bidders' guarantees and contractors' bonds are to be executed 
in duplicate. 

" Contractors' bonds are to be executed by the contractor as 
principal, and two sufficient and responsible persons as sure- 
ties. 

" Each obligor and surety affixes to his signature a formal seal of 
wax or other adhesive substance. 

" Each signature of obligors and sureties is attested by at least 



one witness ; when practicable, by a separate witness to each signa- 
ture. 

" The sureties are to make and subscribe affidavits of justifica- 
tion on the back of the bond, the sum in which they jointly justify 
to be double the amount of the penalty ; the affidavit to be taken 
before any official or person authorized by the laws of the United 
States, State, Territory, or District to administer oaths. 

" The justification shall, if practicable, be followed by the cer- 
tificate of a judge of a United States court or United States district 
attorney, or, in their absence, by some other civil official of the 
United States, who shall certify that the sureties are known to him, 
and that, to the best of his knowledge and belief, each is pecuniarily 
worth, over and above all his debts and liabilities, the sum stated in 
his affidavit of justification. But, if necessary or more convenient,, 
separate certificates may be furnished as to each surety. 

" A firm will not be accepted as a surety, nor will a partner be- 
accepted as surety for a copartner or for a firm of which he is a 
member. (See Revised Statutes, Sec. 3722.) 

" An officer of a corporation will not be accepted as surety for 
such corporation." (Official Instructions Q. M. Dept.) 



28 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER III. 
WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS. 



WORKS UNDER ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. 

Fortifications. — At present, construction and repair work on forti- 
fications is carried on by hired labor, with materials bought by con- 
tract after advertisement in the usual manner. The works now in 
process of construction consist of heavy walls of concrete masonry, 
with one or more abutting arched chambers of masonry, masked by 
a parapet of earth and sand. Under cover of the parapet are placed 
cut-stone gun-platforms, resting on concrete foundations. Heavy 
irons are bolted to the platforms to receive and secure the carriages. 
The materials of the concrete are proportioned so as to insure tensile 
strength as well as hardness. The concrete is laid up in place, 
smooth faces being given by the use of planed and matched boxing 
and by placing finer-grained concrete next to the boxing, course by 
course as the work progresses. Where the work is to be mono- 
lithic, concrete which has set is covered with a coat of mortar before 
a new course is added. Top surfaces are finished by a coat of 
mortar well rubbed in while the concrete is green. In some cases, 
after the concrete has set, exposed surfaces are waterproofed, by 
coating with a solution of paraffin in mineral oil, laid on hot and 
heated in. To give increased strength to the arches, they are at 
times built with the rammed layers perpendicular to the lines of 
pressure. This is accomplished by carrying up a top boxing as the 
arch is built and ramming the concrete in layers having the required 
inclination. 

. When the subsoil is wet and yielding the masonry is placed on a 
pile-and-grillage base. 

Concrete Work near New York, 1893. — The cost of concrete work 
in one of the fortifications near New York in 1893, including only 
the cost of materials and labor, was as follows : 



Cost of Material. 

Cement 
per bbl. 

Delivered alongside dock $0,961 

Unloading into cars 026 

Hauling to yard or shed 007 

Storing in yard or shed 017 

Hauling sand 

Cost of material delivered at works $1.01 1 



Broken Stone Sand 

per cu. yd. per cu. yd. 

$1,386 

•147 

.038 

.086 

$0,130 

$1,657 $0,130 



Cost of Material and Manufacture of one Cubic Yard of Concrete. 
Composition : 1 Rosendale cement, 2 sand, 5 broken stone. 

Material. 

Broken stone, 0.92 cu. yd $1,524 

Cement, 1 .43 bbls 1 .445 

Sand, 0.37 cu. yd 0.048 

$3,017 

Manufacture and Deposit. 

Charging and running mixer. $0,352 

Delivering under derrick .100 

Hoisting . .176 

Placing and tamping 317 

Making and setting up forms 224 

Lumber and nails 052 

$1,221 

Total cost per cubic yard $4,238 

One charge of the cubical box-mixer, machine mixed and de- 
posited by derrick, makes 1.05 cubic yards of masonry. 

The greater part of this material was placed in a wall over 2200 
feet long, 15 feet high, 7 feet thick at bottom and 3 feet thick at top, 
necessitating a long haul, frequent shifting of derricks and forms, and 
depositing in a contracted space. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS, FORTIFICATIONS. 



29 



Concrete Work and Plant, 1894. — In another work at the main 
entrance to New York Harbor, during 1893 and 1894, an emplace- 
ment for a 10" gun on a disappearing carriage, its two adjacent 
magazines, and two casemates for rapid-fire guns were under con- 
struction. The plant in use was as follows : 1 cable engine ; 1 
stationary engine ; 2 hoisting-engines ; 1 concrete-mixer ; 5 derricks ; 
7 rotary dump-cars ; 6 flat cars ; 3 concrete cars ; 4 iron coal-tubs ; 
1 wharf ; 1 cable tramway partly on trestle ; stone and sand bins 
and cement shed. The cost of this plant and of its installation was 
as follows : 

Wharf, sand and stone bins, cement shed, and grading for track. . . . $9,526.01 

Engines, boiler, concrete-mixer, dump-cars, and coal-tubs 6,544.78 

Setting up engines and mixer and erecting engine-houses 479-64 

Wire cables, ropes, etc., for derricks 1,005.37 

Materials and labor for permanent water-supply 825. 58 

Material and labor for carrier rollers and sheaves on trestle 161.87 

Superintendence and office work 480.00 

Total $19,023.25 

Cost of Excavation. 

10,867 cu. yds. of material excavated, hoisted, and placed in embank- 
ment at $0.573055 per cu. yd., including labor and coal, water, 

oil, waste, etc . . . $6,227.39 

Moving, setting up, and rigging derricks 355-38 

Building and moving tracks 68.13 

Moving engine 6.03 

Operating expenses, material for, and care and maintenance of, plant. 739-21 

Repairs to buildings 39-29 

260 yds. of earth filling at $0.292855 per cu. yd 76.14 

Time allowed employees for legal holidays 173.17 

Superintendence, office expenses, and watchman 2,030.32 

Total $9,715.06 

Total cu. yds. excavated 10,867 

Total cost per cu. yd $0,894 

The material was hard, compact clay, with occasional bowlders. 



Concrete Masonry. 

Cost of Materials. 

Cement Small Stone Large Stone 

(per bblj. (per cu. yd.). (per ton). 

On boat alongside wharf $0,874 $i-i34 $0.5206 

Unloading into cars 0211 .1225 -1492 

Hauling to yard or shed 0076 .024 .0494 

Storing in yard or shed 0138 -0273 -U39 

Placing large stone in wall .2671 

Total cost delivered at work, $0.9165 $1.3078 $1.1002 

Cost of one Cubic Yard of Concrete. 

Material. 

Broken stone, 0.92 cu. yds $1.2031 

Cement, 1.43 bbls 1.3106 

Sand, 0.37 cu. yds. . . 2232 

Manufacture and Deposit. 

Charging and running mixer $0.2282 

Delivering under derricks 0489 

Hoisting 0548 

Placing and tamping 2354 

Making and setting up forms 1404 

Lumber and nails 0606 

Coal, water, oil, and waste 0495 



Sand 
(per cu. yd.) 

$0,445 

.1045 

.0267 

.0271 



.0033 



$2.7370 



$0.8179 

Cost of one cubic yard of concrete $3-5549 

The total cost of the masonry, including time allowed employees 
for legal holidays ($250.57), superintendence, care and maintenance 
of plant, operating expenses, steel beams for ceilings of magazines 
($434.30), etc., was, for 10,362.4 cubic yards, $43,170.14, or $4,166 
per cubic yard. This does not include the cost of the plant. 

The average daily number of employees of each class for the 
nine months worked was : 



Assistant engineer 1.0 

Draughtsman 0.4 

Recorder 1.0 

Master laborer 2.1 

Engineers 2.3 

Firemen 2.2 

Night-watchman 1.0 



Monthly laborers 0.5 

Carpenters 3.1 

Blacksmith 1.0 

Rigger 1.0 

Stone-masons 2.4 

Team 0.07 

Laborers (day) 36.3 



30 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Concrete Work and Plant, 1893-4. — At one of the East River 
defenses of New York Harbor the materials, bought by contract, 
are delivered at the wharf on barges. They are then transferred to 
cars and hauled by a mule 350 feet to the foot of an incline 400 feet 
long and with 48 feet rise, up which the cars are drawn by a wire 
cable moved by a stationary hoisting-engine at the head of the incline. 
A small locomotive takes the cars from there to the site of tht work, 
a distance of 550 feet. When the material is to be stored away 
from the track, the body of the car, which is removable, is used as 
a skip, and is hoisted with its load and swung to the desired place 
by a steam-hoist derrick having a reach of 40 feet. 

The proportions used for the concrete are : Rosen dale cement 1, 
sand 2, and broken stone 4. The sand and cement, with the proper 
proportion of water, are mixed by hand and taken in barrows to the 
mixer, into the hopper of which the mortar and wet stone are 
dropped in the proportion named. These, thoroughly mixed, fall 
from the mixer into barrows or skips, as the case may be, and are 
wheeled or swung by the derrick to the point of deposit. The ram- 
ming is done by hand, with 18-pound rammers. 

Large stones are embedded in the concrete and form about one 
fifth of the total rammed volume. 

Plant. — 1 stationary 10-H.P. hoisting-engine with derrick on 
wharf; 1 mule; 14 tram-cars; 1 40-H.P. Lidgerwood stationary 
hoisting-engine, with large drum, at top of incline ; 1 locomotive ; 
1 concrete-mixer, driven by a 10-H.P. engine ; 2 derricks at the 
work, with steam hoisting-engines — one 17-H.P. and one 16-H.P. 

Improvised Locomotive. — The locomotive was improvised at the 
work from the designs of the officer in charge (Lieut.-Col. King) by 
taking a 15-H.P. portable Lidgerwood, reversing double-cylinder, 
hoisting-engine, cutting the frame, and turning the cylinders so as to 
bring them vertically over the shaft, and gearing the shaft to one pair 
of the wheels of a flat car on which was placed the boiler and 
engine. This locomotive handles two loaded cars easily on the 
grades and curves. 



Concrete-mixer. — The concrete-mixer was also made on the 
work from the designs of the commanding officer. It is simple and 
effective. The mixer is as follows : The body of the mixer is a 
hollow cylinder, 10' long, 41" external diameter, made of 3" spruce 
plank, in staves 3£" wide. It is lined with *£%" sheet iron. Project- 
ing 4£" from the interior surface are four rows of teeth, 12 in a row, 
equally spaced, of $" round iron. Each row has a unirorm twist 
through 90 degrees for the length of the cylinder. The cylinder is 
inclined, having a drop of 16" in its length. The upper end is partly 
closed by a ring of 3" spruce plank, with an inner diameter of 22". 
About 12" from each end, the cylinder is banded with square iron, 
1" thick and 2" face. These bands also form the bearings and rest 
each in two grooved sheaves, each sheave 15" in diameter and 3f" 
face, with a groove 2£" wide and f" deep, set in vertical planes below 
the cylinder, on each side of the axis and nearly at right angles to it. 
6' 5" from the lower end, the cylinder is banded with a wooden 
ring 7" thick, made of staves 10" long. This ring forms the driver, 
on which works the band from the engine. 6" above the upper end 
of the cylinder is a platform, with an inclined hopper extending into 
and through the ring at the upper end of the cylinder. A hopper at 
the lower end receives the mixed concrete materials. 

The cylinder was turned at the rate of 20 to 25 revolutions per 
minute. To insure mixing, the mortar had to be dropped into the 
hopper first and the stone immediately afterwards. The capacity of 
the mixer is about 30 cu. yds. per hour. 

Average Cost of Materials used on Gun-emfiZacements. 

Large stone (dock stone) $0,705 per cubic yard. 

Small stone (2" broken trap and granite) . . 1.23 " 

Sand (bank sand) 0.37 

Cement (Rosendale), net cost 0.75 per barrel of 300 lbs. 

The above prices are for materials on board of scows or barges 
alongside the wharf. 

The cost of concrete in place during the year 1893 Avas about 
$5.54 per cubic yard. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS, FORTIFICATIONS. 



31 



Filling and Excavation. — Sand is placed in layers and is settled 
by water. Earth is placed in parapets in layers, similar to the pro- 
cess followed in levee embankments. In 1893 the cost of excavation 
in sand near New York was $0.25 per cubic yard, for sand filling 
$0.22 per cubic yard. Near San Francisco, for similar work during 
the same year, the cost of excavation (earth) was $0.43, of sand 
filling $0,328, per cubic yard, and of earth filling $0.33 per cubic 
yard. 

Cost of Concrete Work near San Francisco, 1893. — The cost of 
the concrete in one of the fortifications of San Francisco Harbor in 
1893, including only the cost of material and labor, was $4.52 per 
cubic yard. The proportions were 1 Portland cement, 3 sand, and 
8 rock. The rock was broken at the work. Large clean gravel was 
sometimes used and counted as rock. 



Cost of Material delivered at Work. 

Rock per. cubic yard. $1.73 

Gravel " " " 1.30 

Sand " " " \°f r 

( 0.66 

Cement per barrel. 2. 21 

Average Composition of one Cubic Yard of Concrete. 

Pounds. Cubic feet. Barrels. 
Rock 2,251.6 22.2 

Gravel 43 1 - 6 4-3 

Sand 1,014.0 1 1. 3 

Cement 293.5 3-3 0.73 

Plant. — The following plant was used at this work for mixing 
concrete : one 50-H.P. boiler, one 35-H.P. Westinghouse Junior en- 
gine, one Gates No. 3 rock crusher, one Ransome & Smith No. 
3 concrete-mixer, and one Steam's bucket-elevator. The materials 
were dumped into hoppers feeding to the mixer, which automatically 
combined them in proper proportions, mixed them in a revolving 



churn and delivered them to the foot of the elevator, which raised 
them 32 feet to a hopper over the cars on a tramway above the top 
of the masonry. 

Gun-platforms. — These are constructed by excavating the site to 
the required depths, building a substructure of concrete in which the 
holding-down bolts for the stone superstructure and for the platform 
irons are accurately set, and completing by a capping of cut granite 
and the necessary irons. The stone-work is usually of granite cut 
accurately to given dimensions, set with the utmost care with close 
joints and bolted together. The bolts are fastened in place with lead 
or sulphur. 

In 1893 the platforms for one of the mortar-batteries near New 
York were constructed as follows. The platforms are wells lined 
with concrete and granite masonry. The thickness of the concrete on 
the bottom is 3' 10". The battery stands on coarse sand in which 
the ground-water is found at the level of 4' to 4.5' above the plane 
of mean low water of the sea, which is the datum-plane for the work. 
The platforms are built in groups of four within an epaulment pro- 
vided with a heavy concrete retaining or " breast-height " wall around 
the pits, with its base at reference (5). To construct the platforms it 
was necessary to excavate an area 40' X 40' to reference (2.2) (2.8' 
below the base of the adjacent retaining-wall and about 2.3' below 
the level of the ground-water). This was successfully and cheaply 
accomplished by the following method, devised by the Assistant En- 
gineer, Mr. J. H. Casey. 

Excavation in Quicksand without Coffer-dam. — Twelve \\" well 
points were driven (see Fig. 1) to the depth of 2' below the plane of 
mean low water, reference (—2), at equal intervals around and two 
feet within the boundary of the area to be excavated. At their tops 
the points were connected together and to a pump by a line of pipe, 
5'' at the pump, diminishing to \\" at the extremities. The pump 
was a Blake tank-pump, having a 12" stroke, 8" water-cylinder, and 
5" suction. Running at a speed of 100 strokes per minute, it had a 
capacity of about 260 gallons per minute. To determine the level of 



32 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



VS. 



the ground-water, two pipe-gauges were 

to be excavated, and one 75' away and 

last were on opposite sides of the work). 

vided with graduated 

float-rods, from which 

the readings were 

taken. 

The pump was 
started at 10 p.m. Aug- 
ust 9, and ran con- 
tinuously. At 8 A.M. 
August 10 the level 
of the ground-water 
was found to be at 
reference (1.45), and 
work on the founda- 
tions was started. The 
sand was free from 
water, but damp enough 
to stand vertical around 
the edges of the exca- 
vation. At 2.40 p.m. 
August 1 1 the concrete 
had been built to a 
height above the level 
of the ground-water 
and the pump was 
stopped. 

The ground-water 
at the excavation 
reached about its low- 
est level, reference 
(1.07), at 7 p.m. Aug- 
ust 10. At this time 



set close to the area 

one 120' away (these 

The gauges were pro- 




l&"Cout>Unj- 



I Z iZ34S£i89 '0 

ln-l ' I I ! I I II I ET 



iScale 



the gauge 75' away read (3.04) and the gauge 120' away was 
barely affected, being reduced from (4.05), the general level of 
the ground-water at that time, to (4.03). 

In subsequent 
work, when the ground- 
water stood at a higher 
level and when there 
was a bed of coarse 
gravel 3' thick under- 
lying the foundations, 
it was necessary to in- 
crease the number of 
well points by six, and 
to use a second pump. 
Template for Set- 
ting Bolts. — " The 
bolts, 24 in number, 
that hold the roller path 
to the platform, extend 
entirely through the 
concrete foundation, 
where they are held 
at the bottom by wash- 
ers. As the setting of 
these bolts is an oper- 
ation requiring great 
accuracy, it was thought 
best not to attempt it 
while the foundations 
were being put in ; 
and their subsequent 
setting and adjustment 
was provided for in 
the following manner: 



BnrePoint. 



WELL POINT. 



9C<K>tfj-tu<j>t QK<nt<VL, (fat. 



zo 



30 fee/-. 



W AR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FORTIFICATIONS. 



33 



At the bottom of the excavation, and about where the head of each 
bolt would come, was placed a small layer of concrete about 2 feet 
in diameter and 6 inches thick. This was rammed in place, and 
an empty cement barrel in- 



verted over it. The foundation 
was carried up around these 
barrels, thus leaving holes 18 
inches in diameter that allowed 
a large latitude in setting the 
bolts. The upper head being 
left in the barrel kept the hole 
clear during the progress of 
the work and until the time 
came for setting the bolts. The 
concrete at the bottom of the 
hole kept the sand from flow- 
ing in when pumping was 
stopped, and also served as a 
support for the head of the 
bolt during the operation of 
setting. 

" Fig. 2 shows the method 
used for setting the bolts. A 
skeleton frame, or template, 
swinging on a fixed centre, 
served to hold the bolts in 
position after the centre had 
been accurately located and one 
bolt set at the proper distance 
from it. The pieces of the 
template were not fastened 
together, but were simply swung 
over the bolts to hold them in 
place, the bolts being plumbed 



and supported at the proper level from below. The barrels were 
broken up and entirely removed preparatory to setting the bolts. 
The holes being full of water, the concrete in which the bolts were 

to be set was lowered to its 



Fig. 2. 




jo Feel. 



place in bags, where it was 
deposited and tamped in place. 
The sections of the template were 
moved progressively around the 
circle as the bolts were set. 
The bolt at the centre was set 
in a temporary mound of con- 
crete, which was afterwards 
broken up and removed." 

Further details of these 
methods can be found in Ap- 
pendix 2, Report of the Chief 
of Engineers for 1894, from 
which the above descriptions 
were mainly taken. 

The numerous old - style 
fortifications along the coast 
receive minor repairs annually. 
The amounts expended on these 
are small, and the work is 
usually done by hired labor. 

DREDGING. 

Laying Out Work and Su- 
pervision. — On a few of the 
more important works the United 
States owns a dredging plant, 
but for the most part dredging 
is done by contract. The chan- 



34 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



nel to be dredged is carefully surveyed and mapped by the engineer 
in charge of the work. The amount of excavation required is com- 
puted and the nature of the material forming the bottom is deter- 
mined as fully as possible by borings. 

The limits of the required cut are marked by ranges, which may 
be objects on shore, piles, or buoys. In tidal waters, or where 
fluctuations of level are to be expected, a plainly marked gauge is 
set up, when possible at a point visible from the proposed cut. The 
required depth is measured from a fixed plane — in tidal waters, that 
of mean low water. These necessary channel-marks are placed 
under the direction of the engineer. Frequently the contractor is 
required under the provisions of his contract to furnish and place 
them. The contractor is made responsible for the care and preser- 
vation of all channel-marks, ranges, tide-gauges, etc. 

The dumping-ground is selected as near the site of the cut as 
possible, subject to the condition that the dredged materials shall not 
find their way to and obstruct any navigable channels. When the 
materials are to be deposited on shore special arrangements are made 
which will be described later. 

The guaranteed rate of progress and the dates for beginning and 
completing the work are specified in the contract, as well as the mini- 
mum amount of plant to be employed. In certain cases the con- 
tract also specifies that incompetent or disorderly employees must 
be discharged on requisition by the engineer in charge. 

The precise location of the work to be done is fixed by the en- 
gineer in charge or his assistant. An allowance of from one half 
foot to one foot is ordinarily made for irregularities left in the bottom 
by the dredge. That is, to insure that the minimum depth of 
channel shall be attained throughout, the contractor is permitted to 
cut slightly below this depth, and when such excess does not exceed 
the allowance the material dredged is paid for. Material dredged 
from outside the fixed lines or from below the permitted depth is not 

paid for. 

Dredging operations are at all times under the personal super- 



vision of an agent of the United States, called an Inspector. It is he 
who, under instructions from the engineer in charge, determines the 
proper position for the dredge and the width and depth of the cut 
at any point. 

Measurement of Dredged Materials. — Dredging is paid for by the 
cubic yard, as determined by the measurement of the dredged 
material, either in scows or in place. When scow measurement is 
to be used, the capacity of the bins is carefully computed and the 
contractor is required to fill the bins each time to the same extent. 
The duty of determining whether the scows or barges contain " full " 
loads devolves upon the Inspector. In cases of partial loads, he also 
decides as to the true amount. When rocks or bowlders are dredged 
along with soft material, but at a different rate of payment, the de- 
cision as to the true proportions of each class of material rests with 
the Inspector also. Payments are made on monthly estimates, 10$ 
usually being retained until the completion of the contract. 

Relative Volumes, Place and Scow Measurement. — When the 
dredging is to be paid for by measurements in place, the volume 
of the dredged material is computed from accurate and carefully 
located soundings, made before and after dredging. The increase of 
scow measurements over measurements in place is for rock generally 
1.75 to 2 times. But this increase of volume will be found to vary 
greatly, according to the nature of the rock and the action of the 
explosive upon it where blasting has been resorted to. Experience 
in the rock cuts in the channels between the Great Lakes has shown 
that " where the rock is broken and to some extent pulverized, the 
scow and bank measurement approach. If the fragments are large 
the percentage of difference increases.*" For sandstone and limestone 
rock in these localities the increase has been about 30 per cent. 
Both for sand and for rock the volume of voids in a mass becomes 
greater as the fragments approach uniformity in size. 

The increase for other materials is as follows : Very soft mud, 

* Col. O. M. Poe, Corp. of Engrs. Bat., Brig. Gen. U. S. A., Engineer in 
charge. 



WAR. DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



35 



13$; soft blue mud, 15$; hard sand with small admixture of silt, 
20% to 30$. Loose muck, dredged from a reservoir, was found to 
measure 15% to 17$ less in the dredge-bucket than when in place. 
In hydraulic dredging, particularly where there is much fine, light mat- 
erial, place measurements equal or exceed the scow measurements. 

The contractor is further required to furnish proper sleeping 
accommodations and board to all agents of the United States em- 
ployed on or about the dredges, and also, when required, to furnish 
a boat for making soundings, etc. 

Dredging Estimates. — The formation of an accurate estimate of 
the probable cost of dredging in any given locality presents a dif- 
ficult problem, and it is nearly equally disadvantageous to have 
the contract for the work either too high or too low. In forming a 
dredging estimate the following items should be considered, viz., 
total amount of work to be done ; probable average dredging per 
day, depending upon material, depth of cutting, range of tide, depth 
of water, and exposure of site ; distance to dumping-ground, or cost 
of depositing dredged materials on shore ; distance of site of work 
from dredging plants, and risks attending a passage thither ; value 
of plant required ; interest on value of plant and percentage of 
depreciation for time required for the work ; fire and marine 
insurance on plant ; repairs to plant ; operating expenses ; contrac- 
tor's profit. 

On December 30, 1892, the United States advertised for pro- 
posals for dredging in the harbor of Philadelphia. The estimate 
made at that time by the officer in charge of that work, of the cost 
of the dredging, contains reliable data on the cost and operating 
expenses of dredging plant which are of general application. With 
his permission this estimate is given below. 

The general project was to form a channel outside the pier-line 
of Philadelphia, about 2000' in width, and about 7 miles long, with a 
cross-section of about 55,000 sq. ft. at mean tide. The channel was 
to be 26' deep for 1000' and about 12' deep for the remaining width. 
The range of tide is 6'. This entailed the removal of Smith and 



Windmill Islands (8 acres and 17 acres, respectively, about 9' above 
mean tide), and of a portion of Petty Island, and the deepening of 
the shoals, in all about 17,000,000 cu. yds. place measurement (esti- 
mated at 21,500,000 cu. yds. scow measurement). The material 
was clay, silt, sand, coarse gravel, and small bowlders. From 
2,000,000 to 5,000,000 cu. yds. of the dredged material was to be 
deposited on League Island, 4 miles below, at designated points, 
and evenly spread ; another portion was to be dumped in side 
channels, with a maximum tow of 12 miles; the remainder was to 
be disposed of by the contractor, subject to the approval of the 
engineer in charge. 

The following is the engineer's estimate : 

Philadelphia, Pa., January 28, 1893. 

Estimate of the probable cost, with a suitable plant, of the im- 
provement of Philadelphia Harbor, under the specifications dated 
December 30, 1892: 

Dredges. 

3 combination dredges* complete at $35,000 $105,000 

7 " " without clam-shells, $33,000 231,000 

10 Total cost of dredges $336,000 

Interest and depreciation, 10 per cent \ $33,600 

Fire insurance, 1 per cent 3,360 

Marine insurance, 1 \ per cent 4,200 

Repairs, 9 per cent % : 30,240 

Operating dredges, including wages, fuel, oil, waste, rope, etc., an aver- 
age of $694.00 per dredge per month during a season of 10 months 
$694.00 x 10 x 10 69,400 

Total cost per year of dredging and depositing in scows $140,800 

* Cost of Dredges. — This is the present average cost of first-class dredges suiiable 
for this work, according to information obtained from builders and buyers. 

t 10$ per year for interest on and depreciation of plant is invariably allowed by the 
Clyde Trust Co. in their statement of cost of work. 

% g% per year of the original cost of dredges employed on the Clyde in ihc years 
1871 and 1872 was the average cost of repairs of dredges. 



36 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Scows. 

60 scows, * each of 250 cu. yds. capacity, $5,500 $330,000 

Interest and depreciation, 10 per cent $33,000 

Fire insurance, 1 per cent 3,300 

Marine insurance, ij- per cent 4,125 

Repairs, 7\ per cent t 24,750 

30 scow men at $50 per month for 10 months. 15,000 

Total cost per year for scows $80,175 

Towing Scows. 

2 large tugs for towing between dredges and dumping-ground, 

cost at $30,000 $60,000 

4 tugs at dredges for handling scows at $15,000 60,000 

3 tugs at dumping-grounds at $15,000 45,000 

Total cost of tugs $165,000 

Interest and depreciation, 10 per cent $16,500 

Fire insurance, i of 1 per cent 825 

Marine insurance, f of 1 per cent 1,238 

Repairs, 7 per cent J: II >55° 

Running expenses for 2 large tugs, night and day at $1,480 each per 

month for 10 months 29,600 

Running expenses of 4 tugs at dredges, each $410 per month, day 

work, $410 x 4 x 10 16,400 

Running expenses of 3 tugs night and day at dredging-grounds, 

$820 x 3X 10 24.600 

Total cost of towing per year $100,713 

* Cost of Scows. — The cost of scows varies according to capacity, being relatively 
more for small scows than large ones. The size adopted in this estimate is considered 
the best adapted for this work. 

f Cost of Scow Repairs. — There are no scows like ours in use on the Clyde. There 
the dredged material is conveyed in "Punts" and " Steam Hopper Barges." The 
Punts are deck scows holding about 8 cubic yards, used when the material is deposited 
on land, and for this purpose the loaded Punt is beached and the material is wheeled 
ashore. They are of light construction, to secure light draught; are subject to rough 
usage, and the repairs average 9.72 per cent of their cost per year. The Steam 
Hopper Barges are a combination of tug and scow. They carry the material out to 
sea, and are bottom-dumpers. They are much less exposed to bumps and strains than 
our scows, and the annual repairs average 6j^ per cent of their cost. In our estimate 
we have adopted 7J per cent of the cost of scows as the average yearly cost of scow 
repairs in this country, based on many sources of information which substantially 
agree. 

t Cost of Tug Repairs. — In our estimate we have adopted 7 per cent of the original 



Miscella neous. 

Amount brought forward $321,688 

Salary of general superintendent per year 3,600 

Expense of tug per year for general use 6,835 

Fixed charges, being officer's salaries, office rent, and all other office 

expenses 13,500 

Grand total cost per year $345,623 

Average amount of dredging per year, estimated at 3,500,000 cu. yds. 

$345,623 . 

s^£ — _ n.875 cents per yard. 

3,500,000 cu. yds. J r j 

" Estimating 1,500,000 cu. yds. of hard material, consisting of a 
mixture of sand, gravel, bowlders, and clay, at Petty Island, at an 
additional price of 10 cents per yard, and dividing the amount 
($150,000) by the estimated total quantity to be dredged (21,500,000 
cu. yds.) and adding the result to the cost per cubic yard first ob- 
tained, we have 1,500,000 cu. yds. X 10 cents -h 21,500,000 cu. 
yds. = 0.698 cent additional cost per cubic yard, which added to 
the (9.875) cost per cubic yard first obtained, makes 10.573 cents 
the total average cost per cubic yard to be dredged ; to which should 
be added 15 per cent for contingencies and the contractor's profit, 
making for the contractor's price 12.159 cents per cubic yard to be 
dredged. 

".In making the foregoing estimate the difficulty of disposing of a 
large portion of the material to be dredged was not considered further 
than to assume that about 2£ millions of cubic yards could be de- 
posited within the harbor, and to estimate for the remainder as if it 
could be dumped at League Island and below Fort Mifflin, or with 
equal facility. But we know from surveys and computations that 
the capacity of these dumping-grounds is only from 8,500,000 to 
14,000,000 cubic yards, the unknown quantity being the amount that 
will be required by the Navy Department on League Island ; and 

cost as the yearly expense of tug repairs, based on information obtained from the most 
reliable sources. This is J v of 1 per cent higher than the cost of Steam Hopper Barge 
repairs on the Clyde. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



37 



that the contractor will have to provide room for from 7,500,000 to 
13,000,000 cu. yds. If only the minimum quantity should have to 
be placed ashore without any recompense from the owners of the 
low lands thus reclaimed, the cost would exceed any possible profit 
that might be otherwise derived from all the work. 

" Apropos of this question, the following is quoted from the Min- 
utes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers on the subject 
of disposing of material dredged in the Clyde River, Scotland : 

'Previous to 1862, the whole of the dredged material was 
deposited on land at the cost, in 1861, of 10.3 pence per cubic yard 
for depositing alone, exclusive of interest on cost of, or allowance for, 
depreciation on the plant employed. Many acres of alveus thus 
reclaimed became the property of the riparian proprietors, who are 
now (1873) asking from £1200 to £1400 per acre for it. 

' The difficulty of making reasonable arrangements with land- 
owners for permission to deposit dredgings on the alveus, and on the 
low land adjoining the river, and the great cost of doing so, when 
the landowners, for valuable considerations, in the shape of rent, 
or the acquisition by them of the land reclaimed, gave permission, 
led the Trustees in 1862 ' to adopt steam hopper barges, for the pur- 
pose of conveying the dredgings to sea. The result for 1870-71 was, 
that the cost of conveying 673,240 cubic yards of dredgings, and 
depositing them in Loch Long, 27 miles from Glasgow (an average dis- 
tance of 20 miles from the dredging-ground) was 5.46 pence per 
cubic yard, 1.84 pence of that sum per cubic yard being 10 per cent 
on value of barges for interest and depreciation.' 

" But notwithstanding the experience described on the Clyde, it 
is difficult to believe that here on the Delaware where so much land 
might be reclaimed and made valuable by the deposition upon them 
of dredged material, that such co-operation may not be possible as 
will more equally benefit both the contractors and landowners. Yet 
it is a risk which no prudent contractor would fail to make some 
provision for in his bid. 

" If it be assumed that the mean of the minimum and maximum 



quantities estimated to exceed the capacity of the available dumping- 
grounds will have to be placed ashore, and estimate the bare cost at 
10 cents per yard, and that this will be divided equally between the 
contractor and the landowners, we will have 10,250,000 cu. yds. at 
5 cents = $512,500 ; and $512,500 -=- 21,500,000 cu. yds. = 2.384 
cents per cubic yard; and 2.384+12.159 previously obtained = 
14.543 as a fair bid for the contractor." 

The work was divided under three heads, for each of which 
proposals were asked. The following is an abstract of the bids re- 
ceived, and opened January 31, 1893 : 





Price per cu. yd. (scow 




Additional price per cubic 




meas.) for excavating 


Price per linear foot for 


yard (place meas.) for 




and depositing material 


removing pile and tim- 


depositing and spread- 


Bidders. 


at places approved by 


ber wharfing or revet- 


ing material upon 




the engineer officer in 


ment (16,200 lin. ft., ap- 


League Island (2,000,000 




charge (21,500,000 cu. 


proximately.) 


cu. yds., approxi- 




yds. approximately.) 




mately). 


A 


$O.I25 


$1.25 


$0.14 


B 


O.I42 


I.90 


O. 16 


C 


O.147 


I.90 


O.175 




Totals. 






A 


$2,987,750.00 






B 


3,403,780.00 


Bid B was 


accepted. 


C 


3,541,280.00 







DIPPER-DREDGE. 

This type is too well known to require description. It is suit- 
able for all classes of digging where there is little wave action, from 
soft rock to mud, and in depths up to 30 feet. It has a limited side 
reach and a limited elevation for the deposit of dredged materials. It 
is relatively most economical for heavy digging at moderate depths. 
When working in open water a tug and two or more dump-scows 
are required as tenders. 

Cost of Work with Dipper-dredges. — The cost of work varies 
so much with the locality and with the material that figures for one 
locality can be taken for a basis only to a very limited extent in esti- 
mating for another. The figures given in the following pages must 



38 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



then be taken simply as examples of what work has cost under the 
given circumstances. Where competition is good, contract prices for 
work are generally as close as prudence will permit with the risks, 
interest on investment and percentage for deterioration of plant con- 
sidered. 

Cost of Work, Ohio River. — The Ohio River Improvement 
Dredging Fleet consists of two excellent dipper-dredges, three side- 
dumping scows, and one hired towboat as tender. The following 
statement of the cost of work is taken from the annual report of the 
Chief of Engineers, for 1893 : 

The '• day of work "is for 10 hours 1 operations of the two 
dredges, with three dump-scows and one dredge-tender. The tow- 
boat " John C. Fisher," chartered as dredge-tender, was paid $42.50 
per day, this amount covering the cost of the boat, outfit, crew, and 
fuel for the towboat and dredges, except that the cost of coal in 
excess of five cents per bushel was repaid by the Government. 



Time. 



At Work, Days. 

Dredging sand 18.0 

Dredging loose rock and sand. .. 16.0 

Removing snags o.6 

Removing wrecks o.8 



Lost, Days. 
Travelling 8 

Accidents i 

Low water 4 

Sundays 8 



36.0 
Total days in commission, 57. 

Work. 

Sand excavated per day of work T >346.i cu. yds. 

Sand excavated during the season 24,230.6 " 

Loose rock and sand excavated per day of work, 1,012.4 " 
Loose rock and sand excavated during season. . 16,805.5 " 

Total excavation during season 41,036.1 " 

Snags removed, 8 21.9 tons 

Wreck removed, coal-boat 1 

Cost. 

Equipment, for the season $130.81 

Towing and fuel, for the season 3,002.25 

Repairs, for the season J 33-33 



21 



Salaries, for the season 2,479.95 

Total cost, for the season 5,746.34 

Dredging sand, cu. yd 0.12 

Dredging loose stone and sand, cu. yd o. 1 6 

Removing snags, per snag 1 1 .85 

Removing wreck 127.70 

The above figures do not include the cost of maintaining the 
dredges when out of commission, repairs, interest, etc., etc. 

Dredging in Manatee River, Fla. — The following table gives the 
cost of dredging with a small dipper dredge in Manatee River, Florida, 
during August and September, 1887. Depth of dredged channel, 8 
feet. Depth of cutting, 2 to 4 feet. Material, mud and sand. 
Average distance to dumping-ground, 3i miles. Plant, one dipper 
dredge, two tugs, dump-scows. Total time employed on work, 48 
days. 



Cost. 



No. 



Employees. 
Dredge. 

Captain 1 

Engineer 1 

Crew 7 

Tug. 

Captain 1 

Engineer 1 

Firemen 2 

Deckhands 2 

Tug. 

Captain 1 

Engineers 2 

Firemen 2 

Deckhands 2 



Days. 

48 
48 
48 

48 
48 
48 
48 

28 
28 
28 
28 



Wages, rate per 
Month. 



5I25.OO 
60.OO 
3O.OO 

9O.OO 
60.OO 
30.OO 
30.OO 

9O.OO 
60.OO 
30.OO 
3O.OO 



Board per 
Month. 



M5.OO 



)I5.00 



Total for Time 
Employed. 

$224.00 
1 20.00 
504.OO 

161.OO 
1 20.00 
I44.OO 
I44.OO 

98.OO 

I40.OO 

84.OO 

84.OO 



7 cords wood, per day, dredge, at $3 for 31 days 651.00 

4 " " " tug " 3 " 37 " 444.00 

5 " " " " " 3 for 24 days 360.00 

20$ on cost, dredge and scows, for 48 days 1,600.00 

" " tug for 48 days 160.00 

" " " " 28 days J24.44 



5 guide-piles at $5 each . 



25.00 



Total cost of work $5,187.44 

Total amount of material dredged 15,302.3 cu. yds, 

Cost per cubic yard 33.9 cents. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



39 



Time. 

Total days worked 25 

Average volume dredged per working day 612. i cu. yds. 

Dredge worked 100.1 hours. 

Dredge idle, waiting for tug 89.5 " 

Dredge idle, repairing machinery 3.2 " 

Dredge idle, shifting and moving 57.5 " 

Dredge idle, pumping scows 17.2 " 

Dredging in Raritan River, N. J — The dredging-plant of the 
Raritan River Improvement consists of one Osgood dipper dredge, 
three light-draught, bottom-dump scows, and one tug. The dredge was 
built in 1889 ; hull, 80' X 30' X 8' ; main engine, 12" X 18", double 
cylinder, with two hydraulic-band friction-drums ; swinging-engine, 
7" X 10", double cylinder ; boiler, locomotive, diam. 56", length 
16' 5", with 56" X 50" furnace; turntable, 12' diameter; boom, 
angle-iron, 35' long from centre of hinge-pins to centre of sheaves ; 
sheaves, 30" diameter ; dipper capacity, 2 cubic yards, struck meas- 
ure ; dipper doors, double, swinging both ways so as to allow dipper 
to fill with water while being lowered ; capacity of dredge, 1500 cu. 
yds. per day, of soft material ; cost, $21,720.00. For digging in 
shale rock a smaller and stronger dipper and handle is substituted. 
This dipper is armed with strong steel teeth. 

Dump scows, each capacity 200 cu. yds.; length, on deck 
100', on bottom 86'; width 30'; depth 6' ; four bins, each 19' long, 
19 y wide at top, 9£' wide at gates, and 4' deep ; air-chamber, 8' 
long ; cost, $5490.00. Cost of tug, $6500.00. 

In 1889-90 this plant dredged 24,160 cu. yds. of fine, heavy 
sand from the Shrewsbury River at a cost of 18£ cents per cubic yard 
(operating expenses and maintenance only). It dredged from the 
Raritan River 52,214 cu. yds. of coarse sand and shale, in about 
equal proportions, at a cost of 21.2 cents per cu. yd. (operating ex- 
penses and maintenance only). 

From July 1892 to June 1893, both inclusive, it was engaged in 
dredging red shale from the Raritan River. The shale was first 



partly broken up by surface blasts. 5600 lbs. XX Forcite powder 
were used in 50-lb. charges, spaced 10' and 15' apart. The follow- 
ing statement shows the work of the plant : 

Time worked, July 1, 1892, to June 30, 1893. 

Total number of working days . 304 

Actual time worked, days 175 

Time lost, days 129 

. Average amount dredged per actual working day, cu. yds 67 

Total amount dredged and deposited in dike: 

Sand, gravel, and loose shale, cu. yds 2,388 

Blasted shale rock, cub. yds 9,287 

Expenses : 

Operating, including maintenance while idle $15,683.64 

Repairs 2,396.90 

Cost of dredging and depositing, per cubic yard .... 1-549 

For this material the scow measurement was found to be twice 
the place measurement. For further details concerning the nature of 
the material, and the cost of removing rock broken by a chisel-boat, 
see " Rock Excavation," page 53. 

Clam-shell Dredge. — This type is also well known. It can dredge 
economically to greater depths and in more of a seaway than the 
dipper type. It is also useful for grappling broken rock, and is the 
type used in clearing away the debris of Flood Rock after the great 
Hell Gate blast. Its penetrating power depends on the weight of the 
clam-shell bucket, and it is therefore not so good as the dipper in soft 
rock or very stiff clay. Nor can a shallow cutting be made as 
economically with it. A longer side sweep and further and higher 
delivery can be made with this type than with the dipper. This 
dredge in open water requires a tug and two or more dump-scows as 
tenders. 

The following table gives the cost of dredging in Vicksburg 
Harbor in 1888, wiih a clam shell dredge. (Trans. Am. Soc. C. E. 
vol. xxxi) : 



40 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Depth of water, about 35 feet. 

Material, mud and silt. 

Average distance to dumping-ground, about 1£ miles. 

The dredge was a powerful one and worked continuously and 
energetically with double crews. 

Daily Wages. Dredge : 16 laborers $16 oo 

" 2 engine-drivers 400 

" 2 captains, diggers 8 25 

2cooks 3_oo $3125 

Tug : 6 laborers 6 00 

" 2 captains 825 

" 2 cooks 300 

engine-drivers 4 00 $2125 

Subsisting 36 men (including 2 U. S. Inspectors) at 50 cts 18 00 

Coal, dredge, and tug, 6 tons, 24 hours, at 40 cents box 25 00 

Incidentals and repairs 10 00 

Total daily expenses $105 50 

Average excavation per month 55, 529 cubic yards. 

Cost to contractor 5£ cents per cubic yard. 

This does not include interest on value of plant, percentage for 
deterioration, or cost of moving plant to and from location of work. 

Ladder-and-bucket Dredge. — This is a favorite type in England, 
but has not been as popular in this country. The dredging is done 
by buckets attached to an endless chain, moved by a powerful engine 
longitudinally around a trussed arm which is swung at its upper end 
from a frame in the boat. The lower end rests on the bottom, and 
by its weight drives the cutting edges of the buckets into the material 
dredged. The arm is vertical or inclined, according to the type of the 
dredge. It can be raised and lowered to suit the depth of water. 
The buckets discharge into a hopper at the top of the " frame, and the 
the dredged material with a proportion of water, passes to a receiv- 
ing bin in the boat, across the side to a dump-scow, or ashore by pip- 
ing. These dredges can work to a depth of 30 feet, and in any 



material not harder than shale rock. They are largely used in Canada, 
and there have proved effective and economical. As built in this 
country they are not usually self-propelling, and require the atten- 
dance of a tug and scows. 

In Lake St. Peter (Canada), dredging to 24 feet with elevator 
dredges, the cost in 1881 was 3.8 cents per cubic yard for sand and 
mud and 69.4 cents for solid shale, these figures covering all charges 
except interest. (Rep. C. of E., 1882 p. 735.) 

Stationary Hydraulic Dredge, Von Schmidt Pattern. — This type 
of dredge is well adapted for digging comparatively soft materials in 
still water to depths of 30 feet and delivering the materials ashore, 
The dredge as used on the Potomac flats improvement consists of a 
scow, fitted with spuds, and having sufficient displacement to carry 
the necessary machinery. The machine consists of a large rotary 
pump, from which the suction-pipe passes over the bow of the boat 
and thence to the water. The vertical part of this pipe is rigidly 
suspended from a frame which rotates from one side to the other 
across the bow of the vessel and allows the lower end of the pipe to 
describe the arc of a semicircle 60 feet in diameter. In this way 
the machine makes a cut 60 feet wide at each forward movement. 
The suction-pipe is telescopic, so that it can be lengthened or short- 
ened as the depth to be made requires. The discharge-pipe from the 
pump passes over the side and is carried to land on pontoons, 
and thence to the point of discharge. It is provided with flexible 
joints. The lower end of the suction-pipe is provided with a cast- 
iron hood or bonnet 8 feet in diameter. 

The material of the channel bed is cut up and agitated at the 
mouth of the suction-pipe by a system of knives or ploughs which 
rotate about a vertical shaft passing through the centre of the hood. 
It thus is disintegrated and mixed with water, so as to be taken up and 
to pass throught he pump easily. In dredging on the Potomac flats 
the percentage of solid matter taken up by the pump varied from 10 
to 35 per cent, varying with the character of the material, the height 
to which it is raised, the length of the discharge-pipe, and the velocity 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



41 



at which the pump was run. 10 to 20 per cent was easily handled 
under favorable circumstances, with the engines making 125 to 130 
revolutions per minute. Working in soft material one of the dredges 
averaged about 350 cubic yards per hour for days, the length of the 
discharge-pipe being over 3000 feet and the height of lift above the 
water-level from 6 to 12 feet. The average amount of material 
dredged per engine-hour for each of the three machines working on 
the improvement, in all of the varieties of material found there, varied 
from 169 to 179 cubic yards, place measurement. The proportion of 
water was least for mud and greatest for sand, when the velocity of 
discharge had to be increased also, to prevent the clogging of the dis- 
charge-pipes. When pumping sand much time was lost for repairs 
due to injury to the pump from the sand. 

The discharge was made into basins formed by low embank- 
ments. The material as discharged formed low conical heaps, the 
heavier portions being dropped close to the exit from the pipe, and 
the lighter parts being carried to some distance. Referring to the 
class of work at the flats, the Engineer in charge reports that this 
mode of dredging " has advantages over any known method in 
that it requires but little or no labor to spread the material out 
to any required grade, and it makes a smooth and even bottom, 
so that the amount of dredging to get a certain depth of water can 
be estimated with more exactness. 1 ' (P. 929, Rep. C. of E., 1885, 
pt. 2.) 

The contract price for the work on the Potomac Flats ranged 
from 12.37 to 15.45 cents per cubic yard, place measurement. A 
full account of the work can be found in a paper by the Engineer in 
charge of the work, Lieutenant-Colonel Hains, Corps of Engineers, 
U. S. A., printed in vol. xxxi, Transactions American Society of Civil 
Engineers. 

A later type of this dredge was used in 1892-3 by the San 
Francisco Bridge Company, now the " New York Dredging Company," 
in a contract for dredging in St. John's River, Florida. Their dredge, 
the "Florida," is 125' long and 35' beam. "A truss called the 



'ladder' is fitted into a recess in the bow of the hull. The ladder is 
hinged at a point near the deck of the dredge, and is long enough to 
dredge to a depth of 30' from the water-surface. At the outer end of 
the ladder is placed a cylindrical frame 5' in diameter and provided 
with eight knife-shaped blades, which are fastened spirally around the 
frame. A shaft connects this cutter with an independent engine,, 
placed on the upper end of the ladder and supplied with steam 
through a flexible pipe. Immediately beneath this shaft is the suc- 
tion-pipe, 20" in diameter. This pipe extends from the upper end of 
the cutter to the centrifugal pump which is connected directly with a 
triple-expansion engine. The discharge-pipe, also 20" in diameter, 
is carried ashore by means of pontons. This pipe is made of sheet 
iron, and is used in sections 32' long. Each section is placed on a 
ponton, and the sections are connected between the pontons by a 
piece of rubber tubing. 

" The hull is anchored in position by a large spud in the stern. 
A guy-line is run out from each side of the bow, and the work is 
done by swinging the dredge on the spud as a centre back and forth 
until the proper depth has been obtained. The average width of the 
cut is 120', but a cut 140' in width can be made by this machine 
with one swing. 

" The average number of revolutions of the pump is 220 per 
minute. The best work for one day, so far reported, is 5842 cu. 
yds. for twenty-two hours. The average amount removed per hour 
is 116 cu. yds." (Rept. on work at Dames Point, St, John's R., Rep. 
C. of E., 1893, p. 1622.) 

In later work in the Potomac River a similar machine is re- 
ported to have dredged an average of 285 cu. yds. per engine-hour, 
in material similar to that in St. John's River — mud with a large ad- 
mixture of sand. The contract price for the work in St. John's River 
was 14 cts. per cu. yd., place measurement ; for the work in the 
Potomac River, 14 cts. per cu. yd., place measurement, including 
the cost of the necessary embankments. 

Movable Hydraulic Dredge. — This type of machine was invented 



42 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



at Charleston, S. C, in 1855, by a Mr. Lebby, and was first used 
in dredging in Charleston Harbor in 1857. The type was revived 
in this country in 1871 by Captain Ludlow, assistant to General 
Gillmore, and was used by these officers for dredging on the bars of 
the Southern harbors, where on account of the heavy seas the 
ordinary type of dredge is of little use. The most important work 
done in this country by this type of dredge was the deepening of 
the channels at the Sandy Hook entrance to New York Harbor. The 
work was carried to completion under contract with the Joseph 
Edwards Dredging Company, who employed three dredges ' on the 
work. The following is a brief description of the " Reliance," the 
largest of the three : 

Dredge "Reliance." — The " Reliance " is a sea-going steamer, 157 
feet long, 37 feet beam, and 16 feet depth of hold, schooner-rigged 
and of about 900 tons burden, with two propellers driven by com- 
pound engines. She is fitted with bins having a capacity of from 
650 to 700 cubic yards, with conical outlet-valves 30 inches in 
diameter. She carries two 20-inch Edwards Cataract Pumps, with 
18-inch suctions, run independently by two engines of about 175- 
H.P., each and connected to the pump by belting. The suction-pipes 
extend through the sides about amidships, and turning, when in use, 
trail alongside at an angle of from 30 to 40 degrees, with their ends 
on the bottom, nearly opposite the stern of the vessel. At the end 
-each pipe has a heavy drag, or hood, of iron, open on the bottom 
and arranged to scrape up the sand when the steamer is under 
headway. A small valve in the drag admits water when the pipe 
is clogged. To provide sufficient flexibility, about 12 feet of the 
upper part of each suction-pipe is made of rubber, suitably strength- 
ened. The suction-pipes are raised when not in use by a hoisting- 
engine, by means of tackle attached to the drag and pipe." 

Work at Sandy Hook. — When at work the steamer was kept 
under headway just sufficient to admit of steering properly. The 
lift of the pump above the water-level was about 8 feet. For maxi- 
mum results the pump had to make about 145 revolutions per 



minute. At this rate the bins were filled in about two hours inside 
Sandy Hook, where the material was a fine sand mixed with a large 
proportion of mud. Outside Sandy Hook, where the sand was 
coarse and clean, the bins were filled in about 35 minutes. The 
average volume dredged per hour, by bin measurement, from De- 
cember 1887 to November 1889, was 210 yards in the Main Ship 
Channel, and 442 yards in Gedney's Channel. 

When dumping, a clear stream was turned into the bins from 
the cataract pumps assisted by streams at high velocity from a double- 
acting Worthington pump, with a 4-inch discharge-pipe and a 1-inch 
nozzle. 

One of the other dredges used at Sandy Hook was not fitted 
with bins, but discharged into scows alongside. She was thus able 
to dredge continuously, without interruptions for dumping. But she 
could not be used when there was any sea on, and in the end was 
not as economical as the Reliance. 

The contract price in 1890 for this work was 22.6 cents per 
cubic yard, bin measurement. The estimated cost to the contractor 
was 16 cents per cubic yard. A detailed description of this dredge, 
with illustrations, and of its work at Sandy Hook is printed in vol. 
xxv, Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., p. 573 et seq. 

TJ. S. Dredge " Charleston." — The United States dredge 
" Charleston," in use on the Charleston Harbor improvement, is also 
of this type. This dredge is 122.5 feet long, 30 feet beam, and 12 
feet depth of hold. She has one propeller, 7 feet in diameter, turned 
by a steeple, compound, Sullivan engine, with cylinders 17 and 32 
inches in diameter, and 22-inch stroke. On her trial-trip, without a 
load, she had an average speed of 10 miles per hour. Her pumping 
machinery is of the B. C. Howell pattern, and consists of a 230-H.P. 
compound engine, coupled direct by a shaft to a centrifugal pump, 
having a 14^-inch suction and a 15-inch discharge-pipe. Her maxi- 
mum bin capacity is about 270 cu. yds. She requires a crew of 16 
men. During the month of March 1893 her daily work ranged 
from 2100 to 2500 cu. yds. 



PLATE /. 







FRONT 
ELEVATION. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



43 



RIVER HYDRAULIC DREDGES. 

IT. S. Dredge " Ram." — A hydraulic dredge adapted for work on 
river bars has been constructed recently by the Bucyrus Steam 
Shovel and Dredge Company, for the United States, for the use in 
the 4th District, Mississippi River (see Plate I). This dredge is a 
light-draught stern-wheel steamer, with scow hull, 95 feet long, 27 feet 
beam, and 7.5 feet deep. Hinged horizontally to the bow, on the 
two sides, are the ends of a trussed A frame, bearing at the point a 
cutter, in shape a truncated cone, armed with steel blades and ar- 
ranged to revolve axially on a steel shaft, which runs from a thrust- 
bearing at the middle point of the bow to the point of the A frame. 
The cutter-head is slotted so that materials loosened by the blades may 
pass inside the cutter-head to the mouth of a 15-inch suction-pipe 
which opens through the end of the A frame, inside the base of the 
cutter-head and below its axis, and passes thence to the bow, where it is 
jointed. The point of the A frame can be set at any position, from a 
depth of 30 feet below the water-surface, the maximum depth for 
dredging, to nearly vertically upward, by means of a tackle, from shear 
legs on the bow of the boat, actuated by a steam-power winding-drum. 
In moving, the cutter and frame are hoisted until clear of the water. 

For making a cut, the boat is swung by side lines from steam^ 
power drums, around a pivot formed by a single strong spud which 
passes through the boat on the line of the keel, at the forward end 
of the stern-rake. 

The driving-power for the pump is furnished by a compound, 
condensing, horizontal engine, of 20" stroke, H.P. cylinder 14^-" 
diameter and L.P. cylinder 26" diameter. The cutter-shaft and 
hoists are driven by a pair of auxiliary engines, 12" stroke and 9" 
cylinder diameter. The pump is Edwards' pattern, 15" centrifugal, 
driven by a rubber belt. 

The discharge-pipe is carried back beneath the deck to near the 
stern and thence outboard, where it can be extended to any distance 
by the usual methods. 

The dredge was tested successfully for a capacity of 300 cu. yds. 



per hour, working in soft mud, and discharging over a bank or bar not 
less than 10 feet above the water-surface and with point of discharge not 
less than 300 feet distant. The officer in charge of her work (in 1894) 
considers her " a practical success for the service for which she was 
designed." 

Operating Expenses. — The following tables show the daily ex- 
penses of the boat while running with single and double crew, re- 
spectively : 

Single Crew. 



i master, $140.00 per month ; 

1 engineer, 90.00 " " 

1 engineer, 85.00 " " 

1 engineer, 60.00 " " 

1 fireman, 45.00 " " 

1 cook, 50.00 " " 

1 cabin-boy 25.00 " " 

1 watchman 45.00 " " 

1 deck-hand 40.00 " 

6 deck-hands, 35.00 " " each ; 

Total for services per day 

Cost of rations for 1 5 men for 1 day, 
Cost of coal per day, 10 hours' work (35 bbls. at 
y]\ cents per bbl.). 

Total cost per day 

Double Crew. 
1 master, $140.00 per month ; 
1 engineer, 90.00 " " 

1 engineer, 85.00 " 

1 engineer, 75-Oo " 

2 engineers, 60.00 " 
2 firemen, 4500 " 
1 watchman, 45.00 " 
1 cook, 50.00 " 
1 cabin boy, 25.00 " 
1 deck-hand 40.00 " 
13 deck-hands, 35.00 " 

Total for services per day 
Cost of rations for 25 men for 1 day, 
Coal per day, 20 hours' work 70 bbls. at 37^ 
cents per bbl 

Total cost per day 



day, $4.67 
3.00 
2.83 
2.00 
1.50 
1.67 

•83 
1.50 

i-33 
7.00 



1 day, 



each ; 



each ; 



$26.33 
3-90 

13.12 

$43-35 

$4-67 
300 
2.83 
2.50 
4.00 
3.00 
1.5a 
1.67 
•83 
i-33 

15.17 

$40.50 
6.50 

26.25 

$7325 



PLATE 




■ " 7r ^-~z-— ,..r z7?rr, 



ar 
n( 

c 

10 

k 



44 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Dredge "Suwanee." — This boat was built in 1888, for use in the 
shallow waters of the west coast of Florida as a snag-boat, pile-driver, 
or dredge, and in its original form is described in the Reports of the 
Chief of Engineers for 1889 and 1890, p. 1350 and p. 1598, respec- 
tively. Since then some details of the dredging apparatus have been 
elaborated and patented by Mr. J. W. Sackett, of St. Augustine, Fla. 

The boat is a wooden stern-wheel steamer, drawing 33" loaded. 
The hull is scow-modelled, 80' X 24' X 5', strongly built, with two 
longitudinal bulkheads. She has a tubular steel boiler, 17' long, 4' 
diameter, with 55 tubes and 4' X 4|' grate-surface. The two pro- 
pelling engines have cylinders 10" diameter and 32" stroke, and 
under 90 lbs. of steam, cut-off at two-thirds stroke, develop 29 H.P. 
The stern-wheel is 9' long and 12' diameter, with 11 double buckets. 
The speed of the boat in still water is 5£ miles per hour. 

There is a double-cylinder hoisting-engine, with cylinders 8" 
diameter and 12" stroke, of 32 H.P. under 100 lbs. of steam. It has 
two drums with friction-clutches and two gypsy-heads. The derrick 
is an A frame, which when fitted for snagging has a swinging boom 
pivoted beneath its point. A clam-shell dredge-bucket is used from 
this boom to remove rock or to do small amounts of dredging. 

When large amounts of dredging are required, the boom is re- 
moved and a horizontal triangular frame, supported from the top of 
the A frame and swinging on the boom pivot, is substituted. (See 
Plate II.) A flexible suction-pipe with a cutter-head, is swung be- 
neath the frame, and connected with a 10" Edwards rock-pump, 
driven by the hoisting-engine. The cutter-head is a patented device. 
It is a heavy, dome-shaped piece, to the base of which is hinged a 
tilting cutter. As the frame is swung to and fro by wire-rope lines 
from the drums of the hoisting-engine (shown close to the deck on 
the plate) lines from the vertical posts at the outer corners of the 
frame give the motion to the head of the pipe and drag the cutter- 
head over the bottom. By means of the tilting base, the side of the 
cutter toward the direction of the motion is opened, and the material 
of the bottom is scooped up and is carried into the suction-pipe, with 



an admixture of from 70 to 85 per cent of water. The inboard end 
of the cutter-pipe is provided with an elbow and hinge collar, over 
the pivot of the frame. The discharge from the pump leads out 
across the side, supported in the usual manner. The cutter-head is 
supported at the required depth by a line from the middle of the 
outboard side of the swinging frame. 

The small pipe shown in the plate beneath the suction-pipe was 
used for a water-jet, to assist in stirring up the material of the bot- 
tom. This was found to be of little use, and has been discarded. 

The guides shown in the plate on the outer side of the frame are 
for use in pile-driving. For this work the suction-pipe is removed 
and a hammer is hung between the guides. The piles are placed by 
the aid of a water-jet from the force-pump on the boat. 

While dredging, the boat is held in position by two spuds near 
the bow and outboard. The port spud is arranged in the usual 
manner. The starboard spud is a " walking " spud, working in a 
bracket having a long, narrow opening parallel to the side of the boat. 
The top of the bracket carries a ratchet in which engages the pawl of 
a movable roller, used to limit the travel of the spud to the rear. 
This device is patented. It was placed in the boat after the photo- 
graph from which Plate II is taken was made, and therefore does not 
appear in the plate. To move the boat forward for a new cut, the 
roller is set as far back as desired, the port spud raised, and the wheel 
started. When the boat has advanced far enough to bring the star- 
board spud against the roller the wheel is stopped, the port spud 
lowered, the starboard spud raised and dropped vertically, and 
clamped in its new position by moving forward the roller. 

The rate of actual dredging per hour varies from 75 to 125 cu. 
yds., place measurement, depending on the character of the material. 
The cost of dredging, including ordinary repairs, is about 13 cts. per 
cu. yd. The boat cost originally $10,000. 

Scraping. — Where a narrow bar of soft mud or sand lies close 
to deep water, it can be deepened by scraping or by propeller sluicing. 
The " Long scraper " acts on the principle of a hoe. It consists of a 



PLATE II. 




U. S. DREDGE AND SNAG BOAT "SUWANEE. 



Arranged for Dredging. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



45 



strong frame or handle hinged to the back of a scow and arranged so 
as to permit adjustment for different depths. At the end of the frame 
are one or more semicylinders of boiler iron or steel, which form the 
blade of the hoe, and scrape up and drag along the material of the 
bar. 

Propeller Sluicing. — Propeller sluicing is very effective under 
favorable circumstances. A propeller — the more powerful the better — 
whose draught is great enough to place her keel close to the bottom, 
is moored by cables on the up-stream side of the bar, with her stern 
toward the bar. Her engines are started ahead, and the powerful 
currents driven by the propeller stir up and carry off the soft ma- 
terials. The channel can be widened by swinging the boat. As the 
channel is formed, the boat is dropped back and the process is re- 
peated until the channel has been cut completely through. The 
eroded materials are not usually carried more than from 20 to 50 
feet, and this limits the usefulness of the process. 

In 1886 the steamer " Umatilla," 2131 tons, draught loaded 23.4', 
single screw, indicated engine-power while sluicing 1116 H.P., work- 
ing on St. Helen's Bar, Willamette River, Oregon, in 5 days cut a 
channel 1500 feet long and 200 feet wide, with a depth of 22 feet 
for a width of 150 feet. While dredging, the propeller worked gen- 
erally against a breast of sand 15 feet high, with 7 feet of water on 
its crest. The total running time of engines was 38 hours 36 
minutes. 

The cost was as follows ; 

Hire steamship, 6 days, $375.00 per day $2,250.00 

Detention in port before going to work 360.00 

Steamboat tender, 8 days, $40.00 per day 320.00 

Materials, incidentals, wear and tear, etc 270.00 

$3,200.00 

Numerous attempts to deepen bars by water-jets, explosion of 
gunpowder, etc., have been made, but without success. The ma- 
terials can be stirred up easily, but are deposited close to the original 



point of rest. A late device uses air-jets to cause the stirred-up 
material to rise higher in the water and hence be carried farther be- 
fore redeposit. 

Deposit of Dredged Materials on Shore. — Where the cut is close 
to the shore the materials can be deposited at once from the dredge. 
Where the cut is made at some distance, but the conditions are such 
that the dredge can be connected with the shore by pipes, the ma- 
terials can be carried ashore by water carriage, as described for the 
Potomac flats improvement with the Von Schmidt dredges. Where 
these conditions do not prevail, the material must be rehandled. 

One method is to dump the material at a convenient point close 
inshore, redredge it, and deposit it on tram-cars on the shore for re- 
moval. This process is generally quite expensive. 

Potomac Flats Works. — Where the material must be rehandled, 
the least expensive method seems to be by the use of some form of 
steam pulsometer. The following plant was used for this purpose 
by one of the contractors for the Potomac flats work. The lifting- 
plant was located near the embankment on the Virginia side of the 
flats, where the dredged material from the channel (very soft mud) 
was deposited from the dump-scows. The pump, a patented one, 
was a steel cylinder 7' in diameter and 30' long. This was set 
within another similar cylinder of about 9' diameter. The space 
between the two cylinders was allowed to fill with water. 36-inch 
suction and discharge-pipes, provided with inward and outward 
opening valves, respectively, led from the base of the inner cylinder, — 
the suction to the river bottom, and the discharge to the high end of a 
long wooden chute. The pump was set in a hole nearly 30' deep 
and the suction-pipe was nearly that depth below the surface. Steam 
was forced into the inner cylinder to any desired pressure, up to the 
capacity of the boilers, forcing the contents of the inner cylinder out 
of the discharge-pipe. The cylinder being filled with steam, the 
supply was cut off and a shower of cold water from a tank over the 
pump turned into the inner cylinder. The steam was condensed, a 
partial vacuum formed, and an inrush of materials through the sue- 



46 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



tion-pipe took place, filling the cylinder with whatever materials over- 
lay the mouth of the pipe. This charge was driven out as before, 
and the operation continued in a succession of pulsations, at intervals 
of about one minute. During the work at the Potomac flats, a 1300- 
pound stone was picked up and forced out by the machine, and also 
an iron safe, 25" X 16" X 14". 

The high end of the chute was 28' above the water-level. 
The inclination necessary to secure a regular flow was found to be 
only 1 in 25. The material was delivered to points within a radius 
of 456' from the high end of the chute. Under favorable circum- 
stances the pump could handle 1500 cu. yds. of material per hour. 
It required a large amount of steam, which was supplied by a battery 
of three boilers. 

A similar process was employed by the contractors for clearing 
the reservoir at Newburg, N. Y. In this case the dredged material 
was deposited by the dredge in a bin in a flat, from which it was 
sucked and forced ashore through a pipe supported on pontons 
made of barrels. 

The Reclamation of League Island.* — League Island is located four 
miles below Market Street, Philadelphia, fronts directly on the Dela- 
ware River, and is owned by the United States. The middle portion 
is occupied by the plant of the League Island Navy Yard. The por- 
tion now being reclaimed is triangular-shaped, and has an area of 135 
acres. It lies directly east of the navy-yard, and originally consisted 
of a low marsh 3' above low water, protected from overflow by 
meadow-banks. Its length on the Delaware River is 4100' and 
its greatest width 2200'. Along the Delaware front the Navy 
Department afterwards constructed a sea-wall 11' high, and it is 
behind this that the fill is being made. 

The work is being carried on under the general project for the 

* The account of the operations under the contract of 1893, with the de- 
scription of the plant and the discussion on its efficiency, was furnished by 
Mr. Ellis D. Thompson, U. S. Asst., Engr., from data furnished through the 
courtesy of Major C. W. Raymond, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 



improvement of Philadelphia Harbor, outlined on p. 35. The total 
area to be filled is 322 T % 8 ¥ acres. The work is being done under the 
contract of 1893 by the American Dredging Company of Philadelphia, 
at the contract price of 14 T 2 ^ cents per yard, scow measurement, for 
dredging, and an additional 16 cents per yard, place measurement, 
for all material put on the island. The specifications provide that 
no allowance will be made for shrinkage or settlement, and that the 
amount deposited shall be determined at least once every fiscal year 
by surveys and measurements which shall be final. The fill now 
in progress will rise when completed to a height on the axis of the 
island of 14 T V above mean low water, sloping to about 11' at the 
water-fronts. It is to be uniformly graded when completed. 

Work in 1891-2.— In 1891 and 1892 the contractors for this 
work used three pulsometer-pumps for depositing the dredged ma- 
terials on the island. 

As finally arranged, the pulsometers were placed on platforms 
at the edge of the water. The intake pipes were flexible, and their 
mouths were moved from point to point in the scows which brought 
the materials from the dredges, by light hand-derricks. The neces- 
sary proportion of water was pumped into the scows by auxiliary 
pumps, and the material was taken from the scows and deposited on 
the island by the pulsometers. 

The largest pulsometer had a cylinder capacity of 15£ cu. yds., 
with 26" suction and discharge pipes. The maximum discharge 
from it was 750 cu. yds. in 29 minutes. Its greatest monthly aver- 
age per actual working hour was 459 cu. yds. 

Work under Contract of 1893. — Under the contract of 1893 the 
filling is done by the hydraulic process also. The material used is 
about equal parts of sand and mud, with a varying percentage of 
gravel. It is brought to the site of work from Philadelphia Harbor 
in ordinary bottom-dumping scows and deposited in places accessible 
to the plant in use. 

At first this consisted of two hydraulic dredges, viz., " McNee 
No. 4," and the " Leo." Afterwards the use of the Leo as a dredge 



PLATE 111. 





*B3§m£mfflgB& 



PULSOMETER DEPOSITING MUD IN LEAGUE ISLAND, 1892. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



47 



was discontinued, its place being taken by a large vacuum-pump 
locally designated as the " Moore Pulsometer," for which the boilers 
of the Leo furnished steam. 

McNee Dredge No. 4. — This is a scow-built vessel similar to 
the Von Schmidt dredge, described on p. 40, with the follow- 
ing dimensions and machinery : length of hull, 130' ; breadth of 
hull, 50' ; depth of hull, 11' ; draught with full complement of 
coal, 6'. 

It has 2 horizontal locomotive-type boilers, 24' long and 6' 
diameter, working with a maximum pressure of 90 pounds, rated 
at 400 H.P. each ; 2 large conclensing-engines 20" X 24", and 2 
smaller engines 10" X 20". 

The large engines operate a centrifugal pump 8' in diameter, 
to the shaft of which they are directly geared ; the smaller ones 
operate auxiliary machinery. 

At the forward end of the machine is a " table," so called, carry- 
ing the suction-pipe and agitator, which when operating move on the 
arc of a circle with a radius of 28.5'. The chord of the arc is 
about 50'. The bow of the boat is rounded to accommodate this 
movement. The suction-pipe is in four sections, with a total 
length of 24' ; it is telescopic, the lower sections being enclosed 
by the preceding ones when required. A depth of 18' at mean 
low water can be made. The suction has a diameter of 21" ; at 
its bottom is a cast-iron shell, through the centre of which passes a 
shaft provided with radial branches at the bottom. On these are 
fastened knives, the whole apparatus being designated the " agitator." 
By the rotation of the shaft the material is stirred so that it can 
be readily taken up. The discharge-pipe has a diameter of 24" 
and leads over the side. It is then carried on pontons from the 
dredge to the shore, and thence is laid directly on the fill, its length 
being added to as the fill progresses. 

Each ponton carries a length of pipe 32' long, the joints 
between the pontons being made of heavy rubber. Between the 
dredge and the first ponton are two ball-joints, and between the last 



ponton and the land pipe two more. These with the rubber con- 
nections between the pontons allow a great deal of flexibility to the 
line of pipe, and enable the dredge to move to and fro in its basin 
without changing the discharge. The land pipe is rigid. 

The dredge operates in an open basin about 400' long, 75' 
wide and 25' deep, distant 300' from the sea-wall of the island. 
In this basin the material dredged is deposited from bottom-dumping 
scows, either before or behind the dredge, according to its position 
in the basin. The dredge is held in place in the basin by spuds and 
anchors in the usual mannner. 

In operating the dredge the material is first stirred up by the 
agitator, then received through the vertical open-mouthed suction- 
pipe, and to reach the pump passes three right-angled bends, with 
centre radii of 3' ; after leaving the pump it passes three more right- 
angled bends before reaching the first ball-joint on the pontons. The 
velocity of flow through the discharge varies with the character of 
material handled and the revolutions of the pump, these being about 
120 per minute for 500' length of discharge, increasing to 150 
for 1500' length of discharge. For a discharge of 500' in length 
the velocity was approximately determined by Mr. Thomas Valentine, 
U. S. Inspector, as 13' per second by using the following method : 

Velocity Measurement. — A convenient point (a flange-joint) was 
selected in the discharge-pipe outside the hull of the dredge, and the 
distance from said point to the end of the discharge carefully meas- 
ured. A man was stationed at each place ; then by signalling the 
engineer of the dredge the pump was set in motion pumping clear 
water, which was continued for two or three minutes. A signal was 
then given the " table " man to lower the suction-pipe into the mud. 
In a few seconds the water became suddenly discolored, and the times 
of its passage at the two points of observation were noted, the veloc- 
ity being determined by a division of the length of pipe by the time. 
The discoloration of the water as soon as the suction handles mud 
is sharply defined. 

Lieut.-Col. Hains, in his paper on the " Beclamation of the 



48 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Potomac Flats" (Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., January, 1894), gives the 
velocity of clear water through the pipes as varying from 10' to 15' 
per second. It is probably safe to estimate the velocity of dis- 
charge when pumping through 1000' of pipe at 9' to 11' per 
second, and when pumping through 2000', at T to 8'. This 
dredge handles from 10$ to 20$ of solid material with 90$ to 80$ of 
water. The present length of discharge is 1200', and the height 
of lift at low water from the surface of the water to the point of dis- 
charge, 14'. For the total lift, 2' should be added to this, determined 
as follows : 

Calling the depth of the excavation 12', and the proportion 
of solids in the material pumped 20$, we have for the weight of a 
cubic foot of a 20$ mixture, 80$ of 62.5 lbs. (water) + 20$ of 110 
lbs. (mud) = 50 + 22 = 72 lbs. 15$ heavier than water. That is, 
in a suction-pipe 12' long a column of mixture 10' high would 
be balanced by a column of water 12' high, leaving 2' additional 
lift to be overcome by the pump. The velocity of flow through 
the suction must be not less than 10' per second, for practical 
work. 

Crew and Work. — This dredge is operated by 1 captain, 1 table- 
man, 1 engineer, 2 firemen, 2 crankmen, 2 deck-hands, 1 steward, 
and 1 watchman, and has a monthly coal-consumption, of 216 tons. 
It started operations September 11, 1893, and up to November 1, 
1894, had received 1,104,239 cu. yds. of material, scow measure- 
ment. It had worked during the period 3300 working hours, or an 
average of 334.6 cu. yds. per hour, the average volume of material 
handled for each working day of 10 hours being 3346 cu. yds. The 
discharge-pipe has no gravity slope, the whole volume of material 
being directly forced through its entire length. When the land-pipe 
is maintained without leaks, the result is an even deposit with a slope 
of about 8" in 100'. 

Dredge Leo. — This is also a scow-shaped vessel and has the fol- 
lowing dimensions and machinery: length of hull, 153'; breadth of 
hull, 43' ; depth of hull, 16' ; draught loaded with coal, 12'. 



The boat has one double-furnace return tubular boiler of the 
American type, 400 H.P., and two double-furnace return tubular boil- 
ers of the Scotch type. The former boiler is 15' 3'' length and 
9' 8" diameter; the latter boilers are 11' 4" length and 8' 10" 
diameter and rated 200 H.P. each. It is furnished with a 
centrifugal pump 6' in diameter which makes 180 revolutions 
a minute, with a steam-pressure of 90 lbs. The suction-pipe 
is about 30' in length, 16" diameter, of the type known as the 
" drop suction," and is provided with an " agitator." It is held 
in place by a heavy iron hinge, and when in position to operate, 
the joint at the hinge is made air-tight by screwing the flange 
close against a rubber gasket. The suction-pipe can be raised 
or lowered at will. When in use the dredge operates in an unen- 
closed basin, like the McNee Dredge, No. 4, the discharge-pipe 
being carried to shore on pontons. The total length of discharge 
was 700'. The height of lift was 16' ; average volume of material 
handled per working day of 10 hours, 1150 yards ; gravity slope of 
pipe, none, its position on the dump being about level. 

This dredge worked from September 1, 1893, to April 12, 1894, 
a total of 1524 working hours, handling during that time 178,018 
cubic yards, scow measurement, or an average of nearly 117 cubic 
yards per working hour. The kind of material handled was about 
the same as at Dredge No. 4 ; about the same percentage of water was 
used, and the methods were practically the same, except that the 
pump, being geared 2 to 1, made normally 180 revolutions per minute. 
This dredge employed a crew of 14 men, consisting of 1 captain, 1 
mate, 1 engineer, 1 oiler, 3 firemen, 1 coal-passer, 1 watchman, 4 
deck-hands, and 1 steward. Its monthly coal consumption was 243 
tons. 

Moore Pulsometer. — This is an improved form of the machine 
described on p. 45. It consists essentially of an upright steel 
cylinder, dome-shaped on top, 30' long and 7' in diameter, en- 
closed in a larger cylinder of boiler-iron, 11' in diameter, forming 
a caisson and holding the valves and ballast for sinking the pump. 






WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



49 



As used, it rests on the river-bottom 75' from the sea-wall. It has 
one intake pipe, 33", in diameter, the outer end of which is turned 
upward and lies at a depth of 33' at low water. The discharge has 
a diameter of 33", increasing to 36" 120' from the pump. The in- 
crease in the discharge-pipe was made as "a matter of economy, 36- 
inch pipe being easier to obtain than 33-inch. Both the discharge 
and intake pipes are fitted with clapper valves of the same diameters 
as the pipes. Steam is admitted to the top of the pump through a 
balanced gate-valve. At first the water was admitted through a 
cylindrical pipe with a semi-spherical bottom, the pipe having a 
diameter of 10" and being perforated by 3100 holes T \ inch in 
diameter. It extended down 4' from the top of the pump. This 
was afterwards broken and replaced temporarily by a perforated iron 
plate. 

The pump is operated as follows. Steam is admitted, driving 
out the spoil quickly ; water is then admitted in sprays, condensing 
the steam ; a vacuum is formed and the pump fills ; steam is 
again admitted, clearing the pump : and this operation is continued 
indefinitely. The capacity of the pump and discharge-pipe to the 
valve is 51 cu. yds., and the pump can easily make three strokes per 
minute when there is sufficient material to feed it. With some kinds 
of material a 30-inch vacuum can be formed, but in working the 
vacuum seldom exceeds 10 inches, the pump filling itself before a 
high vacuum is formed. Logs 6' long and 1' in diameter, and 
large stones weighing 600 to 700 lbs., have passed through with- 
out damaging the pump. The pump is cheaply and strongly built, 
has no delicate or complicated parts, and is handled by one man, 
with a fireman to furnish steam ; the valves are automatic. The 
length of discharge-pipe, 36" in diameter, is 1120', and its highest 
elevation above low water, 20' ; from the base of the pump the 
lift is 43'. In this pump the lift is not aided by the pressure of 
the outside water, and the location of the discharge-pipe is at the 
bottom of the pump. 

The discharge-pipe has a slope of 6" to 100'. It consists 



of old boilers riveted together, and is carried on a trestle from 
the pump to a point on shore where the fill is sufficiently high to 
sustain it ; thence it is laid directly on the fill, its length being added 
to as may become necessary. The use of old boilers for this purpose 
has the advantage of providing manholes at frequent intervals, 
allowing access to the pipe in case it becomes clogged. The pump 
is supplied with steam from the boilers of the Leo, previously de- 
scribed, and works with a normal pressure of 70 lbs. It handles 
mud, sand, and a small percentage of gravel. When the latter be- 
comes large and includes boulders, it chokes the apparatus. The 
best results are obtained with mud. This pump handles about 70$ 
to 80$ solid material, with 30$ to 20$ of water, but better results for 
spread are obtained when the percentage of water is 25$ to 50$. 
When the amount of water is small, the spoil falls " dead " at the' 
end of the discharge-pipe and chokes it. This apparatus handles 
about 4300 cu. yds. per day of ten working hours. The spoil is. 
deposited from bottom-dumping scows, a pocket at a time, directly 
over the intake. 

This pump has, under favorable circumstances, handled quanti- 
ties as follows : 



1894, Oct. ii 3,140 yds. 



" 16. 

" 17. 

" 18. 

" 23. 

" 24. 

" 25. 

" 26. 

" 27. 

Total . 



2,627 " 

2,911 " 

3.076 " 

9,038 " 

9.297 " 

8,810 " , 

4,182 " 

6,736 " 8 " 

49,817 yds .......... 53 hours 40 minutes. 



4 hours 


301 


ninutes 


2 " 


55 


it 


4 " 






3 " 


15 


'• 


8 " 


25 


a 


8 " 






9 " 


15 


c; 


5 " 


20 


ct 



Average for 9 days, 928 yards per hour of working time. Up 
to November 1, 1894, the pump had worked 663 hours, handling 
286,989 cu. yds. of material, scow measurement, or an average of 
433 yards per working hour. 



■50 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



It employs a total crew of 23 men, as follows 



I master mechanic, 

i captain, 

i mate, 

3 engineers, 



3 firemen, 

2 scowmen, 

i carpenter, 

i submarine diver, 



7 laborers, 
2 stewards, 
i watchman. 



Its monthly coal consumption is 12G tons, or about 1 ton per 
each hour when operating. 

Efficiency of Plant. — In judging the efficiency of the various 
plants, the supply of suitable material is the governing factor. 

In removing the islands from Philadelphia Harbor, much foreign 
material, used as filling for the wharves, was dredged ; and while it is 
the aim to dump all such material in unused channels, more or less 
of it is picked up from time to time and carried to League Island, and 
to this much of the delays may be attributed. Frequently large 
stones, roots, and small stumps have lodged in the pumps, and, in 
cases of the centrifugal pumps, pieces of old telegraphic cables have 
clogged the knives. Material is received at all hours of the day and 
night. At Dredge No. 4 it is deposited in a storage basin holding 
from 4000 to 5000 yards, enabling the dredge to work continuously 
14 hours daily. At the pulsometer it is pumped ashore only as re- 
ceived, and the apparatus is necessarily idle at other times. 

The first place measurement of the fill was made in June, 1894, 
the results being as follows up to May 31, 1894 ; 



Received at pumps, scow measurement. . 
Amount of fill, as determined by survey. 



909,766 cu yds. 
552,956 



That is, 1 cubic yard of material received, scow measurement, made 
0.6078 cubic yards in place on the island. Much loss is undoubtedly 
due to dumping in open basins, where the spoil is subject to the ac- 
tion of tidal currents, and to material being carried in suspension 
through the two drainage-sluices in the meadow-banks. In making 
monthly estimates for payment, 60$ of the material received is esti- 
mated as being in place in the fill. 

The successful working of the hydraulic dredge depends in a 



very large degree upon the proper management of the suction-pipe, 
and requires the best skill and judgment of the operator. If the suc- 
tion is too near the bottom, too much solid matter is carried into the 
pumps, and clogs them ; if too far removed, then only water is 
pumped. It has been found by experience that any protection or 
gratings across the mouth of the suctions to prevent the entrance of 
undesirable material, such as logs, large stones, etc., rapidly create an 
accumulation there and destroy the efficiency of the pump. In prac- 
tice, therefore, the suctions are left open. It has frequently happened 
that large stones have lodged in the pump, and have had to be bro- 
ken up piecemeal and removed. The rigidity of the suction-pipe, 
the numerous bends in the pipes which create unnecessary friction, 
and the absence of a device to exclude undesirable material are the 
principal defects of the dredge. 

At the pulsometer, experience shows that the principal delays 
are caused by logs and stones obstructing the intake. A diver is per- 
manently retained on the operating force for the removal of these. 

In a new improved pulsometer now under construction at the 
island there are two intake pipes, and these are provided with gate 
instead of clapper valves ; the diameters of the intake-pipes are 39" 
at the mouth, increasing at once to 40", thus allowing anything 
in the shape of stones that will enter them to pass the pump. In 
case either intake becomes clogged, the other will enable the pump 
to continue in operation ; the gate-valves are arranged to be worked 
by either hand or steam, and their advantage is, that, by reversing the 
usual action of the pump, obstructing material can be washed back 
into the river, and the intake cleared. This cannot be done with 
clapper valves. The filling of the island is progressing rapidly, the 
main difficulty at present being the maintenance of the meadow- 
banks. These, above high-tide line, are found to be full of muskrat 
and other holes to such an extent that much of the water pumped on 
the island passes through them instead of the regular outlet-sluices. 
This has been the cause of several breaches, and of a good deal of 
trouble and expense to the contractor. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: DREDGING. 



51 



Estimate for Improved 20-inch Hydraulic Dredge. — As the result 
of past experience at League Island, the American Dredging Co. has 
designed and now has under construction a new suction-dredge for 
use there and at Petty Island. This dredge may be considered as 
avoiding all the objectionable features of the present plant, and to be 
of the type best adapted to the form of work now being done by it. 
It differs from the McNee dredge in the following essential particulars, 
viz : the use of a swinging suction-pipe, 60' long, with a flexible 
hose connection, having only two right-angled bends of large radius, 
instead of six of 3' radius ; an increased number of pump-revolu- 
tions (200 to 225 per minute) with a large boiler-pressure (150 lbs.), 
and an improved agitator apparatus with an arrangement to exclude 
material larger than 8£" X 12". All parts are arranged especially to 
reduce friction. 

Through the courtesy of Mr. L. Y. Schermerhorn, President of 
the American Dredging Co., the following detailed statement and esti- 
mate of cost of the dredge is given : 

ESTIMATED COST OF A 20-INCH HYDRAULIC DREDGE, WITH 2000 LINEAR 
FEET OF DISCHARGE-PIPE, COMPLETE AND READY FOR WORK. 



Hull 120' x 40' x 11' with "A " frames 

Main engines, triple expansion, 13^', 21", 33," and 18" stroke, 220 rev- 
olutions per minute, steam-pressure 150 lbs.; cutter-head engines ; 
cutter-head shaft ; suction-pipe and hose ; centre swing casting ; 
centrifugal pump 

Circulating-pump, surface condenser; swinging-engines; hauling- 
engines 

Boiler and parts 

Spuds; spud-drivers ; frictions, shafting and gearing 

Hauling-heads and drum-frictions , 

Steam-pump and water-tanks 

Steam-pipe and valves with fittings 

Swinging-attachments, chains, etc 

Wire rope 

20 pontons 16' x 18' x 2' 

2000' 20-inch wrought-iron pipe, No. 10 

20 gum sleeve-connections 



$16,000 



18,000 

3,000 
8,300 
1,500 
1,000 

800 
1,200 

700 

400 
1,850 
2,750 

500 



2 ball-and-socket joints 200' 

Connecting boiler and pump, engine-foundations, etc., and fitting ma- 
chinery 5,000 

Total $61 ,200- 

Formulae for Determining Work of Hydraulic Dredge. — The follow- 
ing may be considered as an example of work done by the McNee 
dredge in putting material ashore. 

Assume the length of discharge-pipe as 1000', its diameter as 
20", the elevation of the material above the water as 14', the 
depth of excavation as 12', the percentage of mud as 20, or the 
weight of the discharge mixture as 72 lbs. and the velocity of 
discharge as 8'; the resultant discharge is 17.4 cubic feet per 
second. 

Let F = friction head ; 

L = length of pipe in feet ; 
d — diameter of pipe in inches ; 
V = velocity in feet per second. 



Then by Clark's formula 



F = 



1200 d 



X (4F' + 5F- 2). 



Or, substituting and reducing, 



F= 12.23 feet. 



The velocity head is V= \/2gh = l'.O. 

The suction-lift from an excavation 12' deep due to differ- 
ence in weights of the mixture and clear water is 1'.8. 

The friction of bends and joints (NcNee dredge) is estimated 
equivalent to a head of 4'.0. 

Then the work done to secure a discharge of the 17.4 cu. ft. per 



52 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



second is equivalent to raising a column of water to a height equal 
to the sum of 

Friction-head = 12.2 feet. 

Velocity " = 1.0 " 

Elevation =14.0 " 

Suction-lift = 1.8 " 

Friction of bends and joints = 4.0 " 

Total 33.0 feet. 

The pump makes 125 revolutions per minute, or 2^ per second, 
and the diameter of the runner is 8' (circumference 25.1'); its 
circumferential velocity is 52.7 feet per second, and the theoretical 
head resulting from such a velocity would be 

52'.7 = V2gh, or h = 43'.4. 

The best standard of efficiency of centrifugal pumps does not 
exceed 70$ of this theoretical. 

The actual work accomplished in H.P. 

cubic feet per second x weight x 60 seconds x height 



' 33000 



17.4 x 72 X 60 X 33 
33000 



= 75 H.P. 



The engines of the McNee dredge are worked at an indicated 
H.P. of 300 to 350. 

The largest amount placed on the island during one month was 
112,400 cubic yards, estimated place measurement, in October, 1894. 
It was handled as follows : 

McNee dredge 67,600 cu. yds. 

Pulsometer 44,800 " " 

Total 112,400 cu. yds. 



ROCK-EXCAVATION. 

Inspection and Payment. — As a general rule work of this class is 
done under contract. The dimensions of the proposed cut are care- 
fully determined and the ranges marked, as for dredging. On land, 
the work is paid for by the cubic yard, measured in place. 

Excavation under water is usually paid for by the cubic yard, 
scow measurement, when the excavation is of rock and soft materials, 
mixed, or of boulders, and by the cubic yard, place measurement, for 
bed-rock. As previously stated, scow measurement exceeds meas- 
urement in place generally by from 1.75 to 2 times, but may fall as 
low as 1.3 times.* Material excavated from outside the prescribed 
limits is not paid for. 

Inspectors have the same duties as in dredging work. 

The contractor is permitted to use his own methods, but is held 
responsible for injury to persons or property resulting from his work. 
When working in channels used by commerce, he is not permitted to 
obstruct navigation. 

Methods. — The methods adopted for rock-excavation on land, or 
where coffer- dams are used, are too well known to require explana- 
tion. 

Rock-excavation under water is carried on with or without the 
use of explosives. For soft rock in thin strata, or for shale, dipper- 
dredges, having the nipper armed with steel teeth, have been used 
with good results. In the lower St. Lawrence River ladder and 
bucket dredges have also been used effectively for the same materials. 

Chisel-boats. — The first recorded use of a chisel-boat for sub- 
aqueous rock-excavation was by Major J. G. Floyd, U. S. Agent, in 
1855, on the improvement of Des Moines Rapids, Mississippi River. 
His chisel was a stick of oak timber, 12' long and 12" square, 
shod with a conical wrought-iron shoe weighing about 300 lbs., 
having a pyramidal steel point. Bars of railroad iron let into 
the sides of the timber acted as guides, working between uprights set 

* See p. 34. 






WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: ROCK EXCAVATION. 



53 



up in the bow of a boat. In the fall of 1857 Major Floyd had new 
and improved machines made on this principle by J. S. Osgood of 
Troy, N. Y. In 1872 the machines were rendered much more effec- 
tive by the invention of a removable steel point by Mr. A. J. Whit- 
ney. (Rep. C. of E., 1886, Pt. Ill, p. 1452.) 

Work in Hudson River. — The following is a description of one of 
these boats as used in the removal of rock from the Hudson River in 
1892-93, under a contract with P. Sanford Ross. 

The machine is a pile-driver scow, with a guide-frame 65 feet 
high, having two wrought-iron chisels 8" X 12" X 36'.5, swung be- 
tween the guides. The chisels weigh 6 tons each, and each has a 
cutting edge of steel, 3" X 12" X 5', set into the end of the wrought- 
iron bar. The two chisels are set in the guides with their cutting 
edges at right angles to each other. The chisels are raised and 
dropped by a double-drum hoisting engine, similar to a pile-driver 
engine. The boat is swung forward alternately on each of two iron 
spuds at the stern, by means of wire ropes which run from drums at 
the stern, worked by an auxiliary engine, over shears at each side of 
the guides, and thence to anchors dropped to the right and left of the 
rock to be removed, making concentric cuts, 1 to 2 feet apart. The 
chisels are raised about 15 feet, and are handled at the rate of six 
blows per minute, this having been found to be the most economical 
speed. At that rate the penetration at Austin Rock, a slate formation, 
was as follows : 



First foot 18 blows. 

Second foot 27 " 

Third foot 36 " 



3 minutes 

4-5 " 
6 



The work was done thoroughly, the rock being broken into 
pieces from the size of a hen's egg to that of a man's head. The 
broken rock was removed by dredging, 

Cost. — The contract price for breaking up and removing the rock 
was $5.00 per ton of 2000 lbs. A cubic yard was estimated to 
weigh about two tons. Similar work, done in that vicinity by drill- 



ing lrom a scow, and blasting in the usual manner, cost $14.80 per 
cubic yard, place measurement. (Rep. C. of E., 1893, Pt. I, p. 
1013.) 

Rock Island Rapids Work. — Chisel-boats were used for many 
years in the improvement of Rock Island Rapids, Mississippi River. 
The rock there was removed to a depth of 4£' below low water. 
It was a limestone of varying hardness, with sometimes patches of 
soft yellow sandstone. In 1879 the assistant engineer in charge of 
the work reported : " There is in my mind no doubt at all that sub- 
aqueous blasting, in connection with the steam-drill, should be every- 
where used where the cutting or breaking of rock is V and more. 
. . .) I will add that for removing rock under 6" in thickness 
the chisel will perhaps be more convenient, especially if the surface is 
a large one. . . ." 

Cost. — On this work the average daily work of the chisel-boat 
was 10 cubic yards, broken at a cost of $3.50 per cubic yard. The 
boats used at Rock Island were not as powerful as that described 
above. 

Raritan River Work — Material; Cost. — The following data show 
the work of an Osgood chisel-boat in the Raritan River during 1893- 
94. The conditions seem particularly well adapted for economical 
work with this boat. The material removed was New Jersey red 
shale, having a specific gravity of 2.65. It was an irregular stratifica- 
tion, the strata varying in thickness from a few inches to several feet. 
The strata have a dip of about 15 degrees. The depth of cutting 
averaged 3/4, the original depth of water was 7' at mean low water, 
with a mean tidal range of 5, '6. The rock excavated was measured 
•by the displacement of scows, in tons of 2000 lbs., checked by place 
measurements before and after dredging. The scow measurement 
averaged 1.75 times the place measurement. The average daily 
work of the chisel-boat was 235 tons (2000 lbs.) per day of 10 hours. 
The estimated operating expenses for the chisel-boat were 15 cents 
per ton. 

The broken rock was lifted with a dipper dredge, at an average 



54 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



rate of 209 tons per day of 10 hours. The estimated cost of the 
operating expenses of the dredge was 17 cents per ton, deposited in 
scow. A portion of the rock was taken to Newark Bay at a cost for 
towing out of Raritan River of 13^ cents per ton, and for towing into 
Newark Bay of 32 cents per ton. A portion of the rock was towed 8 
miles and wasted, at a cost of 13^ cents per ton. 

The rock was broken into pieces which ranged in size from 
shingle to 3-ton blocks. About one half was one-man stone, one 
fourth blocks up to 3 tons weight, and one fourth shovel material. 

The level of the surface left after the excavation was generally 
within one half foot of the depth worked for. 

Rock Excavation with Explosives. — In the Suwanee River, 
Florida, the reefs were of soft limestone containing seams and nodules 
of flint too hard to be drilled economically. The rock was much 
water-worn and full of crevices, and the depth of water was from 2 
to 5 feet. Charges of 2f lbs. of rackarock and ^ lb. of dynamite 
were placed in tin cans 7" high and 3" in diameter and sealed with 
a mixture of wax and paraffin, or sometimes with common soap. 
These were placed in the rock crevices and covered with large stones. 
Each can contained a high-power electric fuse. The lead wires from 
about five charges were joined in series, and fired simultaneously 
with a No. 3 Rand magneto-machine. The cost per cubic yard of 
rock blasted and removed was about $3.12. The use of dynamite 
proved to be unnecessary, and it was discarded in later work. 

Where the rock is not so stratified and tilted as to admit of sur- 
face blasting, the charges must be placed in holes drilled for the pur- 
pose. The following are some of the devices in successful use for 
providing a solid platform from which to work the drills, and the 
methods for placing the charges and blasting. 

Movable Platform. (See Plate IV.) — One of the smaller-sized 
platforms in use for about twenty years for subaqueous blasting in 
the James River is described as follows : 

" It consists of a water-tight compartment, about 20' square and 
34/ deep. This, when in place for work, is supported by four spuds, 



12" square, resting on the river-bed. The compartment is raised on 
these by wheel and screw gearing, which acts on a rack on one side 
of each spud. For this size of platform the compartment is ordinarily 
raised by four men. When the platform is to be moved, the com- 
partment is lowered and the spuds raised sufficiently from the bottom. 
The platform can then be towed to any desired point. The small 
derrick (placed on the platform) is used for handling the steam-drills 
(two of which can be used at once) and the timber supports to which 
they are fastened, which can be set vertical or at any desired angle 
practicable for the depth of water." 

James River Work. — " On this improvement (James River) the 
bottom of the excavation in rock is generally 29' below the floor of 
the platform as usually set in place. The steam-power needed for 
the drills is supplied from a scow which also carries lifting apparatus 
for raising the larger fragments of blasted rock. Smaller fragments 
are dredged. The platform is moved away from the charged holes 
before they are fired. The average depth of holes drilled in 1891-2 
was about 7', and they were spaced about that distance apart. 
About 1000 linear feet of holes were drilled in a month, including all 
delays from moving, etc. The splay in the spuds is given to reduce 
vibration as far as practicable. The spud boxes are made larger than 
the spuds to meet this splay in raising and lowering the compart- 
ment." (Catalogue War Dept. Exhibit, World's Columbian Expo- 
sition.) 

Rock — Cost. — The rock is granitic in character. It is not in a 
solid mass. Strata of hard rock, from 1" to 3' thick, the thinner 
sometimes of pure quartz and the thicker of gneiss, alternate with 
strata of disintegrated rock resembling dark granite. In 1892 the 
cost per cubic yard, measured on lighters by displacement, of drilling 
and blasting the hard rock was $1.37, and of dredging it afterward 
under contract $1.10— a total of $2.47. 

Floating Platform. — The Dock Department of New York City 
made use of a floating drill-platform for rock excavation in the 
harbor. The platform was 33J' X 22' X 6', deep enough to 



PLATE IV. 



o 
c 
w 
r 

c 

►tj 

C 

t— « 

r 
r 



r 
> 

o 



-o 

C 

< 

§ 

m 
z 



> 

PI 

> 




PLATE V. 




'-.a 



d 
o 
w 

o w 

n M 

w en 

O c 

2Q o 

* -S 

< 3 

*; 

[i, o 
O >-, 

u 

W g 
§ fe- 
ed 
> 



o 

G 
X. 

a, 

B 

o 






O 

u 

J 
2 

Q 






WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: ROCK-EXCAVATION. 



55 



have excess of buoyancy over that required for the load of drills and 
laborers. At each corner a cable attached to a 3000-lb. anchor 
ran over a winch. By heaving on the cables the platform was drawn 
down until it stood rigid under wave and current action. The drills 
were then operated through it in the usual manner. A full descrip- 
tion of the platform and mode of operation is given in the Trans. 
Am. Soc. C. E., vol. xxxii, p. 237. 

Drill-scow — Work in Oswego Harbor. — In a report on the im- 
provement of Oswego Harbor is the following description of rock ex- 
cavation, which is here given as an example of a method which has 
proved most successful. It was first used on Lake Erie in 1872 by 
Mr. C. F. Dunbar, of Buffalo, N. Y., and has been gradually elabo- 
rated to its present efficiency. The river at Oswego was being 
deepened to 15' at extreme low water. 

" The rock which forms the river-bed and underlies the whole 
region is a graywacke sandstone of several hundred feet depth, with 
nearly horizontal strata of 1 to 2 or more feet in thickness each, the 
upper layers having seams in which the drills often jam. The hard- 
ness of the rock varies greatly, a drill sometimes cutting 10 or more 
feet and then wearing dull while cutting one foot. 

" The drill plant consists of a heavily built scow 82' long, 26' 
wide, 6£' sides, and drawing 2£'. On deck is a house 72' long, 14' 
wide, and 10 \' high, containing the boiler, spud-and-capstan engine, 
steam-pump, and blacksmith shop, with hand-power blower." 

" Upon the deck of this scow, occupying an 8-foot space at the 
side of the house, is a track of 6£' gauge, upon which travel two drill- 
frames, each mounted on a separate truck. Each truck is moved at 
will by two men, each working a five-foot lever and ratchet, which 
engages a 10" pinion upon each shaft of the truck-wheels. . . . 

" Each drill-frame carries a No. 5 Ingersoll drill of 5" cylinder 
and 7" stroke, whose only peculiarity is that it is attached to a 6" 
piston of a 12' hydraulic cylinder set vertically in the top of the drill- 
frame. . . . The hydraulic hoists are useful in easily and 
quickly raising and lowering the heavy drills, but their special value 



appears when the drill becomes jammed in the hole by encountering 
a seam or by a piece of gravel. . . . 

" The hydraulic hoists are operated by a duplex Blake pump of 
1\" steam-cylinder, 4£" water-cylinder, and 10" stroke, with a 5" 
suction and 2" discharge, worked by 80 lbs. of steam-pressure. 

" The water-pressure is supplied separately to each drill-frame 
by a set of 2" pipes, which are each fitted with three loose elbow- 
joints, and which travel over the roof of the house to permit the free 
motion of the drill-frames along the track. The steam-pipes which 
supply the drills are fitted in the same manner. . . . 

" The steam-pressure which works the pump is supplied by an 
estimated 30 horse-power tubular boiler 12' long, 52" diameter, with 
seventy-two 24/' flues, 7' 4" long, and with 20 square feet of grate 
surface, and limited to 85 lbs. pressure. 

" Two crews of six men each are employed, and in addition are 
a blacksmith and helper, who work with the day crew only and point 
the drills for both crews. 

" The method of operation of the drill-boat is as follows : 

" The drill-boat is hauled into the desired position, lengthwise 
of the river, by her steam capstan or by the tug, and anchored by 
four spuds, of which there is one at each corner. The two spuds on 
the side with the drills are 14" X 14" oak, and the other two are 
12" X 12" oak. All are worked with steam hoists. 

" Being in position, one drill is then moved to the up-stream end 
of the boat, and the other midway. 

" The casing-pipe of 4£" wrought-iron tube is then lowered on to 
the bottom, and forced down into and probably through the loose 
gravel, of which more or less covers the rock. 

" This casing-pipe, within which the drill is to work, stands 2 to 
4 feet above the water, and has a double T about two feet above its 
bottom to allow the escape of the drill chips. It remains in this posi- 
tion until the hole has been completed and the cartridge placed ready 
for firing. 

"The openings in the casing-pipe are generally effective in allow- 



56 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



ing the action of the water to clear the drill-hole. But whenever it 
is necessary to wash out the drill-hole, there is provided a piece of 
pipe, 24' long and \" bore, which can be put down the casing-pipe to 
the bottom of the drill-hole, and connected to the force-pump by a 
heavy 1" hose. ... 

" The drill is 26' long, the upper 14' being 14/' -round machine 
steel ; the next 10', If "-round machine steel ; and the lower 2' 2", 
octagon steel, upon which the blacksmith forges a 3£" diamond-point 
square cross, tempered in a saturated solution of equal parts by bulk 
of sal-ammoniac, salt, and alum. 

" To get this drill in position, it is first hoisted by a hand tackle, 
which hangs for the purpose from the head of the drill-frame and is 
lowered by hand into the casing-pipe. The discharge from the 
hydraulic cylinder is then opened, and the drill-cylinder is lowered 
until its chocks rest upon the head of the drill, where it is clamped. 
The steam is then turned on and the drill set at work. . . . The 
hydraulic hoist is kept in constant use to raise and lower the drill as 
needed. The holes are drilled 2' to 3' below the grade, and are 
spaced 5' apart upon lines which are 5' apart. Occasionally the 
holes are 2£' apart when the rock requires it. The various depths of 
face require the holes to vary from 4' to 7', the average of 1000 holes 
being 5^'. 

" If the rock is fairly clean and free from seams the 54/ may be 
drilled in 30 minutes. Otherwise it may require 3 hours. The 
average of 1000 holes is 54/ per hour. The maximum rate at which 
the drill has penetrated is 1' in four minutes. 

" The drill is withdrawn to be sharpened as often as results in- 
dicate this to be necessary, but it is not repointed until the arms of 
the cross wear off, so that the hole cut is 2£" diameter. Then it is 
upset and reforged to cut 34/'. About 12 drills per 22 hours are 
thus repointed, using about 20', or 240 lbs., of 2" octagon steel for 
about 6000' of drill-holes. The hole having been drilled, say 5' deep, 
to 2' to 4' below grade, the drill is freed from its clamps and hoisted 
again to the head of the drill-frame. Meantime the drill-master gets 



from the magazine, in a small boat moored alongside, a 2f-lb. cart- 
ridge of 75 per cent dynamite, which is 2" in diameter and 18" long, 
and embeds in its centre a Laflin & Rand fulminate-exploder, having 
4' wires, with which he takes a clove hitch around the middle of the 
cartridge. The amount of dynamite used in each hole varies from 2 
lbs. upwards. To the end of these wires he twists the ends of the 
leading wires which run to the reel. There is a separate reel of lead- 
ing wire with a separate Laflin & Rand magneto-electric machine 
beside it, for each drill. The cartridge is then placed in the iron load- 
ing-pipe, which always hangs by a small tackle from each drill-frame. 
. . . The loading-pipe is then lowered by the drill-man steadily 
down the casing-pipe, the drill-master holding the wires and easing 
them down. 

" When the bottom of the hole is reached the drill-master un- 
clamps the plunger which works within the loading-pipe, and forces, 
it down steadily upon the cartridge, while the drill-man slowly hoists 
the loading-pipe until it is free from the cartridge, which is thus left 
at the bottom of the drill-hole. The loading-pipe and rod are then 
withdrawn, leaving the wires leading up and out of the top of the 
casing-pipe. ... To this casing-pipe a chain from the hydraulic 
hoist is then hooked, and the casing-pipe is raised 4' or 5' from the 
bottom." 

The charge is then fired. " No attempt is made to couple two 
or more holes together nor to remove the drill-boat from over the 
blast. The amount of dynamite used in each hole varies from 2 to- 
6 lbs., 2f lbs. being the usual quantity. . . ." 

The lower end of the loading pipe, " which receives the car- 
tridge, is a 2£" pipe, 3' long, with a f " slot for its full length. The 
edges of the pipe at the sides of the slot are smooth and rounded to 
avoid injury to the insulation of the fuse wires. The upper end of 
this slotted pipe joins a pipe of 1" bore, 22' in length, within which 
works a plunger-rod £" diameter and 27' long, having a 2" head at 
its lower end to rest upon the cartridge. ... A clamp at the 
upper end of the 1" pipe holds the plunger-rod until wanted. The- 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: ROCK EXCAVATION. 



57 



slot described receives the wires and permits them to hold the car- 
tridge in place in the loading pipe until it is forced out by the plunger, 
when the wires slide along the slot until released. . . . 

" The entire operation from the time of stopping the drill to the 
explosion requires three minutes in ordinary work and may be done 
in one and one half minutes. . . ." The drill can be shifted 5' 
to its new position in two minutes. 

Generally the rock is broken into pieces of 1 to 2 cu. ft. each, 
which are removed by dredging, a cubic yard or more being brought 
up in each dipper load. " Occasionally a piece of 1 or 2 cu. yds. 
is brought up, which is too large to drop through the dipper. In 
such cases the dipper is rested upon the dump-scow while a hole is 
drilled in the rock with a hand-drill ; 6 to 8 ounces of dynamite are 
then packed into the hole, which is plugged with a handful of cotton 
waste. The explosion breaks the rock without injury to the dipper 
or scow. . . • 

Cost. — " It is not known what the cost to the contractor of doing 
this rock excavation may be, but a close observation of the methods 
described enables an estimate to be made of what its actual cost 
should be under all existing conditions. For this estimate 1000 cu. 
yds. of rock above grade-line are taken as a basis. For this there 
must be drilled 1650 holes, aggregating 8660 linear feet. This will 
require 33 days of 22 hours each, costing : 

For 33 days' wages of drill crews, at $31 $1,023.00 

" 4,000 lbs. of 75$ dynamite, at 17 cents 680.00 

" 1,800 platinum-fuze electric exploders, at 3 cents 54.00 

" 49I net tons, bituminous coal, at $3 148. 50 

" 42^ gals, cylinder-oil for drills, etc., at 30 cents 12.70 

" 55 g & l s - kerosene-oil for lanterns, at 12 cents 6.60 

" 260 lbs. octagon steel for drill bits, at 15 cents 39-oo 

" 55 lbs. machine steel for drill bars, at 4 cents 2.20 

" general machine-shop repair-bill, at $1 per day 33-oo 

Total $1 ,999.00 



" The result of this expenditure would be to break up not only 
1000 cu. yds. of rock above grade, but probably also an equal 
amount below grade. In dredging this broken rock the dredge must 
work deliberately because of the many irregularities of the rock sur- 
face, . . . and much rock must be removed which comes from 
below grade and is not paid for. 

" Ten days' work of the dredge and tug at ten hours per day, 
actually costing the contractor $500, is a fair estimate for the dredging, 
making, with the other expenses before itemized, an estimated total 
cost of $2499 for 1000 cu. yds. of rock from above the grade-line 
drilled, blasted, and removed." (Rep. of Win. Pierson Judson, Asst. 
Engr., Rep. C. of E. 1893, Pt. 4, p. 3161.) 

The cost of excavating very hard limestone with a drill-scow at 
Rock Island rapids in 1892, including charge for use and deterioration 
of plant, was $3.08 per cu. yd. solid rock, for blasting only, and $4.73 
for blasting and removing the rock by dredging. 

Drill-scow " Gen. Newton." — The strong currents and the great 
amount of passing commerce in New York Harbor rendered neces- 
sary a special device for rock excavation there, which should be 
strong enough to inflict rather than tc receive injury from collisions, 
while at work, and which would hold the drills firmly in position, 
no matter how strong the currents. It consists of a very heavy drill- 
scow, having a large well through its centre through which is lowered 
a heavy iron dome, open bottom and top, and arranged so as to rest 
firmly and evenly on an irregular rock bottom. While drilling is 
in progress the dome is entirely detached from the scow. It 
contains the guides for the drills, which are attached by flexible- 
connections, adjustable in length, to the drill-engine pistons on 
the scow. 

This apparatus has been most successful for the duty for which 
it was designed, but the plant is too expensive for use under ordinary 
conditions. A detailed description of the plant and methods of work 
can be found in the " Catalogue of the War Department Exhibit, 
World's Columbian Exposition." 



58 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



SEA AND LAKE SHORE PROTECTION WORKS. 

Sea-walls. — Sea-walls vary in construction, according to their 
site, exposure, and object. Masonry walls with smooth faces, nearly 
vertical, with the base below the low water-level, are used where it ' 
is desirable that there shall be no beach to catch floating objects, or 
where deep-draught shipping is to be brought close alongside. 
Where the object is simply to protect a beach from scouring away, 
inclined rubble-walls, or simply strong pavements laid on the slope 
of the beach are generally cheaper. 

Cut-stone Sea-wall on Concrete Foundation. — The sea-wall 
around Governor's Island, New York Harbor, is a good example of a 
wall built to protect the island and to prevent the deposit of drift. 
The wall is exposed to the full force of the waves from New York 
Bay and to those caused by large steamers passing at high speed. 
The mean rise of tide is 4.4'. The following description is taken 
from the specifications. The foundation is concrete. This is 6' wide 
on the top, which is 0.4' above mean low water. The thickness 
varies from 1' to 6'. The concrete is composed of 1 part best Port- 
land cement, 2 of sand, and 6 of broken stone, gauge \\" . It was 
deposited from skips, where laid below water. The trench for the 
foundation was lined with sand-tight sheet-piling strengthened by 
round piles driven outside the foundation. The top of the concrete 
was protected during construction. 

The masonry superstructure is 10' high, 4' wide at bottom, and 
3' at top. The toe of the wall is 2' inside the edge of the founda- 
tion. The face has a batter of V . The back is vertical. The stone 
used is blue dolomite. The stones are in courses, and are alternately 
headers and stretchers, breaking joints in adjacent courses with a 
lap not less than 6". The headers extend entirely through the wall, 
.and the space behind the stretchers is filled in with rubble masonry 
or concrete. Stretchers are not less than 4' long with a top width 
uniformly 3" greater than the rise. Headers have a length equal to 
the thickness of the wall and a width 3" greater than the rise. The 
stones have rock face, the projections nowhere being greater than 3". 



The edges are pitched, without draught-lines. The joints are ■§" 
thick. The mortar used is 1 part best Portland cement and 2 of 
sand. Apertures 6" wide and 15" high were left at given points for 
surface drains. Where required, adjacent stones are joined by 
wrought-iron cramps of 1" X \" bar iron, 12" long, with L's 3" 
long, set with sulphur or other approved packing. Coping-stones are 
connected by wrought-iron dowels 2f diameter and 6" long, packed 
in the same manner. Miscellaneous filling, free from all vegetable or 
animal matter, was filled behind the wall in V layers and rammed, to 
V from the top. Above this plane the filling was of loam. 

Cost. — The contract price for this work was : Concrete founda- 
tion, $11 per cubic yard; masonry wall, $19 per lineal foot; em- 
bankment, 29 cents per cubic yard ; iron-work, 23 cents per lb. 

Some of the sea-walls in Boston Harbor are of a similar char- 
acter, of granite, and are even more strongly built. Others are simply 
heavy riprap, covering the slope of the beach for a safe distance from 
the high-water line. 

Heavy Riprap Sea-wall. — The sea-wall built to protect Sandy 
Hook from erosion consists of a continuous mound of riprap, in 
pieces varying in weight from 300 lbs. to 3 tons, extending along the 
beach just below the high-water line. The crest is about 5' above 
the level of the adjacent beach, and the wall has a cross-section of 
about 50 square feet. At intervals along the back, and front of the 
wall are short spurs, to stop racing waves. As was expected, the 
foundation was undermined by wave action and the wall sank, in 
places, as much as 5'. It was rebuilt to the original height, and the 
limit of settlement was found to have been attained. The length of 
the wall is 2500 feet, and the cost, including repairs of settlements, 
was $7.50 per lineal foot. 

Chicago Shore Protection. — The Lake front of Lincoln Park at 
Chicago is being protected by a work comprising a pile-and-stone 
bulkhead and a paved beach, known as " Marshall's Shore Protec- 
tion." The latest Lake-shore drive-protection work is constructed as 
follows : 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: SEA AND LAKE SHORE PROTECTION WORKS. 



59 



48' from the outer face of the driveway parapet wall is the outer 
face of the bulkhead, placed in water about 12' deep. This was con- 
structed as follows : Two lines of white-oak or Norway-pine piles 
were driven parallel to the line of the beach. The rows were 16' 
apart and the piles in each row 4' apart, between centres. The 
penetration of the outside row into the Lake bottom was required to 
be 13' and of the inner row 10'. The tops of the piles were sawed 
off evenly at the mean Lake water-level. An oak wale, 12" deep, 
made of two planks of 4" X 12" oak, breaking joints, was then bolted 
on the land side of the outer row of piles, with the top edge flush 
with the tops of the piles, and fastened to each pile with 1£" screw- 
bolts, with wrought washers under heads and nuts. The nuts were 
placed on the land side, and countersunk flush with the face of the 
wale, and the screw heads upset and riveted fact after the nuts were 
drawn home. An 8" X 12" oak wale was similarly placed against 
the outside face of the inner row and similarly fastened. A line of 
Wakefield sheet-piling, of 3" Norway pine or 2" oak plank, was then 
driven inside of and in close contact with the outside waling strip ; 
another wale, of 4" X 12" oak, placed inside the tops of the sheet- 
piles, and the two wales and the sheet-piles tied together with 1" 
screw-bolts, one on each side of and one foot from each joint of the 
front and rear wales, with intermediate bolts where the intervals were 
more than 6' long. 

A line of common sheet-piling, 4" thick, was then driven outside 
the waling strip of the inner row of piles and in close contact with it, 
and spiked with 8" wrought spikes to this wale. This line was fur- 
ther secured by a 4" X 12" wale outside its top, fastened by -f" 
screw-bolts, through both wales and sheet-piles, and placed as in the 
outer line. 

The two rows of piles were then tied together with 1\" iron tie- 
rods, enlarged at the screw-ends to 1£", and with heads and nuts 
resting on heavy wrought washers. These ties ran through the two 
lines of wales, near each round pile. The heads were placed on the 
outside and the screw ends were upset and riveted like the bolts. 



This bulkhead was then filled with stone to within two feet of 
the top, in sizes which varied from small gravel to a weight of 200 
lbs., 40 per cent of the volume being less than 5 lbs. in weight. All 
of the voids were carefully filled with sand, screenings, and gravel, 
and the bulkhead made thoroughly sand-tight. 

The beach was then filled in where necessary, and graded so 
that when paved, the plane of the top of the pavement should have 
a slope of about one on eight, from the base of the driveway parapet 
to the outer face of the bulkhead. After having been thoroughly 
tamped and settled, this was then paved with granite blocks, placed 
on a concrete bed, 6" thick for 10' back from the back of the bulk- 
head and for 10' in front of the parapet wall, and 4" thick through 
the middle. The concrete was composed of 1 part cement, 2 parts 
sand, and 4£ parts crushed limestone, not exceeding 1" in largest 
dimensions. The paving-blocks were 8" deep over the outer and 
inner thirds of the beach and 6" to 7" deep over the middle. They 
were set with mortar of 1 part cement to 2 sand, and the joints were 
carefully filled. The concrete was laid dry, and after the stone had 
been placed it was wet slightly by sprinkling through the joints of 
the pavement. Then these joints were filled carefully with the 
mortar, also dry, swept in with a wire broom, and slightly sprinkled 
with water. The remaining moisture necessary for the proper 
hardening of the concrete and mortar was derived by capillary attrac- 
tion from the wet sand of the beach beneath, and from the waves, 
rolling over the beach. This method gave perfectly satisfactory re- 
sults. After the filling of the bulkhead had been thoroughly com- 
pacted and the voids filled, the pavement was continued across the 
bulkhead with limestone blocks, 12" to 18" deep, or with the lighter 
paving. 

Landward, the paved beach is completed with a rubble-stone 
retaining- wall, 3£' thick at the base, which is at least 4' below the 
top of the pavement. The wall was laid up in mortar of one part 
natural cement and two parts sand. Landward of the wall is a 
promenade paved with artificial stone, connected with the beach and 



60 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS, 



the roadway by steps of artificial stone. The work was constructed 
in 300' sections. 

The entire beach protection is sand-tight, and the completed 
portion has resisted the storms of three winters without the neces- 
sity for repairs. This shore protection, including 12' of filling 
under the pavement, cost $70 per lineal foot. When the break- 
water is located in water 10' deep the bulkhead wall and beach 
cost about $56 per lineal foot. The combination is protected by 
letters patent. 

New York Bulkhead. — The bulkhead-line wall of New York City 
is an excellent example of good construction. It is a high wall on a 
soft foundation, and is subjected to a heavy pressure on its back. A 
description of this work, carried on by the Department of Docks, can 
be found in vol. xxvi, Engineering Record. 

Light Concrete Sea-wall. — A light concrete sea-wall was con- 
structed at St. Augustine, Florida, in the following manner : The 
bottom of the wall was located at the level of mean low water and 
the trench for the foundations, 18" deep, was excavated in very soft 
quicksand. To make the trench and place the foundation, strong 
frames 18" deep, 6' long, and the width of the foundation (about 4') 
were built of 2" lumber. A frame was placed over its site, weighted, 
the sand and water were excavated from its interior, and at the same 
time a stream of water from a force-pump was kept playing on the 
exterior. By this means the frame was gradually sunk to the proper 
depth, and the trench cleared. A layer of concrete mixed without 
water was promptly placed in the bottom of the trench, and the re- 
mainder of the concrete for the foundation was rammed on it as 
rapidly as possible, care being taken to keep the proportion of water 
low enough to allow for the water seeping up through the bottom 
layer. 

On this foundation the wall was built to full height in sections 6' 
long. The boxing for the concrete was made in panels, the proper 
size for the section. The end of the wall already built formed the 
panel at one end. The panel at the open end was propped into 



place, and the side panels placed and tied together with heavy wire, 
drawn taut between them and fastened on the outside of the panel. 
In this frame the section was built to full height, when the end panel 
was removed and the next section built. The side panels were left 
in place until the concrete had set, when they were taken off, and 
the ends of the wires, which had been built into the concrete, were 
cut off flush with the faces of the wall. Weep-holes for drainage 
were made at intervals by building pipe into the wall at the proper 
height. 

The total height of the wall is 9' and its length 292.5'. The 
cost was $7.55 per lineal foot. 

Dry-rubble Sea-walls — The retaining-walls at the harbor of 
Wood's Holl, Mass., are of dry rubble, resting on a foundation of rip- 
rap. The situation is well sheltered, and the range of tide is about 2 
feet. 

A trench was dredged and filled with granite riprap laid care- 
fully by hand by divers. The wall is 3' wide on top, 6' above mean 
low water, and the base 1' wide at the depth of 6' below mean low 
water. The batter is 12 on 1 on the face, and 4 on 1 on the back, 
in offsets. The stones are of best quality granite-rubble wall-stones, 
laid on their quarry-beds, the top and bottom courses being of full- 
length headers, laid close, each course of uniform thickness, not less 
than 18". Not less than one-fifth of the stones in the face of the 
remaining courses are through-headers. The intermediate courses 
are from 12" to 2' thick. No stone in any part of the wall has less 
width than thickness, nor more length than 5 times the thickness. 
No part of any face-joint is more than 3" thick. Each stone breaks 
joints by at least 6". 

The necessary dredging was paid for by the cubic yard, meas- 
ured in scows ; the riprap, in place in foundation, by the ton of 2240 
lbs., measured by the displacement of vessels ; the stonework of the 
walls by the cubic yard in place. 

The contract prices were as follows : Dredging, $1.50 per cubic 
yard ; riprap, $3 per ton ; walls, $10.90 per cubic yard. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: SEA AND LAKE SHORE PROTECTION WORKS. 



61 



Groins. — Another mode of shore protection is by the use of 
groins, or spur jetties, built at right angles to the beach, from above 
the high-water line to any desired length beyond the low-water line. 
For protection against the sea these are usually of riprap or masonry, 
with or without brush-mattress foundations. When composed of 
riprap the construction methods are similar to those for riprap jetties, 
which will be described later. The following is an example of suc- 
cessful construction, in which concrete blocks were used, in the 
absence of heavy stone at reasonable prices. 

Concrete Groin on Rubble-and-brush Foundation. — Groin at St, 
Augustine, Florida. — This is one of a series built to stop the erosion 
of the beach on the open Atlantic coast opposite the city. The shoal 
water of the beach extended for some width off the site and afforded 
some protection against the heaviest Atlantic waves. The range of 
tide is from 4' to 6'. The groins consist of a foundation of brush 
in fascines, ballasted with riprap and capped with concrete blocks. 
The groins extend from shoreward of the highest level of storm action 
to points beyond the lowest water-line. 

Groin No. 5 is 465' long. From the inner end for 79' the con- 
crete blocks have a rectangular cross-section, 4' wide and 2' thick, 
with the tops 8.9' above mean low-water level. For the next 135' 
they are 3' thick, 6' wide at base, and 2' wide at crest, with side 
slopes of 1 on 1, stopping at a height of V above the base. The 
crest of this portion of the groin slopes from reference 8.9' to refer- 
ence 5.9' above mean low water. For the remainder of the groin 
the concrete blocks have the same top width and side slopes as the 
preceding section, but the thickness is 4' and the width at base 8'. 
The crest of this portion slopes from reference 5.9' to reference 5.3', 
above mean low water. The blocks throughout the entire length are 
5' long. The fascines of the foundation are of brush, choked to 9" 
diameter, and long enough to provide an apron along each side of 
the groin. The fascines are laid at right angles to the axis of the 
groin. Where the water was shoal and the wave-action slight, they 
were placed separately and ballasted with rock. Where the wave- 



action and the currents were strong they were fastened together with 
%" manilla rope at as many places as seemed necessary, and then 
sunk and ballasted with heavy riprap. Along the axis of the groin 
the rock was piled to the level of the base of the blocks, for a width 
slightly greater than the width of base. 

Construction Methods. — The concrete blocks were made in place, 
in strong boxes of unplaned lumber, with the joints as tight as pos- 
sible. When swelled by the water they were practically water-tight. 
To protect the concrete while setting the boxes had to be provided 
with bottoms where the wave-action was strong. The ends of the 
boxes were made at once of full section and were held in place by 
the bottoms and by the vertical parts of the sides. The boxes were 
placed at low water, the riprap beneath them having been levelled 
and chinked. They were loaded with stone and left to settte through 
one tide. At the succeeding low water the concrete was placed in 
them and rammed in the usual manner, the sloping portions of the 
box sides being placed and nailed on as soon as the rammed layers 
had been built high enough. When the form was full, the top 
was tightly nailed on. Attention was paid to getting a smooth 
face on the sides and top before the boxing was placed. Although 
at times subjected to heavy wave-action within an hour or two 
after being placed, none of the concrete was injured in any box 
which held together until the concrete had time to attain a tensile 
strength of more than 30 lbs. per square inch, which blrength was 
attained generally in 48 hours after placing. The boxing was left 
and was gradually broken up by wave-action, without injury to 
the groin. 

The following tables show the cost of this work. When Say- 
lor's American Portland cement was used the proportions for the con- 
crete were : 1 cement, 3 sand, and 5 coquina gravel (clean, fine, 
broken shell) ; for the end blocks with the same cement, 1 cement, 
2 sand, and 4 coquina gravel. With Sphinx or Anchor brand of 
cement, the proportions were 1 cement, 4 sand, and 6£ coquina 
gravel. 



62 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC IVORKS. 



Table of Cost. 

Wages of carpenter, 28 cents per hour. 

Wages of laborer, 15 cents per hour. 

Cost of rock, displacement measurement, $2.70 per ton 2000 lbs. 

Cost cement, per barrel $2.80. 

Cost of making fascines, $3.14 per 100 feet, 

Cost of lumber, per M, B.M., $15.50. 

Cost of Co7icrete per cubic yard. 



Materials. 

Cement $344 

Shell and sand 75 

Lumber 51 

Nails 04 



Labor. 

Boxing $0.82 

Mixing and ramming 1.55 

Handling cement 11 

Superintendence 35 

Transportation 15 



Grand total $7-72 

The concrete was all mixed by hand, using shovels alone. The 
materials for the batch were turned over three times dry, water was 
then added, and four additional turnings given. The concrete was 
wheeled in barrows to the boxes, using the completed portions of the 
groin as a runway. Seventy-five barrow loads of concrete materials, 
mixed, made 80 cubic feet of rammed concrete. A good distribution 
of the working party was : 1 man measuring materials, filling bar- 
rows, etc.; 4 men mixing, two at a time ; 1 man wheeling (when the 
distance did not exceed 200 feet) and 2 men ramming. An addi- 
tional man could be kept busy wheeling for every 250 feet additional 
between the mixing platform and the point of deposit of the concrete. 

The total cost of all tools used in mixing, wheeling, ramming, 
and covering concrete was about $30.00. 

Capacity of Cement Barrels. — The capacity of Norton's Rosen- 
dale-cement barrel was 3.4 cubic feet ; Portland-cement barrel, 
" Anchor " brand, 3.35 cubic feet ; " Sphinx " brand, 3.25 cubic feet. 

Measured loose in quantities of 2 cubic feet at a time, a barrel of 
Norton's Rosendale gave 4.37 cubic feet of loose cement ; a barrel of 
"Anchor" Portland, 3.65 cubic feet; of " Sphinx " Portland, 3.71 
cubic feet. A sack of lime of Teil gave 2.1 cubic feet. 



Weight of Concrete. — One cubic foot of Portland concrete of the 
given proportions weighed 143.2 lbs. when newly made, and 137 lbs. 
when one month old. One cubic foot of Norton's Rosendale con- 
crete weighed 133.3 lbs. and 131 lbs. at like ages. The proportions 
for the Rosendale concrete were 1 cement, 1 sand, 2f coquina gravel. 
(Rep. C. of E. 1890, Pt. 2, p. 1575 ; and 1891, Pt. 2, p. 1631.) 

Sand-catches. — These are works intended to stop the drift of 
sand on an open beach. They consist of a barrier of any description 
so arranged as to cause as few wind eddies as possible. 

Inclined Fence. — One form is an inclined fence of 1" boards 
nailed to and supported by triangular frames of 2" X 12" X 14' 
plank, standing at right angles to the line of the fence and spaced 
about 7' apart. The boards are placed with 1" to 2" intervals be- 
tween them. The frame is weighted or staked down, and the open 
side of the catch faces the direction of the controlling gales. Such a. 
fence can be made for $1.10 per running foot. The intervals be- 
tween the boards are left with the design of decreasing the wind 
eddies. 

Post-and-board Fence. — An upright post-and-board fence has also 
been effective. Where it is desired to raise the sand rapidly h> 
some height with this form, it is advisable to place only one or two 
bottom boards on at first, and to nail on others as the sand accumu- 
lates, care being taken to keep an interval of about 1" between the 
successive boards. 

Newburyport, Mass., Pile-and-brush Sand-catch. — This is of the 
type which is probably the most effective. It consists of two parallel 
rows of spruce posts, sunk 4' into the sand. These posts are 5' 
apart in both directions, and are of 6" X 6" lumber, 9' long. They are 
connected and braced at top and bottom by 3" X 2" spruce strips, 
in both horizontal directions, securely spiked on with two 40d. spikes 
at each intersection. Twenty feet apart, on alternate sides of the 
sand-catch, are spurs, 10' long, built in the same manner as the sand- 
catch. The entire sand-catch is filled with freshly cut brush, averag- 
ing 5' long and 1" at the butt, loaded with bowlders or chips, of an 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: BREAKWATERS— SEA. 



63 



average weight of 50 lbs., to the amount of 500 lbs. to the running foot 
of structure. The contract price was, in 1886, $2.67 per running foot. 

Where stone is not available the brush can be held in place 
between the posts with wire. 

These are structures designed to protect a harbor from wave 
action. In the sea, where the teredo is found, they are built of stone. 
If the bottom is sufficiently hard, the stone is placed directly on it. 
If too soft or too easily scoured, brush mattress foundations are used. 

BREAKWATERS— SEA. 

The following description of the breakwater now under con- 
struction at the Point Judith Harbor of Refuge, taken from the speci- 
fications for the work, will serve as an example of a riprap break- 
water on a reasonably hard bottom : 

Breakwater, Point Judith Harbor of Refuge. — The location of 
the breakwater is very much exposed to easterly, southerly, and 
westerly storms. The nearest harbors are those of Newport, about 
14 miles to the northeast ; Block Island, about 12 miles to the south ; 
and Stonington, about 23 miles west. The mean rise and fall of the 
tide is about 3'. The breakwater is to be built in water from 12' to 
32' deep. The finished breakwater is to have the following profile : 
Reference of top, 10' above mean low water ; width of top, 20' ; in- 
side slope, 1 on 1 ; outside slope, 1 on 2 down to a depth of 12' 
below mean low water, and 1 on 1 for the remaining distance to the 
ocean bottom. If these slopes are cut down by the force of the 
waves, extra stone is to be added on the top whenever and wherever 
necessary to restore the original top width of 20'. 

The core of the breakwater (or that part which is more than 10' 
inside the side surfaces) is to be composed of stone of any sizes 
which weigh over 200 lbs. apiece, and is to be built up into the form 
of a mound having an approximately level top about 12' below water- 
level and about 60' wide, and having inner slopes of 1 on 1 and 
outer slopes of about 3 on 4. As fast as the core is built, it is to be 
covered on the sides and top with a facing of large stones of sizes 



which weigh at least 3 tons apiece ; and these large stones are to be 
added until this facing is at least 10' thick over the top and sides of 
the core, and also until the profile of its outer surfaces becomes that 
of the finished breakwater, as given above. The construction of these 
two parts of the breakwater should be so carried on that the core 
should not at any time extend more than 100' beyond the facing. 
The stones forming the top surface of the facing must be laid so as to 
form a reasonably even, level, and close surface. Where necessary, 
this top surface of the breakwater will be chinked up with smaller 
stones. 

The core-stone must be of durable quality, not liable to disinte- 
gration in sea-water ; it should be at least as hard as hard-burned 
brick, and should weigh dry at least 140 lbs. per cubic foot. The 
facing-stone must be granite or gneiss ; should be at least as heavy as 
the core-stone ; and should be quarry-stone, of angular shapes (not 
of rounded shapes, neither parts of bowlders nor resembling bowlders), 
each piece with its least dimension not smaller than one-quarter nor 
greater than two-thirds of its greatest dimension. All the stones must 
be of sizes as described in the preceding paragraph ; and in quality, 
size, and shape must be satisfactory to the engineer in charge. 

The stone is measured by water-displacement of vessels, and is 
paid for in place in tons of 2000 lbs. 

The contract price for this work, under the contract dated March 
15, 1893, was $1.27f per ton of 2000 lbs. for both classes of stone. 

Delaware Breakwater. — A rubble mound 1390' long is now 
under construction, to connect the two detached portions of this 
breakwater — the Breakwater proper and the " Ice-breaker." The 
completed mound is to have a top width of 20', 14' above the plane 
of mean low water, with slopes above that plane of about 1 on 0.7, 
covered with heavy stone, laid in position. Below the plane of mean 
low water the slopes are to be those formed by the action of the sea. 
The mean range of tide is 5'. The depth of water is about 18' at 
mean low water. 

In 1884-5 a foundation mattress of brush, 2' thick and 90' 



64 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



wide, was laid across the gap between the detached portions, in sec- 
tions of 16' X 30', and anchored with one-man stone. On this foun- 
dation, up to June 30, 1893, 154,481 tons (2240 lbs.) of stone have 
been placed, almost all under specifications which called for blocks of 
one half ton and upward, with a portion, not exceeding 5 per cent, in 
pieces weighing between 800 lbs. and one half ton. This work was 
done ,under different appropriations, between 1884 and 1893. In Oc- 
tober, 1893, the mound had been raised to the level of mean low water 
for the entire distance. In June, 1892, the average slopes were as fol- 
lows : Above a plane 8' to 10' below mean low water, 1 on 0.6, the 
exterior slope being somewhat the steeper ; below the 10' plane, the 
stone placed in 1891 had a slope of about 2 on 3, that placed in 1892 
of about 1 on 1. These were storm-developed slopes. In 1893 the 
entire work was found to have settled about one foot. 

Weight and Volume of Stone. — From careful measurements of 
the volume of the stone as piled on the barges, ready for deposit, it 
was found that the weight of the random stone (granite) was 1.15 
gross tons per cubic yard. Careful surveys of the mound showed 
that it contained 1.17 gross tons per cubic yard, as compacted by 
wave-action. The weight of a solid cubic yard of the stone used is 
two gross tons. To allow for the compacting of the mound under 
the wave-action, and for stone badly placed or knocked off, the esti- 
mate of the amount of stone to be required is based on an assumed 
amount of 1.25 gross tons to the cubic yard. For this kind of stone, 
with the assumption usual in railroad work (that one cubic yard of 
solid rock will make 1.7 cubic yards of settled embankment), the 
amount of stone actually to be required, without allowance for loss, 
will be 1.18 gross tons per cubic yard. 

New Work. — Under the specifications of October 18, 1894, the 
new work is to be carried on as follows : Commencing at the Ice- 
breaker, the present substructure is to be levelled to mean low water 
over that portion of the length upon which the superstructure is to be 
built. The stones for this levelling off, after such stones as now pro- 
ject are removed, shall weigh from 50 to 1000 lbs. each. The stones 



for deposit in depressions or cavities along the side slopes shall weigh 
from one half ton, upwards, with a portion, not exceeding five per 
cent, weighing from 800 lbs. to one half ton. The surface stones for 
the superstructure shall be large, weighing not less than 4 tons each, 
with the least dimension not less than one third the greatest, and of 
suitable shape to construct a random wall. The interior of the super- 
structure shall be filled with stones varying in weight from 50 to 1000 
lbs., or less than 50 lbs. when necessary for filling interstices. 

The contract prices for the stone placed from 1884 to 1892 
varied from $1.99 to $3.20 per ton of 2240 lbs., in place in the 
breakwater, increasing in price as the mound was raised to the sur- 
face and the placing of the stone became more difficult. The con- 
tract prices under the last specifications are : for stone for levelling 
upper surface and filling depressions and cavities and the interior of 
the superstructure, $2.62 per ton of 2240 lbs.; for large stone placed 
in position in the superstructure, $2.62 per ton of 2240 lbs. The 
contractor is required to furnish at his own expense all necessary 
facilities for weighing and marking the stone. Should the work 
under the contract not be completed by Dec. 31, 1895, the price for 
all stone placed after that date is to be $1.74f per ton of 2240 lbs. 

Port Harford Breakwater, California. — The range of tide here is 
about 4'. The breakwater has its top 6' above high water, and has 
a top thickness of 20'. The outer slope is 1 on 3, the inner slope 1 
on 1. The sizes of stone used are : one fifth 50 lbs. to one ton ; three 
fifths from 1 to 4 tons ; one fifth 4 to 8 tons. All are to be in a fair 
assortment of sizes. A proper proportion of stone of the various sizes 
must be placed in position at one time. The stone of the second and 
third classes must be of angular shapes, with the least dimension not 
smaller than \ nor larger than § of the greatest dimension. The stone 
is paid for in tons of 2240 lbs., measured by displacement of vessels, 
or on scales. The contractor is allowed to deposit the stone from 
the vessels or from a tramway on the breakwater. The contract price 
for the stone under the contract of April 22, 1893, was $1.94 per 
ton, in place in the breakwater. 



V/AR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS : JETTIES AND DIKES - SEA. 



65 



JETTIES AND DIKES— SEA. 

Riprap Jetties — Jetties at Newburyport, Mass. — This work is 
situated on the east coast of Massachusetts. The entrance to the 
harbor is obstructed by a bar. The object of the jetties is to force 
the tidal currents to form a channel at least 17' deep at mean low 
water across the bar. The tidal range at Newburyport is 7£'. Be- 
fore work began the channel depth was about 7'. In 1893 it was 13'. 
The jetties are of riprap, deposited from vessels directly on the sand of 
the ocean bottom. The stone is required to be of the best quality as 
regards strength and durability, granite quarry-grout being preferred. 
It must be in blocks, of which one half shall weigh not less than two 
tons ; the remainder must average two tons, with none less than £ ton. 
The shape of the blocks must be as nearly cubical as possible, the 
smallest dimension being not less than one third the greatest. It is 
delivered and deposited so as to complete a definite length of jetty of 
the full cross-section. The top of the jetty is 15' wide, and 12' above 
mean low-water level. The outside slope is 1 on 2, the inside 1 on 1. 
The stone is paid for in place in the jetty by the ton of 2000 lbs., 
measured by the displacement of vessels. Under the contract of 
September 16, 1892, the price was $1.59 per ton. 

Pile Dike at Canarsie Bay. — Canarsie Bay is one of the inlets 
of Jamaica Bay, on the south shore of Long Island. The position is 
sheltered from heavy seas, but is exposed to drift ice. The mean 
range of the tide is 4|'. The dike is built to protect the channel 
to Canarsie Landing. It is in water 4' deep. It consists of two par- 
allel rows of piles, 5' apart from out to out, tied together with wooden 
and iron ties, and having the space between them filled with stone. 
The top of the dike is 2' above mean high water. The piles are of 
oak, 26' and 20' long, not less than 12" diameter at the larger end 
and 7" at the smaller end. They are driven vertically, and so close 
together that when the heads are cut off the tops of adjacent piles are 
not more than 6" apart. The heads of the 20' piles are sawed off 2' 
above mean high water. The 26' piles are driven 50' apart on the 
channel face of the dike, and in close rows at the outer and inner 



ends. They are cut off 6' above high water. Two courses of yellow- 
pine timber, 6" thick by 12" deep, in lengths of not less than 24', are 
securely bolted on the outside of each row of piles, so that the top of 
the upper course is flush with the top of the short piles. . . . 
The pieces of each course are connected with scarf-joints, 2' long and 
with 4" butts, accurately fitted, the scarf alternating in the upper and 
lower courses. 

The two rows of piling are connected at intervals of 12' by 
12" X 12" square yellow-pine cross-ties, 6' long, dovetailed into the 
waling-pieces, one half into each course, and accurately fitted. Two 
l^"-round iron tie-rods, with head and nut, each 2£" X 1£", and 
screw-threads 7 to the inch, are placed between each pair of wooden 
ties, from outside to outside of the upper and lower waling-pieces, 
alternately, and passing through the centre of a pile on each side. 
Two iron washers, 4|" X J", are used for each tie. On the channel 
side the tie-heads are countersunk. The other ends are upset outside 
the nuts. The tie-rods are not placed within two feet of the scarfs- 
Each scarf-joint is fastened by two 12" drift-bolts of 4" iron, driven 
vertically. Between each pair of tie-rods, four 24" drift-bolts of V 
iron are driven through the two courses of waling-strips at an angle 
of about 85 degrees with the horizontal. The auger-holes for the 
drift-bolts were required to be T 1 ^" less in diameter than the bolts. 
The space between the two rows of piles is filled with stone of good 
quality, in pieces of from 25 to 200 lbs. in weight. 

The contract price for this work was $9.87 per lineal foot. At 
points more exposed or where pressure of ice is expected, similar pile 
jetties are constructed with greater distance between the rows of piles, 
and at times are further strengthened by groups of oak fender- 
piles. 

Riprap Jetties on Brush Foundations — Jetties along South Atlantic 
Coast. — All of these jetties are of riprap on a mattress founda- 
tion. The mattresses at Winyah Bay, St. John's Biver, and Sabine 
Pass are of brush fascines confined between grillages of poles. Those 
used at Charleston and Cumberland Sound are rafts of logs covered 



66 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



with brush. The jetty at Winyah Bay is being built from a trestle. 
The remainder are built from scows. 

Winyah Bay Jetty. Mattresses. — The range of tide at this work is 
3.5'. The mattresses are built on inclined ways, on shore, the tops 
of the ways being lubricated to facilitate the launching of the com- 
pleted mattress. A grillage of poles is first built of the dimensions 
of the mattress. The poles of each course are made continuous for 
the length of the corresponding dimension of the mattress by long 
splices. They are laid parallel in each course and 6' apart, the poles 
of the two courses being at right angles and those of the upper course 
being placed so as to be at right angles to the jetty axis when in place 
in the jetty. The courses are then spiked together at the pole inter- 
sections. On this bottom grillage brush fascines, choked tightly to a 
diameter of 9" and of the length of the mattress, are placed in close 
contact, parallel to the upper grillage-poles. On these fascines an- 
other layer of fascines is placed at right angles to the other, and with 
the fascines 6' apart and opposite the middle of the panels of the 
lower grillage. A top grillage is then built, similar to the bottom one 
and with its panel corners directly over those of the bottom grillage, 
and the two grillages are drawn together and lashed securely by \" 
manilla ropes which pass through the mattress at the panel corners. 
The projecting ends of the poles are wired together. Range masts 
are placed on the mattress. When the mattress is placed, these are 
brought into the line of the jetty axis range. Towing beckets are also 
fastened to the mattress. The mattresses are towed as required to 
near the site of the jetty and then into position on the ebb tide, 
manoeuvred into exact place by anchor-lines from scows fastened to 
the ends of the mattress, and sunk with rock. 

Cost. — In this work the mattresses in 1892-93 were made about 
9 miles up Winyah Bay. Each mattress contained about 650 sq. yds. 
29 men and 6 mules collected materials and built 3055.55 sq. yds. 
of mattresses in one month. 

In the Florida works the approximate cost of such a brush mat- 
tress 120' X 75' was as follows : 



2 747 cu. yds. brush (labor at 15 cents per hour) $57.96 

Hauling to fascine rack, with cart and driver, at 25 cents per hour 1 10.59 

Labor of making and handling 9660' of fascines at 15 cents per hour... 96.60 

Cost 8906 feet poles, delivered at ways 60.00 

600 lbs. 60-penny nails at $2.60 per 100 lbs 15.60 

313 lbs. I" manilla rope, at 13! cents per lb 41.86 

426 lbs. No. 14 iron wire, at 4^ cents per lb 19.17 

Labor of assembling mattress at 1 5 cents per hour 144.27 

" " launching mattress at 15 cents per hour 21.50 

" sinking mattress at 15 cents per hour 27.00 

Superintendence at $75 per month 18.75 

Total $613.30 

or 6i£ cents per square yard. 

Trestle and Stone. — After the mattress work has been advanced 
about 1000' a trestle is built along the jetty axis, the piles being 
driven through the mattress-foundation. The piles are from 42' to 
48' long. The penetration varies from 8' to 18', with an average of 
12'. The trestle-cap is placed 16' above mean low water. The rip- 
rap is dumped from the trestle in such a manner that the cross-sec- 
tion of the completed jetty shall have a top 10' wide, 6' above mean 
low water, and side slopes of 1 on 2 on the outside and the natural 
slope for the stone on the inside. The stone must be of durable 
quality, not liable to disintegration in sea-water ; at least as hard as 
hard-burned brick ; must Aveigh at least 145 lbs. to the cubic foot ; 
must be of quarry and not of rounded shape, and the greatest dimen- 
sion must be not more than three times the least. The stones for 
the ballast of the mattress and for the hearting of the jetty are of 
sizes which range in weight from 50 to 400 lbs. The stones on the 
slopes for a horizontal distance of 4' inward from the faces of the 
jetty must weigh from 1000 to 6000 lbs. each. 

The stone is paid for by the ton of 2000 lbs., measured by the 
displacement of vessels, or by scales. 

The prices under the contract of November 15, 1892, are : Mat- 
tresses, $1.05 per sq. yd. in place ; small stone, $2.45 scow measure, 
or $2.48 scale measure, per ton of 2000 lbs., in place in jetty ; large 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS : JETTIES AND DIKES— SEA. 



67 



stone, $2.70 scow measure, or $2.85 scale measure, per ton of 2000 
lbs., in place in the jetty. 

The works at Charleston and St. John's River are under con- 
tract for completion. They will therefore not be described. 

Cumberland Sound Jetties. — The jetties here are designed to 
deepen the channel across the bar at the entrance to the sound be- 
tween Amelia Island, Florida, and Cumberland Island, Georgia. The 
range of tide is 5.9'. The original depth at the entrance was between 
11' and 12' at mean low water. In 1893 the available depth was 13'. 

Mattresses. — A mattress similar to that described for Winyah Bay 
may be required under the specifications, but has never been used 
here. The mattress which has been used in the work consists of a 
raft of round logs not less than 12" in average diameter and not less 
than 9" in diameter at the small end, placed in close contact, side by 
side, held by transverse-pole binders spiked or bolted to them. The 
binders are smaller logs, not less than 5" in diameter at the small 
end, and are placed not more than 8' apart, those on the outside 
being close to the ends of the logs. On this raft is placed a layer of 
live wood brush, sufficient to give a thickness of 6" in the finished 
work, secured by poles lashed to the binders of the raft. The mat- 
tresses are placed in the jetty with the logs at right angles to the jetty 
axis. Masts and towing beckets are placed on the mattress, as de- 
scribed for the Winyah Bay work, and the mattress is placed in the 
work in a similar manner. Two or more layers of mattresses and 
stone may be used in the jetty. 

The requirements for the quality of the stone are like those of 
Winyah Bay. The sizes are to vary from 25 lbs. to 300 lbs. The 
general depth of stone to be placed on each mattress will vary from 
6" to 2', at the option of the engineer in charge. The stone is de- 
posited in the work from scows. 

The lowest prices bid, September 29, 1894, were : for mattresses 
in the work, 57 cts. per square yard ; for stone in the work, $2.00 per 
cubic yard, measured in compact piles on the scows, cars, or vessels 
bringing it to the work. 



Sabine Pass, Texas. — The bar at this place is composed of soft 
mud. The jetties are built of riprap, resting on a brush foundation 
mattress, 100' wide. In the new work light stone hearting is piled 
to the level of mean low water and covered on the top and sides 
with 2' of granite riprap. The mound thus made is 20' wide on top. 
and has side slopes of 1 on 1£. This is then capped with large 
blocks of granite, so as to make the crest of the jetty 8' wide and 4' 
above mean high water. 

Mattresses and Stone. — The mattresses used in this work differ 
in construction from those described for the work at Winyah Bay 
only in having the bottom layer of fascines made tighter by placing 
fascines 6" in diameter in the intervals between the tops of the 9" 
fascines. The stone for ballast and hearting is required to be in suit- 
ably random sizes, which vary in weight from 20 lbs. to 600 lbs. It 
must be of a quality which will not deteriorate under the action of the 
weather and of salt water. It must be at least as hard as 
hard-burned brick, and must weigh, dry, not less than 130 lbs. to 
the cubic foot. The blocks must be angular, with the least dimension 
not less than \ the greatest. The granite riprap is to be of the same 
siz- as the hearting, and of a quality which will weigh, dry, not less 
than 160 lbs. to the cubic foot. The capping blocks of granite must 
be of the same quality as the riprap, must weigh 5 to 6 tons each, 
and in size must be approximately 2|' X 4' X 1\ '■ The stone is paid 
for in place in the jetties, by the ton of 2240 lbs., determined by the 
displacement of scows evenly loaded, the weight of the sea-water at 
that point being assumed to be 63£ lbs. per cubic foot. The prices 
under the contract dated October 24, 1892, are ; for mattresses in the 
work, 95 cents per square yard ; for hearting stone in the work, 
$3.15 per ton of 2240 lbs. 

Plant. — The plant required for work like this is very simple,, 
consisting of a powerful tug, a sufficient number of stone flats, each 
with a windlass at each end, two heavy row-boats for moving 
anchors, a supply of four to six heavy anchors, with plenty of rope 
cable and the necessary small tools. 



68 



UNITED STATE PUBLIC WORKS. 



The Galveston jetties are being completed under a continuing 
contract, and therefore will not be described. 

Pacific-coast Jetties. — The more important of these works re- 
semble each other very closely. They are all riprap jetties on a 
brush-foundation mattress, and are built from trestles. 

San Diego Harbor Jetties. — These are fairly typical. The fol- 
lowing description is taken from the specifications for the work : 

Trestle. — The present low-water depths on the line of the pro- 
posed jetty vary from V to 11', averaging from 3' to 5'. The mean 
range of tide is 4.8'. In building the jetty a double track, standard- 
gauge, railway will firstbe constructed upon trestlework on the line 
of the proposed jetty. Brush mattresses will be built on this trestle, 
covered with a layer of the smaller-sized stone, and deposited on the 
bottom ; and on these mattresses rock will be deposited as required, 
it being the intention to keep the foundation course as low as practi- 
cable at first. The jetty will have its crest at the level of high tide, 
with a top of 8' width, and side slopes such as the stone will natu- 
rally assume under the action of the waves. The outside slopes and 
all above a depth of 2' of water at low tide must be of large rock. 
The jetty will be raised higher should it be desired. In prosecuting 
the work, the pilework must not be, in general, more than ten bents 
ahead of the brush-mattress work. The foundation course, in gen- 
eral, must never be less than 500' in advance of the completed por- 
tion of the jetty. 

The railway will be of new steel rails, 40 lbs. to the yard. The 
trestlework will start from the shore at high-water line, and will be 
constructed as follows : 

Bents will be spaced 16' apart between centres, each bent will 
consist of three piles, spaced 11' apart between centres, each pile at 
least 12" in diameter beneath the bark, and driven or pumped into 
the bottom to a depth of at least 12', and in all cases to a depth equal 
to or greater than the depth of water in which it is placed, and so 
that it shall stand firmly and solidly. The bents are to be capped by 
a 12" X 16" cap of pine, 32' long, bolted to each pile with a 1" drift- 



bolt, 24" long. Upon each cap will be bolted four 12" X 16" pine 
stringers, in pieces 32' long, laid to break joints, each stringer to be 
bolted to the caps at the crossings with 1" drift-bolts, 24" long. The 
stringers will be held apart by chocks of 4" X 16" lumber in the 
middle of each bent, securely spiked to the stringers. Near the 
chocks in the middle of the bents each pair of stringers will be firmly 
tied by rods of 1" round iron, headed and threaded, and provided 
with two nuts and washers each. A stringer of 3" X 12" pine in 
32' pieces, will be driftbolted to the caps near their ends, on each 
side of the trestle. Where a crossover is built, two-pile bents (piles 
8' apart) properly capped are placed between the regular bents, 
12" X 12" stringers are placed on the caps, and decked with 4" X 
12" planking, 8' long. The rails and guard-rails are spiked to this 
deck. 

Stone. — The rock must be of suitable quality, not liable to disin- 
tegrate, of random sizes, never less than 6" on the shortest diameter, 
nor less than 50 lbs. in weight. The least dimension must be not 
less than -| the greatest. All rock less than one gross ton in weight 
will be known as small rock, and may be used in sinking mattresses 
and in the interior of the jetty. Rock weighing a ton or more will 
be known as large rock, and will be required for the sides and top of 
the jetty. At least half the rock must be large rock. Rock must be 
dumped into the work exactly as directed. Stone is paid for per ton 
of 2240 lbs., in place in the work. 

Mattresses. — These will be of variable width, depending on the 
depth of water where placed, and will probably average 40' to 45', 
varying from 40' to 75'. When of a greater width than can be made 
conveniently on the trestle, the mats may be in two parts, one on the 
trestle, and one outside mat, dumped or floated to place, and sunk by 
stone from the trestle or from barges. The brush may be any live, 
reasonably straight wood of durable growth, not over 2" in diameter 
at the butt, and must be packed in bundles from 6" to 15" in 
diameter and 8' to 20' in length, choked and tied every 4'. Mat- 
tresses will consist of two layers of brush placed at right angles to 






WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: JETTIES AND DIKES-SEA. 



69 



each other, inclosed between two grillages of poles. The lower gril- 
lage is made of poles in two courses at right angles to each other, 
those of the lower course spaced 3' apart and to lie in the direction 
of the jetty axis, those of the upper course spaced 5' apart — the two 
courses fastened together securely at the crossings. The grillage will 
be suspended from the trestle, and upon it will be placed brush 
bundles, side by side, with brush and butt ends alternating. As soon 
as one row of bundles has been placed, each bundle will be cut open 
and the brush spread out fairly even. The next row will be placed 
lapping the first 4', butts over tips, and the reverse. This row is 
then cut open and spread, and so on until the grillage is covered. 
This course of brush must average 8" in thickness and must be at 
right angles to the jetty axis. A second course of brush is similarly 
laid, at right angles to the first. A top grillage of poles is then built 
on the brush, similar to the lower grillage, but with the courses re- 
versed. The mattress is then compressed fully one third, preferably by 
means of screws, and the grillages secured together through the mat- 
tress at the panel corners. The mattresses are to be made as wide 
and thick as desired, and in lengths of four bents. All mattresses 
must be laid in contact with each other, and when weighted and 
dropped to the bottom must be loaded immediately with sufficient 
stone to hold them. Mattresses are measured by calculating the 
volume of the brush filling, after compression. 

The prices bid for this work in July, 1893, ranged as follows: 
Trestle, $5.17 to $11.50 per lineal foot ; mattress in place, $1.97 to 
$4.75 per cubic yard ; stone in place, $1,625 to $3 per ton. 

Columbia River Jetty. — This is one of the longest works of its 
kind in the world. It was constructed by hired labor, and no pains 
were spared to push the work forward as rapidly and economically 
as possible. It is located on the south side of the mouth of the 
Columbia River, Oregon, and extends from the shore on the South 
Cape in a westerly direction, with a slight curve to the south, for a 
length of 4J miles, to a point about 3 miles south of Cape Disappoint- 
ment, north of the river mouth. The jetty is constructed of rock 



resting on a mattress foundation, 40' wide and from 2£' to 5' thick, 
laid upon the sand. When entirely finished the level of the top of 
the jetty at the shore end will be about 12' above mean low water, 
thence for about 2 miles it slopes to a height of 10', and thence to the 
end of the jetty to a height of 4'. The mean range of tide is 7'. 
The jetty is built in water varying from 0' to 2] ' deep, averaging 
about 15' deep. 

The material was placed in position from a double track, narrow- 
gauge tramway, about 24' above the level of low water, supported on 
piles. The materials of construction were landed at a wharf from 
barges, and transported on tram-cars to the point where needed, the 
trestle construction having been kept slightly in advance of the jetty 
work. 

Plant. — The following plant was used on the work, viz.: 

6 280-ton and four 450-ton model barges, for carrying stone 
from the quarries to the jetty. 

5 13-ton locomotives, for use on the tramway. 

1 portable pile-driver, for working at points inaccessible for the 
tramway driver. 

2 Mundy portable hoisting-engines, 10" X 16" cylinders ; one 
Mundy portable engine, 18" X 13" cylinders ; and one Lidgerwood 
portable engine, 7" X 10" cylinders. These were used with the 
derricks for transferring materials from the barges to the cars. 
Power was furnished for the workshops by a single-cylinder engine. 

3 derricks, for transferring materials. 1 extra derrick was kept 
for emergencies. 

1 steam-launch, for tender for the work. 

1 steam-tug, for towing barges to and from the quarries. 

4 mattress-cars, dumping on one side ; 2 push-cars ; 3 four- 
wheel and 6 eight-wheel flat cars. 

62 dump-cars, for stone, to be described later. 
1 tramway pile-driver, for trestle construction, described below. 
Mattress-car. — This is a four-wheel platform-car 21' long. The 
mattress rests on four rollers, 6' long, two on each side of the car, near 



70 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



each end and parallel to the sides. These rollers revolve on trun- 
nions, the beds of which are fixed at the corners of two rectangular 
frames carried at the ends of the car. Each frame rests on four posts 
V high, and is secured to the posts by round iron bolts so as to form 
a hinge on each side, parallel to the side. The posts on the side of 
the car over the middle of the jetty are fixed. . Those along the out- 
side of the jetty pass vertically through rectangular holes in the car 
platform, and are supported so that their tops shall be at the level of 
the tops of the inside posts, by a shoulder resting on a movable iron 
bar the length of the car. When the bar is moved longitudinally by 
a lever, the shoulders come over notches in the bar, and the posts 
slide down until the frames strike the platform. The frames are thus 
tilted enough to permit the mattress to slide off. 

Stone Dump-car. — A longitudinal beam or "draw-timber" ex- 
tends the full length of the car. Upon this beam at each end is a 
rectangular framing, carrying trunnion-beds. Upon trunnions turn- 
ing in these beds is suspended a swinging or dumping frame, on 
which is placed the load. At one end, above the trunnion, this 
swinging-frame has rigidly attached to it a strong framing, on top of 
which is a toothed-wheel segment, by means of which the frame can 
be swung on its trunnions. The swinging mechanism works in a 
strong upright box of plate and angle iron, resting on the trunnion- 
bed frame. Across the top of this box is a shaft, parallel to the trun- 
nion axis. On one end of this shaft is a pinion, gearing in the toothed 
segment. Between the bearings in the box the shaft carries the 
wheel of a worm-gearing. Below the worm-wheel, at right angles to 
the upper shaft, is a second shaft, one end of which is supported on 
trunnions on one side of the box. From this the shaft extends 
through the box, between guides in the other side, and has a hand 
wheel fixed to its outer end. Under the worm-wheel the second 
shaft carries a worm. The hand-wheel end may hang loose, or may 
be lifted so as to throw the worm and wheel in gear, and may be 
locked in this position by a horizontal releasing-pin. A movable box 
is placed on the dumping-frame to hold the rock. 



When a car is to be dumped a few turns are given to the hand- 
wheel to bring the centre of gravity of the load to the right or left of 
the trunnions, as may be desired ; the releasing-pin is withdrawn, the 
worm drops out of gear, and the dumping-frame tips by the run 
until it strikes the track-rail. The load being discharged, the 
dumping-frame swings back to the horizontal, the worm is raised 
into gear and pinned in position, and the car is ready for another 
load. 

The capacity of each car is 10 tons. Two men can unload a 
train of 20 cars in five minutes. (See Bep. C. of E. 1889, Part IV, 
p. 2539, and plate, p. 2535.) 

Tramway Pile-driver. — The entire mechanism is mounted on a 
car-frame 17' long and 19' wide, of trussed wooden beams, extending 
over both tracks, supported at each corner by a double truck of 8 
wheels (32 wheels in all). Upon this platform is a roller-path 16' in 
diameter, of 30-lb. rail. A similar but inverted path is attached to 
the upper or revolving portion of the driver, running upon 48 steel 
rollers. The upper platform, 66' long, is braced by hog-stays, and 
carries the gins at one end and the boiler, tank, fuel, etc., at the 
other, so disposed as to balance each other. A steam-pump is car- 
ried on a frame suspended outside the track from the lower platform. 
A flexible suction-pipe drops from this platform to the water. 

The leaders of the gins are 50' high. The driver hammer 
weighs 5000 lbs. The discharge-hose from the pump (4£") is con- 
nected with a Y, having 2£" branches, each with a valve-gate. Each 
branch is connected by a length of hose to a 1£" jet-pipe long enough 
to reach to the bottom of a pile when in place. 

The process of driving is as follows : A pile is picked up and 
placed in position between the leaders. The jet-pipes are fastened 
on either side in such a manner as to follow the pile down, but to be 
then easily released. The hose connections are then made, the pile 
is lowered, and the hammer lowered and rested on the pile head. 
The pump is started and the pile sinks to Avithin 5" or 6" of the 
proper penetration, when the pump is stopped. The jet-pipes are 



PLATE VI. 



<fcCf--%A<jfitvna {§4<x<4d (Daa^tuo (Baa, 



^H}W^HHHHHHHHHB 




n t-\ n 



NT 



SIDE ELEVATION. 




PLAN 







SECTION THROUGH THE 

SEAHN6 FRAME SHOWN* THE 

WORM OUT OF SEAR. 



A Trunion Bolt 

B Truthon Bolt Socket 

C Bumping Frame 

D Toothed Wheel Segment 

E Pinion 

F Worm or Screw 

Q Worm Wheel 

H Handle Shaft 

K HandleShaft Bearings 

L Releasing Pins NOTE. The Center of Gravity ofthe Box when 

M Movable Box loaded. is above tweTrunion Bolts.when the Box is, 

N Hand Wheel empty.it is three and a half inches below. 








7. 

O 

o 

55 



en 



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o 

f j 
w 



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W 



w 
Q 
O 



PLATE Vlll. 




MODEL OF JETTY AT MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 

Pile-driver Tender Car, Stone Dump Car, Mattress Car. Mattresses on bottom and under construction. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LAKE-HARBOR BREAKWATERS AND PIERS. 



71 



then pulled away and the pile settled to place by a few light blows 
with the hammer. 

The overhang beyond the forward edge of the forward trucks is 
21'. Piles were sunk 22' into the sand in an average of 4 minutes 
after the pump was started. The usual day's work was 64' of tram- 
way. A tender-car carrying a day's supply of materials usually ac- 
companied the driver. (For a more complete description of this pile- 
driver, with plates, see Rep. C. of E. 1890, p. 3021.) 

Cost. — The cost of this work was as follows : Piles, 9 cts. per 
foot at Astoria ; lumber, $10 per M, at Fort Stevens ; brush fascines, 
$2.75 per cord ; stone (later contracts), 63J to 75 cts. per ton in 
barges, at the quarry or at Portland. 

The total cost of the work is about $83.00 per running foot of 
jetty. 

Pile-and-brush Dike, Gray's Harbor, Wash. — This dike is built in 
the bay and partially closes the south channel, leaving a passageway 
1000' wide and about 8' deep, and wholly closes the middle channel, 
with the object of increasing the flow through the north channel. 
There is little or no trouble to be anticipated from the teredo in this 
locality. The range of tide is about 8£'. 

The dike consists of two rows of cedar or spruce piles, not less 
than 12" in diameter at the butt, 6' apart, and driven not less than 
12' into the bottom, with an interval of 6' between the piles of each 
row. On the outside of each row is a waling-strip of two courses of 
3" X 8" plank, bolted to the piles. The top of the waling-strip is 5' 
5" above the mean of the low waters. An inside waling-strip of 3" 
X 6" plank is placed on each row opposite the outside strip. The 
inside of each row is lined with 2" plank, spaced 2" apart, placed 
vertically and extending from the top of the waling-strip down for 
about 7'. These planks are further held together and to the piles by 
a longitudinal course of 3" X 6" plank at the middle and by one of 
3" X 8" plank about 3£' lower. The rows are tied together and 
braced by 4" X 4" braces, spiked to the wales and piles at intervals 
of 6' and at right angles to the line of the dike. Wherever it is 



deemed necessary, the dike is further strengthened by strut-piles and 
perpendicular foot-piles, placed on each side of the dike. 

The base of the dike is protected against scour by a brush mat- 
tress, 30' wide, constructed on floats along and about the piles. It is 
made of three or more layers of brush fascines of suitable wood, 12' 
to 20' long, and well choked to a diameter of 9" at intervals of 6'. 
The fascines of the lower layer were laid at right angles to the line of 
the dike ; those of the second layer parallel to the dike, and so on 
until the required thickness was attained. The layers were well 
bound together with wire. The mattress was sunk with stone placed 
on the portions extending outside the dike and wired to the mattress. 
The space between the piles was partially filled with brush fascines 
laid parallel to the dike. On these, sand-bags and stone were placed. 
A mattress sill was placed across the gap in the dike. 

In the finished dike the filling is 4' above the mean of the low 
waters. The stone is in pieces of from 50 to 150 lbs. weight. The 
sand-bags are 22" X 36" grain-bags, each containing not less than 
200 lbs. of sand and gravel. 

The prices bid for this work in proposals opened Dec. 24, 1892, 
are : Piles, per lin. ft., 8 cts.; lumber, per M, $10.00 ; bolts, each, 18 
cts.; spikes, per lb., 3 cts.; wire, per lb., 2 T 9 ¥ cts.; brush, per cord of 
fascines, $2.45 : rock, ton of 2000 lbs., 59 cts.; sand-bags, each, 8 cts. 

LAKE-HARBOR BREAKWATERS AND PIERS. 

Timber-crib Breakwaters. — The general type consists of (1) a 
foundation of piles and riprap or of riprap alone on the natural bot- 
tom, or where the bottom is soft, on gravel or small riprap, in a 
trench excavated through the soft material to hard-pan or rock ; 
(2) of a course of timber cribs filled with stone, reaching from the 
foundation to the low Lake level ; and (3) of a continuous super- 
structure, (a) of timber in crib form, filled with stone and sheathed 
on top with plank, or (b) of masonry or concrete, or (c) of hand-laid 
riprap with dry-paved crest and slopes. 

Foundations. — In the earlier forms of breakwaters the cribs were 



72 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



sunk directly on the levelled lake bottom. It was soon found that 
the cribs were liable to settle out of line, either on account of under- 
scour, or by sinking irregularly into soft bottom. To provide against 
underscour, the side pockets of the cribs were left open at the bottom, 
so that the stone filling should settle through them, as the sand 
washed away. This did not in all cases afford sufficient protection, 
and the present practice is, in addition, to prepare a stable base for 
the cribs, either of riprap or of piles. 

Riprap Foundations. — Where the bottom is soft, a trench is 
dredged on the line of the proposed breakwater, four to twenty feet 
wider than the cribs, to hard bottom, or to a depth sufficient to in- 
sure stability. This is filled with gravel or small stone to near the 
level of the original bottom, and covered with larger riprap. The extra 
width forms a berm of riprap on the two sides of the breakwater. 
Where the depth of water is great, and the cost of the riprap less than 
the cost of the timber cribs, this mound of riprap is built higher. 

At Erie, Pennsylvania, where the natural depth is 13' to 22', the 
base of the crib work is placed uniformly at 15f below the water-sur- 
face, and rests on a bed of stone 2£' to 6J' thick, and 28' wide at the 
top when levelled, and with natural side slopes. The width of the 
cribs is 24'. The berm of the foundation is thus 2' wide on each 
side, but on the exposed side the base of the crib after placing is pro- 
tected where required by riprap of heavy stones, weighing not less 
than 300 lbs. each, piled 8' high next to the crib and with a base 12' 
wide. The cost of such a foundation in 1892 was : dredging, 30 cts. 
per cubic yard ; stone for foundation, in place, $1.90 per cu. yd.; 
stone for riprap, in place, $2.50 per cu. yd. 

The cribs of the Milwaukee Breakwater are placed in about 35' 
of water, and rest on a bed of riprap, having its top levelled off 23' 
below the Lake surface. The top of this foundation is 46' wide, 16' 
wider than the cribs, so as to give a berm 8' wide on each side. The 
outer slopes of the foundation are 1 on 1, and for a depth of 3' they 
are formed of stones which weigh not less than one ton each. In 
1892 the cost of stone in the foundation was $7.00 per cord. 



The West Pier extension at Agate Bay, Minn., is to be built in 
water varying from 40' to 42.7' deep. On Nov. 10, 1894, proposals 
for extending the riprap foundation were opened. The top of the 
embankment is to be brought to a uniform level of 20' below the 
plane of low water. It will have a top width of 40', a bottom width 
of about 106', and a slope at end and sides of 1 on 1£, and starts 
from the end slope of the existing embankment. The average depths 
for each succeeding fifty feet are 40', 42', 42.5', and 42.7'. The 
stone is required to be hard and durable in quality, not subject to 
disintegration from the action of either water, air, or frost. The core 
of the embankment may be of any sized stones not under 20 lbs. 
each, but the surfaces of the slopes are to be of pieces weighing not 
less than two tons. The estimated total amount of rock needed was 
3137 cords. The lowest bid received was $50.50 per running foot of 
embankment. In this work, before the cribs were sunk, the embank- 
ment, which had been allowed to settle for at least 30 days, was 
brought up to the level of 18' below low water with small stone, and 
after the cribs were in place their base was further protected with 
riprap of large stones, as in the Erie Breakwater. 

Pile Foundations. — Where the depth is not too great, pile founda- 
tions are used to obtain a stable bearing. Generally the piles may 
be of Norway pine or of any hard wood. They are driven in rows 
transverse to the breakwater, or longitudinally, and are cut off evenly 
at the required depth. 

The piers of Calumet Harbor, 111., are built on pile foundations. 
The South Pier extension was built in water 12' to 15' deep. A 
trench was dredged to a uniform depth of 16' below low water, and 
24' wide. Four rows of piles were then driven, placed as shown in 
Plate IX. The piles were of Norway or white pine, from 33' to 36' 
long, not less than 10" in diameter at the smaller, nor more than 14" 
in diameter at the larger end, with the knots and projections dressed 
off to a uniform taper. The ends were pointed truly in the axis of 
the pile by four flat faces, not less than 3' long. The piles were re- 
quired to be driven accurately in their true positions, and to have a. 



PLATE IX. 







-. . : 



_Half of Front Elevation. 



Jialf Lonaiiudinal Section on line fB. 



Half End View Half Cross SeclionC-D. 













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Elevalion of Su,z>erslruoiure ■ 
PILE FOUNDATION, CRIB, AND SUPERSTRUCTURE OF PIER IN CALUMET HARBOR, ILL. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LAKE-HARBOR BREAKWATERS AND PIERS. 



73 



penetration of between 12' and 15'. They were sawed off so that 
the upper end of each was horizontal, and all in the same horizontal 
plane, 14' below the plane of mean low water. The cost in 1888 of 
preparing the foundation, including dredging, was $12 per pile. 

In the new pier extension of Racine Harbor, Wis., the cribs are 
to be 50' long, 24' wide, and 17£' high. They will rest upon a foun- 
dation of piles, cut off on a horizontal plane 16i' below low water. 
The piles are required to be of white or Norway pine, tamarack, 
black ash, white oak, or rock elm, each 38' long, straight and sound, 
having a uniform taper, with a diameter of not less than 12" at mid- 
length of the pile. There will be 28 foundation-piles for each crib, 
to be driven with precision in four cross rows of seven piles each. 
The first row is to be driven on precise alignment, 3' 6" from the outer 
extremity of the preceding crib, and at right angles with the direction 
of the extension. The centres of the piles of each row nearest the 
sides of the extension are to be driven at a distance of 2' from the 
lines of the sides, and the five intermediate piles of each row at 
equal distances of 3.4' from centre to centre. The distances between 
the lines of the centres of the end rows and of the two intermediate 
rows are to be precisely 14'. The distance between the centre lines 
of the two intermediate rows will then be 15'. 

Cribs. — These vary somewhat in details in different localities. If 
designed for pile foundations, bearings for the piles are made by 
widening those timbers of the bottom course which will be directly 
over the piles by bolting other 12" X 12" timbers to them, one on 
each side, and by building the bearing courses up solid for some dis- 
tance into the crib. The cribs are built of square 12" X 12" timber, 
hemlock for the bottom courses, and pine for the two or three courses 
at the top and for the superstructure, all strongly framed and drift- 
bolted together. The side and end walls are built solid, and smooth 
on the outside. The crib is strengthened and cut into pockets by 
transverse walls at intervals of from 8' to 10J', and by a middle longi- 
tudinal wall, or more generally by two longitudinal walls, placed, in a 
crib 30' wide, 7' from the side walls. The transverse and end 



walls are framed into the side walls as follows : The lower transverse 
timber has a full dovetail at each end. This fits into gains cut hull' 
into the top surface of the first course and half into the bottom sur- 
face of the second course of the side-wall timbers. A solid block 
abutting against the inside of the side walls is then bolted on top of 
this transverse timber, thick enough to make the next transverse tim- 
ber dovetail between the third and fourth courses of the side walls, 
and so on. The blocking is omitted from the inside longitudinal 
walls, and in some instances from the inner transverse walls. In 
most cases only the middle row of pockets is floored, the outer rows 
of pockets being left open at the bottom so as to permit the stone to 
fall through them and fill any holes made along the base by scour. 
If required, the lower courses of the cribs are framed and bolted 
together on shore. 

Sinking. — The cribs are sunk accurately in line, and abutting 
closely against those previously placed. At times guide-piles are 
driven, and guide-blocks placed on the cribs, and the cribs are held 
accurately in place and lowered carefully with the aid of blocks and 
tackle, and held until a solid base is formed by the stone falling 
through the side pockets. These precautions are, however, seldom 
necessary with the level foundations now used. Stone ballast is 
placed in the central pockets and on deck. The crib is manoeuvred 
into position and held by lines from anchors. Additional ballast is 
slowly added, and a final adjustment to position is made when the 
crib is just afloat. When riprap foundations are used, the top is 
levelled by divers, if necessary, before the crib is sunk. After the 
cribs are in position on the bottom, the central and side pockets are 
filled with stone as rapidly as possible, and where necessary the toe 
is further protected by heavy riprap, as before described. Any inter- 
vals unavoidably left between the abutting cribs are carefully bulk- 
headed and filled with stone. Exposed ends are strengthened with 
timbers on the inside, or with clumps of fender-piles on the outside. 
Steel or iron plates are also used on the sides and angles when 
much pressure from floating ice is to be guarded against. 



74 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Wooden Superstructure. — In many localities it has proved cheaper 
to repair a wooden superstructure as it decays than to make it of 
durable materials. The substructure, being constantly wet, lasts 
indefinitely. The tops of the cribs are at the water-level. The 
superstructure is built on them to the required height, of the same 
materials and in the same manner, but is made continuous over all of 
the cribs in place. Intermediate deck timbers are placed between 
the cross-walls, and the superstructure is finished with a decking of 
plank, placed longitudinally and spaced 1" apart, Snubbing-posts 
are placed where required, and bolted to the inside walls. At times 
a crib parapet is placed along the exposed front. 

Cost of Construction. — Plate X, reproduced from the Annual Re- 
port of the Chief of Engineers for 1894, shows the cross-sections of the 
various forms of cribs used in the works in the harbor of Chicago, 
with a table showing the relative amounts of materials used, and the 
relative cost. The cost of other typical work is as follows : 

Calumet Harbor, 1888. — Cribwork, 75' long, 20' wide, 20£' high, 
on pile foundation : 

Bill of Materials. 



Bottom, side timbers, hemlock, 12" x 18" ft. B.M. 

Side and bearing timbers, pine, 12" x 12" " 

hemlock, 12" x 12".... " 

Cross-ties, hemlock, 10" x 12" " 

Longitudinals, hemlock, 8" x 12" " 

6" x 12" " 

Drift-bolts, 1" sq., 32" and 20" No. 

Screw-bolts, 1" round, 38" No. 

Stone cords 



Crib. 

2,700 

I,8oo 

36,672 

15.987 
7,280 

3.672 
588 
40 
127 



Super- 
structure. 



IO,8oo 

6,720 
3,600 

294 



55 



Cost in place : 32 pine piles, $12 each ; hemlock, $23 per M ; 
pine, $26 per M ; drift-bolts, 4 cts. per lb.; screw-bolts, 5 cts. per lb.; 
stone, $9 per cord. 

Total cost per 75', $4,477.35. 

Milwaukee, Wis., 1892. — Five cribs, each 100' long, 24' wide, and 
22^' high, on stone foundation with top 20' below the water-surface, 
in water of 35' average depth. 



Bill of Materials for Crib. — All timbers are 12" X 12" square, ex- 
cept the lower section of the side timbers, which are 6" X 12". All pine. 

Pine timber, 12" X 12" and 6" x 12", 140,340 ft. B.M.; pine 
plank, for decking, 4" X 8" X 16', 6,912 ft. B.M.; spikes, 10" X £", 
for decking, 730 lbs.; screw-bolts, 18" X 1" rnd., No., 58 ; drift-bolts, 
If rnd., 32" long, No., 1380 ; 24" long, No., 156 ; 20" long, No., 
174; stone, cords, 303. 

Prices. — Pine timber, $18 per M; pine plank, $17 per M; drift- 
bolts, 4 cts. per lb.; screw-bolts, 4 cts. per lb.; spikes, 4 cts. per lb.; 
framing pine timber, $5.50 per M ; laying pine plank, $1 per M ; stone, 
$7 per cord. 

Erie, Penna., 1892. — 8 cribs, 50' X 24' X 16', on stone founda- 
tion in dredged trench. Base of cribs protected by riprap. 

Cost. — Dredging, per cu. yd., 30 cts.; stone for foundations, in 
place, $1.90 per cu. yd.; stone for riprap, in place, $2.50 per cu. yd.; 
pier extension, per lin. ft., $69. 

Concrete Superstructure, Lake Arm, Buffalo Harbor Breakwater. 
— The old timber-crib superstructure having rotted, it is being replaced 
by masonry. The cribs are cut down to 2' below the water-level. 
On this is placed a platform of concrete 5' thick, the width of the cribs, 
and vertical on the harbor side ; and on the lake side vertical for 
1', and with a slope of 5 on 3 for the remaining height. Along the 
lake side of this platform is placed a parapet with its outer toe coin- 
cident with the edge of the platform. This parapet is 20' wide at the 
base, 17' wide at the top, and 9' high, and has side slopes of 6 on 1. 
(See Fig. 3.) 

A row of concrete blocks 4' high is first placed along the lake 
face, and one 3' 6" high on the harbor face. Concrete in mass is 
then placed between, and on these blocks to the level of 3' above 
water-level. The remainder of the superstructure is then built to 
full height, with concrete in mass, placed between wooden forms, in 
the usual manner. The blocks for the lake face are headers 6' long, 
4' 2" wide, and 4' high, with the lake face built to the proper slopes. 
The harbor-face blocks are rectangular. The moulds for these blocks 



PLATE X. 




Relative cost of Pier work, ioo Hn.fi in length, 20'/ 2 ft. high, according to different plans used in CHICAGO HARBOR. 






Concrete 

Superst. 



6 \-*0 



Fig 



-ML 



_ 30Q 
42 5 1 



fi L 



/?68- '$9 _ 



(S93_ 



' Easterly Br. Water 



Easterly Br. Water 



Easterly Br -. Water 



Southerly Br. Wat er 



Exterior Br. Water 



Extenor Br. Water 



South Tie r 



Southerly Br. Water 



South zrly B r. Wa.Ur _ 



Sout/terly Br. Wetter 



South Pier 



Southerly Br. Water 



Easterly Br . Water 



MATERIALS REQUIRE!) 



Timber Dr. Bolts Stone Piles 
Ft. B. M. Lbs Cords Wo. 



27; 540 



Slocks _ 



95 C ra*. 



J j ning 



i.S C Yds. 



SO 4 



Rub b1c\PU mk 



Timber 



4.276.61 739 60 2.029.20 



3.178 56 42S.48 



2.4*686 2?° .4o 



Dr. Bolts Stone 

■ s s 



/ 242.60 2SS.00 



2 .494 .74 /g g 6t 



2/7 .44, / s i -l_:_o_ 



J03.Q4\ f3S . 4$\ J 64. So 



771. n 



Blocks 
y — 



/Jo 88\ 302 



Lining Ru bble 



PUes 
S 



Totals 
9 



Q.o o\ o~.877.26 



Plank 



tSfj/o 



2 9/3 .40 



2 



70.VS 687.36 



445.44 6/6 



■VIO. 67 



PERCENTAGES OF COST 



Timber 



53.42 

58 2 



A'OTES: To make comparison 
following prices: Timber $28.00 per M. ft 



'O.vso _ 95Q QQj S S 00\/. 602.0O 
possible, between the different plans of construction, materials and cost hare been calculated for the uniform height of 20 
B.M. Dr.bolts 44per Ib^Stone filling. fG 00 per cord. PUcs,drioen-$ 12.00 each ^Concrete blocks and lining.- $ 10,00 pi 



4r.9 
/O 9 



Stone Piles 



S.o 



HE DIFFEFtNT 



Timber 
% 



Dr. Bolts Stone 



Bottom side Umbers It' IS' All other* 12'»lt" 

Cribs with grillage, sunk on sand bottom. 

Ci'ba suspended by chains 4 above Lake bottom. 

Stone foundation 4' high,!0' u-ide. fig 4§-8. 

Stone foundation 4 high. 20' wide 

Pile foundation. Bottom of Cribs 2 ' abhve Lake bottom. 

Tie$10'*12'. Long'ls S'' 12'. Slrne bottom, 6'* It etc. 

Stone foundation 6' high. Iks <$- Lnng'ls 10'' 12' 

Cribs 50 long Ties 2>Lonfh Lf*L2' 

Pile foundation Bottom of Cribs 2' above Lake bolton*. 

Stone foundation 6' high 

Tien -j l/mg'ls 10' 1 I'M Solid end icnll exept at end of pier. 



Lake ward blocks 6' high Loud an -d My^t-j j' high 



t/ift (20 courses) including stone and pile foundation where used, for cribwork; and 6 ft for superstructure, and at the, 
c.tfd. Rubble concrete ■ 1 6.00 per c. yd. and Plank (for support of concrete ) t 28.00 per M ft B.M 



PLATE XL 




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WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LAKE-HARBOR BREAKWATERS AKD PIERS. 



75 



JCl&fce c&lde. 




//' 



consist of a bed, two solid sides, the end pieces, and the tie-rods. 
The end pieces are of plank, 6" wide. They are placed in succession 
as the block is built up, being held in place by grooves and battens 
on the sides, so placed as to give the proper slopes. The moulds are 
tied together by rods with nuts, A groove for the hoisting-chains by 
which the block is 
handled is formed 
in each side and 
bed by battens with 
trapezoidal cross- 
section, fastened to 
the mould. 

The blockswere 
made on scows near 
where they were to 
be used. The pro- 
portions for the con- 
crete were : Cement, 
\ bbl. ; sand, 2£ cu. 
ft. ; pebbles, 7£ cu. 
ft.; broken stone, 7£ ~~ 
cu. ft. Concrete 
without the coarse 
material was used 
for the face of the 
blocks. It was 
placed in the mould 

to a thickness of ■ ' » ' ■ <=*= 

about 6", for 6" to 

8" around the edge, and rammed. The coarse concrete was then 
placed inside this ring and rammed, and in this way the block was 
built up, with a good bond between the two classes of concrete. 
The blocks were placed by means of a derrick scow with a steam- 
hoist. To make this scow sufficiently steady under wave-action a 



C*o** &c<Xiovi/ ^f Ltyi+e^ck &vi&^s>Xxu4Xuax/ 



Buffalo Breakwater. 



en 



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Wa^er Surface. 



7 



second scow was rigidly fastened alongside, by sixteen 12" X 12" 
timbers, in pairs, across the decks and hottoms of the two, each 
pair being united at the ends and between the scows by iron straps. 

The mass concrete was placed with the following plant : The 
length to be covered was divided into two parts. Opposite the mid- 
dle of each part a 
Fig. 3. mixing platform 90' 

square was built on 
piles spaced 10' in 
each direction. This 
was firmly braced 
against the cribwork, 
and protected against 
waves on the lake 
side by a solid 
sheathing. A double 
track was then built 
on trestles for the 
entire length, and! 
connected with the 
platforms. It is 2' 
above the level of 
the finished parapet.. 
The cars are moved 
by a wire cable,, 
operated by a steam- 
engine. The cable 
grip is worked from 
small platform-cars 
to which the dump-cars are coupled. The equipment for each 
platform is : One concrete-mixer, box pattern ; one double-drum, 
double-cylinder, non-reversing hoisting-engine, 7" X 10"; 3 hand- 
carts of 15 cu. ft. capacity each — one for pebbles, one for broken 
stone, and one in reserve ; one hand-cart for sand, of 5 cu. ft. capac- 



^: 







iQaue. 

8 i« 



it It ttft. 



76 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



/4-' 



ity ; two charging-boxes of 40 cu. ft. capacity each, for receiving the 
charges and hoisting them to the mixer ; one derrick ; one steam- 
pump ; 6 dump-cars. On the side of the platform away from the 
breakwater are three bins — one for sand, one for pebbles, and one for 
broken stone. Those for the stone and pebbles have three times the 
capacity of that for sand. In the deck of the platform is a hatch 
through which the charging- 
box can be lowered to a 
sub-platform, on which it is 
filled. The formula for the 
concrete is : Cement, 1 bbl. ; 
sand, 5 cu. ft. ; pebbles and 
broken stone, each 15 cu. ft. 
The cement is first mixed 
to a paste in the charging- 
box, the other materials are 
then added with the proper 
proportion of water, and 
roughly mixed by hand ; the 
box is then raised and the 
charge is dumped into the 
mixer, from which it finally 
falls into a dump-car. The 
amount laid from one mixer 
in a day of 10|- hours has 
been as much as 225 cu. 
yds. 200 cu. yds. is con- 
sidered a poor day's work. 

Cost in 1890. — One of the platforms collapsed after it had been 
in use for a short time. The total cost of the platforms, including the 
cost of rebuilding the collapsed platform, was $14,390. 

The cost of Portland cement per bbl. ranged from $2.25 to $2.45 ; 
of natural cement from 82 cts. to $1.20 ; of sand, 80 cts. per cu. yd.; 
of pebbles, $1.75 per cu. yd.; of broken stone, $2 per cu. yd. 



Fig. 4. 



-*- 



/*' 




Cross=section of Pile=and=slab Dike, 

ASHLAND HARBOR, 
WISCONSIN. 



The moulds cost $2.86 per block, and the blocks, including mate- 
rial and labor, each $30.32. The total cost of one block in the 
superstructure was from $35 to $37 ($10.63 to $11.24 per cu. yd.). 

The cost of concrete in place, including the cost of the platforms 
but deducting the value of the other plant, was $7.03 per cu. yd. 

Pile-and-slab Dike, Ashland, Wis. — A cheaper form of breakwater 

was built at this place, which 
has proved to be an eco- 
nomical type for use in shel- 
tered positions in a lumber 
country. In its latest form 
it was constructed as follows 
(see Fig. 4) : 

Three rows of piles 
were driven, 14' between 
centres. The piles of the 
two outside rows were 
spaced 4' apart between 
centres, and those of the 
middle row 8' between 
centres. The piles were 
driven vertically 14' into the 
bottom. They were sawed 
off 6^' above the water- 
surface, and had iheir tops 
slightly rounded. The piles 
of the outside rows were 
notched on the outside and 
inside faces to a thickness of 14", just above the water surface, to re- 
ceive on each side a waling-strip of 6" X 12" pine. The wales of each 
row were bolted together through each pile with 1" screw-bolts, with 
nuts and washers. The pieces of each wale were joined on the piles, 
with butt joints, so arranged that the joints of the outside wale should 
overlap those of the inside wale by the distance of at least two piles. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LAKE-HARBOR BREAKWATERS AND PIERS. 



11 



Wherever these butt joints came, each end was bolted to the pile. In 
that case the bolts were placed diagonally, and the nuts and washers 
were countersunk into the wale at the required angle. Cross-ties of 
6" X 12" pine were placed every 8', bearing on the piles of the three 
rows, and bolted to each pile with 1" screw-bolts. On the inner face 
of both of the outside rows, the space between the top of the wales 
and the bottom of the cross-ties was boxed with 3" plank, fastened 
to each pile with f" X 7" spikes, and the top course additionally with 
i" screw-bolts, riveted or clinched on the inside. The dike was 
divided into compartments, 60' long, by cross rows of round piles, 
driven close. 

The space within the rows of piles was filled with slabs of any 
width and length over 8'. The bottom courses and sides near the 
piling were of long and heavy material, placed longitudinally. The 
slab filling was brought even with the water and then built 4' higher 
along the sides. The remaining space was filled with rock, two-thirds 
in pieces of 1 cu. yd. each, and the remainder 1 cu. ft. The work 
was finished by a 12" walk of 3" plank, resting on and fastened to 
the cross-ties for the entire length. 

The cost of this work under the contract of October 14, 1892, 
was $24.90 per running foot. 

Brush-and-stone Dike. — A dike of brush fascines and stone, simi- 
lar in construction to those used in the Savannah and other rivers, 
has been used with success also at Ashland. This type is fully de- 
scribed under the River Regulation Works. 

Pile-and-stone Piers. — These vary in width according to the ex- 
posure of the site. They are made tight enough to prevent the pas- 
sage of sand through them. The pile pier at Kewaunee Harbor, Wis., 
is made as follows : Two rows of round piles are driven on the line 
of the pier, parallel and 18' apart between the lines of centres. The 
piles on the channel side of the pier are closely driven. Those of the 
opposite row are driven 3' apart between centres, and are reinforced 
by a double line of sheet-piling. The round piles must have a pene- 
tration of 12', and the sheet-piles of 6'. For accurate placing, the 



round piles are required to be squarely butted, and with tips pointed 
accurately in the axes of the piles, each by four flat faces, each 3' long. 
The sheet-piles are chisel-pointed at such an angle as may be re- 
quired to insure close driving. The driving is done by the Avater-jet 
aided by the hammer. The piles are cut off 6' above the low-water 
surface. They are brought to position and secured by oak caps, and 
wales fastened with screw-bolts, the lower lines of waling being close 
to the water surface. The two lines are prevented from spreading by 
iron tie-rods, placed 8' apart, at the water-level. 12" X 12" cross- 
ties are framed into the caps at intervals of 8'. Cross-walls of round 
piles are placed on lines 25' apart. After construction, the pier is 
filled with stone to the level of the lower side of the cross-ties, and 
the outer or lake side is protected with riprap of large stone to with- 
in 4' or 5' of the water surface. 

Estimate of Materials for 325' of Pier. 

360 round piles, 40' long. 
144 « " 35' » 

650 pine sheet-pile plank, 3" x 12" x 28'. 
260 pine deck-plank, 3" x 12" x 16'. 
41 pieces of white-pine timber, 12" x 12" x 18'. 



28 " " " " 6" x 


12" x 24' 


84 " white-oak timber, 6" x 12" 


x 24'. 


13 " " " 6" x 12" 


x 16'. 


13 " " " 10" x 12" 


x 16'. 


28 " " " 10" x 12" 


x 24'. 


Wrought-iron spikes, 7" x §", 900 lbs. 




9" x f", 600 lbs, 




Stone, 1200 cords. 




no screw-bolts, 43V' x if. 




no " 39V x if. 




54 " 32" x if. 




90 " 30" x If. 




90 " 26" X if. 




43 tie-rods, 21' x if. 




4 " 28' X if. 





The lowest bid, for 325' of extension to this pier, opened 
November 1, 1894, was $36.18 per running foot. 



78 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Other pile-ancl-stone piers on the Lakes are essentially the same 
in construction, differing mainly in width and in the arrangement and 
position of the sheet-piling. 

Lake Champlain Breakwaters as now Constructed. — These are of 
three classes : (1) rubble mounds with a coping of large stones backed 
by rubble ; (2) cribwork on a rubble foundation ; (3) cribwork, with 
coping of heavy stones, on rubble foundation. 

First Class. These are made by dumping rubble in blocks weigh- 
ing 200 lbs. and under, along the axis of the work until a mound is 
formed with natural side slopes, and having a top width of about 56" 
at the level of 6' below the surface of the water. After this mound 
has settled for three or four months it is built up the height of 8, 
above low water, with a top width of 10' and a side slope of 1 on 1 
on the harbor side and of 1 on 2 on the lake side, with large stones 
weighing from 1 to 5 tons, backed with the smaller stone. The large 
stones are set in part from a derrick-boat and in part from a derrick 
working on the completed portion. The outside slopes and the 
hearting are carried up together, so that a good backing is obtained 
for the large stones. In setting a large stone it is held suspended in 
position until a sufficient number of small stones have been run down 
behind it through a trough, and settled home by poles, and then thj 
line is slackened. No joints exceeding 3" in width are allowed 
between the outer stones, and these stones are so placed as to present 
a fairly even surface. This form of breakwater is not used in water 
more than 12' deep. 

Second Class. This is used in water more than 12' deep. The 
rubble foundation is placed directly on the bed of the lake, and a crib 
superstructure is placed on this. This superstructure is built in four 
different forms, viz.: (a) with both sides vertical to full height ; (b) 
with harbor side vertical and the lake side sloping 1 on 1 from 
about 4' below the water surface ; (c) with both sides sloping ; 
(d) with crib of full cross-section to about 4' above low water and 
with a cribwork parapet on the exposed side. The cribs are made 
with lighter lumber in the inner longitudinal walls, and these walls 



and the transverse inner walls are built in open courses and not. 
solid. 

Third Class. In deep water and exposed situations the crib work 
is stopped below the level of low water and a superstructure of stone* 
similar to the superstructure of class 2, is used, but with an inner 
slope of about 2 on 1, and an outer slope of 1 on 1. 

Cost. — The cost of this work is : Pine lumber, $29 to $30 per M ; 
hemlock, $23 to $25 per M ; drift-bolts, 4 to 6 cts. per lb., screw- 
bolts, 8 to 15 cts. per lb. ; rubble-stone, 68 to 90 cts. per cu. yd.; large 
stone, $1.75 to $2.90 per cu. yd. These prices give, for rubble foun- 
dations, 3 cts. per cu. ft.; for cribwork, filled, 6 to 8 cts. per cu. ft.; 
for stone superstructure, 7 to 10 cts. per cu. ft. 

Shore Protections and Revetments. — Sand-catches are described on 
p. 62 et seq. A plank-beam revetment was built along the north side of 
Pine River, Michigan, as follows : Two parallel rows of round piles 
were driven along the bank, 18" apart between the lines of centres. 
The piles in each row were 8' apart, between centres, and the piles 
of each row were placed opposite the middle of the intervals between 
the piles of the other. They were sawed off level at a uniform height 
of 6' above the water surface, and scored down on their inner faces to 
the water-level, to give a plane sliding-surface for the built beam. 
The penetration of the piles of the front row was required to be at 
least 10' below the bottom of the channel, and for the rear row as- 
great as could be obtained. The piles were required to fulfil the 
usual requirements as to material, shape, etc. Between the rows of 
plank a built beam was constructed in sections. Plank 8" wide and 
2" thick was laid in horizontal courses flat and evenly, one upon the 
other, the plank in each course breaking joints by lapping at least 3' 
over the plank in the course next below, and fastened through two 
courses and into the third with 40d cut nails, at the rate of one nail 
to two linear feet of plank, until the beam thus constructed rested on 
the natural bottom and was high enough to reach to the bottom of 
the cap, to be described later. At the end of each section the face 
was made vertical and opposite a pile. Another pile was then driven 






PLATE XII. 




■»- <a~--^-i_^w= si 71 ■-&?'^jfr-~;^f — _ ^3 



Tig. 7 Part ofBwJitigion trnd Pif/i/ai/iny 

ffig 2 Swan/ on 

Jig. 3 Pari ofBujJjng/on 

Irg. 4 RoitaesPr/int and Gordons finding. 

rig 5 Pari oiJIurUngtan. 

Fig. 6 Approved ' iarBuiiirtgion . Heccriimsnded 
ibrrepajrs toid wffit*ro/t ofPfathl/urg 
and consirttciioit. oA%'anion 



' «-~S3-— - £r— 5F=-Q— -ffir 



Kg. 5 



HARBOR SWF 



EXPOSED FRONT 



Kg. 6 




CROSS SECTIONS 

OF 

BREAKWATERS 

JN 

LAKE CHAMPLAIN.N.Y&VT. 



PLATE XIII. 



■ faSMl V ; 




TK b* 




>*^ 






MODELS OF BRUSH AND ROCK DAMS AND DIKES. IMPROVEMENT OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 



79 



opposite this joint, in the other row. A cap of timber one foot 
square in cross-section was then placed on the beam with its top 
even with the tops of the piles, resting on shoulders formed on the 
piles by cutting into the piles to a depth sufficient to cause the piles 
to have a close bearing on the top of the beam and on the cap when 
sprung in. On the river face of the work the piles were scored down 
enough to form a rabbet of 1-inch bearing for a 10." X 12" wale, 
which was placed along that face, opposite to the cap, secured by a 
1£" screw-bolt at each pile, which passed through the wale, pile, and 
cap, with the heads countersunk flush with the face of the wale. The 
pieces forming the wale were jointed on the piles with vertical scarf- 
joints, 2' long. The cap-timbers had butt-joints which were placed 
midway along an interval between a pile in the front and one in the 
rear row. The cap was secured to the rear row of piles by a screw- 
bolt at each pile. After the rsvetment was built it was carefully 
backed at the foot of all slopes with fascines of brush or with mill-edg- 
ings, carefully laid longitudinally behind the work and built up flush 
with the top and extending back on a level to the natural bank. 
Above water the plank of the beam had to be of white oak, white or 
hard pine, or rock elm. Below water any sound wood was allowed. 
The timber was of white or Norway pine, oak, or rock elm. 

The cost of this revetment in 1887 was $4.75 per running foot. 

A pile and sheet-pile revetment is described in the description of 
the abutment at Kampsville Dam, p. 98. In the improvement of 
Clinton River, Michigan, two kinds of sheet-pile revetment are used. 
In one, built in shallow water for the protection of the channel through 
shoal water, there is a single row of piles 8' centers, with framed cap 
5' above the water, and a 4" X 10" oak wale at the water surface, 
backed by a row of 3" X 12" sheet-piling, spiked fast with 7" 
wrought spikes. In the other, situated in water 4' to 10' deep, there 
are two rows of piles with caps, wales, and cross-ties, and a double 
row of sheet-piling along the channel face. Dredged material is to be 
placed back of this revetment, to protect it from moving ice. The 
contract price in 1892 for building 330' of the single and 890' of the 
double revetment was $5734.00. 



Bank revetments of piles are frequently made in the same man- 
ner as the pile piers before described. 

RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 

Upper Mississippi River Brush-and-rock Dam or Dike. — This is 
made of alternate layers of brush-mattresses and stone. The mat- 
tresses are made of brush fascines, tightly choked, 20' long and from 
12" to 15" in diameter. These fascines are closely packed together 
and secured by at least three pairs of pole-binders, connected through 
the mattress by rope or wire ties, not more than 2' apart. 

The mattresses are built directly over the site where they are 
to be placed, in continuous lengths equal to the length of dam, on 
scows, provided with inclined ways placed lengthwise of the scow. 
The mattress scow is placed between a large barge loaded with brush 
fascines, on the up-stream side and a similar barge loaded with stone, 
on the down-stream side, all held in position by lines attached to 
piles or to heavy anchors. The lower binding-poles are first laid on 
the ways, parallel to the axis of the dike, the fascines laid across them, 
and the upper binding-poles on the fascines over the lower set. All 
are then tightly bound together, the end of the mattress is secured, 
and the scow is pushed ahead from beneath the finished portion far 
enough to launch the finished work. After a sufficient length of mat- 
tress has been made, the floating end is sunk with stone from the 
stone barge, and the operations of mattress making and sinking are 
continued until the first course is complete. 

This course is covered with 6" of stone on the up-stream half 
and with 18" on the down-stream half. The second course of mat- 
tresses is then built over the first course, but 10' or 15' farther up- 
stream. This is then covered with stone. Additional layers are 
then similarly made and placed, except that each course after the 
second is laid 2' farther up-stream than the course next below. When 
the required height has been attained the top mattress is covered with 
V of stone near the edges and with 2' of stone near the middle. 

Brush-and-rock Shore Protection, Upper Mississippi River. — This 



80 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



consists of one layer of brush mattress at the foot of the slope of the 
bank, extending out into the river and up the slope as far as may be 
deemed necessary, covered with from 9" to 2' of stone. Above the 
mattress to the level of high water the bank is covered with stone 
only. Before the mattress is placed the slope is graded and all trees 
and stumps are removed. 

The prices for this work in 1892 varied with the locality, as fol- 
lows : riprap rock, delivered at work, from 50 cts. to 78 cts. per cu. 
yd.; riprap rock, laid in place, $1.37 to $1.40 per cu. yd.; brush and 
poles delivered at work, 28 cts. to 30^ cts. per cu. yd.; brush and 
poles in work, 47 cts. to 70 cts. per cu. yd. 

Pile Dam, Upper Mississippi River. — A foundation mattress 20' wide 
is first sunk in position. This mattress is similar to those described 
above. One row of piles, spaced 2 \' apart, is then driven along the 
axis of the dike, which is 2' down stream from the up-stream edge of 
the mattress. A curtain of horizontal brush fascines is then placed 
against the up-stream side of the row of piles, reaching from the top 
of the piles to the foundation mattress. Dredged material (gravel and 
sand) is then banked against the curtain to its full height, and fin- 
ished with an up-stream slope of 1 on \\. The lower portion of this 
slope is revetted with stone and the upper portion with a brush- 
fascine mattress, fastened down. Stone is banked against the down- 
stream face of the piles, to the full height and finished with a down- 
stream slope of 1 on 1. 

Permeable Dike or Dam, Upper Mississippi River. — A foundation 
mattress of the usual type, 12' wide, is first laid along the axis. Piles, 
spaced 2\\ are driven on the line of the axis, along the middle of 
the mattress. A waling-strip spiked to each pile is placed on the 
up-stream side. A brush-fascine mattress, similar to the foundation 
mattress, excepting that the pole binders are omitted excepting from 
the edge next to the piles, is then built along the up-stream side of 
the piles, of such a width that when sunk, with one edge fastened to 
the tops of the piles, and bent in against the piles by the force of the 
current, the up-stream edge shall be about 9' upstream from the 



base of the pile row. The fascines are made continuous for the 
width of the mattress. The mattress is placed by weighting the up- 
stream edge with stone. 

Works on Mississippi River between the Mouths of the Missouri 
and Ohio. — These works are designed for bank protection, and for 
bank construction by decreasing the velocity of the current. They 
are similar to the works on the Lower Mississippi River, but are of a 
lighter character. 

Permeable Dikes, or Hurdles. — The foundation mattress is a 
basketwork of brush, woven on poles continuously for the whole 
length of the hurdles, from 1000' to 3500'. The mattresses are from 
65' to 100' wide, and are woven on small scows fitted with ways, 
from which each section, or flat length, is launched as it is completed. 
The weaving-poles are made continuous by splicing them together, 
securing the joint with wire and spikes. The loose ends of the brush 
are fastened to the poles with nails. One cord of brush will make 
from 125 to 175 sq. ft. of these mattresses. To sink them, 1 cu. yd. 
of stone is required for every \\ cords of brush. 

Guide-piles are driven slightly in advance of the mattress, in 
groups of three, 10' to 12' apart, to protect the hurdle from drift and 
to afford an anchorage for the stone and brush barges. The tops of 
these piles are cut off 2\' above the level of high water. The groups 
are connected by a heavy stringer bolted to them about 5' below the 
top. About 25' below this line a second row of piles, spaced 6' apart, 
is driven through the mattress, and each alternate pile is strengthened 
by a brace-pile, driven about 8' back of it, inclined up-stream, and 
bolted to it at the level of the stringer of the upper row. A stringer 
connects the piles of this row also. The two rows of piles are con- 
nected by cross-braces, bolted to the two stringers and spaced usu- 
ally at every joint. All piles are driven large end down by the water- 
jet and hammer. The lower (braced) row of piles is then wattled 
with brush. In deep water a brush mattress is made between the 
rows of piles and beneath the cross-braces. The down-stream edge 
is attached to the top of the lower row of piles and the up-stream edge 




■ (o.N y 



MODELS OF SHORE PROTECTION, PILE DIKE, AND PLANT. 
Improvement of the Mississippi River between the mouths of Missouri and Ohio Rivers. 



i 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 



81 



weighted with stone. The mattress then falls as a curtain against 
the lower row of piles. In order not to bring too great a pressure 
against the wattled hurdle immediately after construction, before a fill 
has been secured behind it, the wattling is not usually carried up 
higher than about 6' above low water at first. 

The shore-protection mattress is made like the foundation mat- 
tress just described. Where the currents are strong it is strength- 
ened with wire rope. The bank is prepared, and it is sunk as in the 
upper river. From 1' to 2' of stone are placed on this mattress. 
The upper part of the bank is revetted with stone. 

Cost. — The cost of a completed hurdle has been from $9 to $16 
per linear foot. The cost of bank revetment was $6 per linear foot 
for mattresses 120' wide, and $4 per linear foot for grading and 
revetting the bank with stone. The prices for materials in 1892 
were : for cottonwood piles, 5£ to 6 cents per linear foot ; manilla 
rope, 11.14 cents per lb.; sisal rope, 7.74 cents per lb.; wire, 2.5 
cents per lb.; nails, 2.19 cents per lb.; spikes, 2.73 cents per lb.; 
screw-bolts, 2.3 cents per lb. 

Brush was obtained by hired labor and payment of royalty at a 
cost of $1.02 per cord. Stone was obtained from a leased quarry, 
the work being done by hired labor, at a cost of 65 cents per cu. yd. 
loaded on barges. 

Lower Mississippi River Work — Plum Point Improvement. — The 
Plum Point reach begins about 147 miles below Cairo and extends 
for 40 miles. The fluctuations of water-level in the reach are as high 
as 36.5'. The current velocities are at times 6' to 7' per second. 
The improvement of this reach presented all the difficulties of con- 
struction found along the river, and the works may therefore be con- 
sidered fairly typical for design and construction methods. They 
included bank protection and the construction of dams and dikes. 
The bank-protection work includes grading, the revetment of the dry 
bank and the revetment of the slope below the low-water level. The 
grading and dry-bank work may either precede or follow the river 
work. 



Grading. — This was done by one of two processes, according to 
the nature of the material in the bank. In one, a cut was made in 
the bank to the required grade. A movable sluice-box was placed in 
this cut extending from the top of the bank to the water, through 
which a stream of water was kept running by means of a pump on a 
boat, moored below. The material was then cast by shovels into 
the sluice-box and carried by the water into the river. The box was 
moved from time to time along the bank. 

In the other method hydraulic graders were used. These are 
barges fitted with powerful pumps and an iron boom-pipe to carry 
the discharge up the bank. Hose with nozzles varying from 1' to 
2" lead from the boom-pipe. Streams of water at high velocity are 
thrown against the bank. A face is formed and carried forward on 
the required slope, by undermining the material and washing it down 
the bank. To prevent the water from flowing back over the graded 
portion, the top of the face is kept slightly in advance. Care is taken 
to prevent gullying at the foot of the slope. The usual slope formed 
is about 1 on 4. 

Hydraulic Grader — One of the graders used on the work was 
fitted with two Davidson pumps, having 16" plungers, driven by two 
compound condensing-engines of 24" stroke and 18" and 34" 
cylinder diameters. Steam was supplied by a battery of three boilers, 
each 22' long and 44" in diameter, with five 10" flues. The suction- 
pipes were 14" in diameter. The discharge was through a boom- 
pipe, 60' long, having twelve openings fitted with 4" valves, to which 
the hose was attached. The maximum discharge from the two 
pumps was 2000 gallons per minute. 

The nozzles were \\", If", and 2". When in use the nozzles 
were bolted fast to a bar held by the nozzlemen. To the bar was 
attached a long stem, which for the small nozzles was inserted into a 
pointed pipe well driven into the ground and firmly anchored. The 
connections were so made that motion in any direction could be 
given to the nozzle. To hold the large nozzle, a heavy four-legged 
bench held by two anchors had to be used. The pressures used 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS 



were 110 to 115 lbs. at the pumps, and 80 to 90 lbs. at the nozzles. 
One nozzleman and two helpers were required for the large nozzles, 
and one nozzleman and one helper for the small nozzles. The crew 
on the grader comprised two engineers, two firemen, one linesman, 
and one helper. One grader can remove from 1 800 to 4000 cu. yds. 
of earth per day, at a cost of 2.98 cents per yard, including all operat- 
ing expenses. 

Bank Protection. — This may be either stone revetment for the 
dry bank and a mattress below, or it may be all mattress work. If 
of stone only, the dry work is called paving, and extends from the 
low-water line to about the level of the 18' stage. It consists of a 
thin layer of quarry spalls covered by a layer of stone which varies 
in thickness from 12" at the base of the slope to 6" at the top. The 
mattress protection below the low-water line will now be described. 

In this description the bank is supposed to have been graded. 
The mattress work in the river and on shore are to be carried along 
together. 

Mattress Construction. — An abutment is first prepared at the up- 
stream end of the portion of the bank to be revetted. It consists of 
two clumps of two piles each, at the low-water line and 15' apart, 
each braced back against a single pile farther up the bank. A line of 
piles spaced 100' apart is then driven along the low-water line for 
the entire length of the mattress. All of these piles must be high 
enough to allow for the fluctuations of level to be expected during 
construction, and their object is to keep the inner edge of the mattress 
always over the low-water line. All of these piles are removed later. 

When these are prepared, two mooring-barges are lashed end to 
end, and are brought alongside the bank above the abutment. Out- 
side the mooring-barges, and parallel to them, is placed a mattress- 
barge as close to the mooring-barge as the outriggers of the inclined 
ways will allow. This mattress-barge, for a 200' mattress, is 212' 
long, and has across it ways, inclined at a slope of 1 on 4, and pro- 
longed beyond the side by outriggers. To the outer gunwale of the 
mattress-barge is fastened a barge loaded with brush, and to each 



end a barge loaded with poles. After the head of the mattress has 
been made and secured, the fleet of boats arranged as described is 
dropped down opposite the abutment, and the up-stream end swung 
out until the mooring-barges are nearly at right angles to the bank, 
so that they shall swing to the full perpendicular as soon as the drag 
of the mattress becomes strong. The fleet is held in this position by 
six wire cables, attached at equal intervals to the mooring-barges, and 
anchored to trees or stumps along the bank above. The outside 
cable is l£", the next 1£", and the remaining three 1", flexible wire 
rope. These headlines must be kept carefully adjusted so that the 
mooring-barge shall remain in exact position, otherwise the inner end 
of the mattress may swing out of place. 

Five wire cables, two of 1^", two of 1", and one of f " diameter, 
are temporarily secured to the mooring barges on the up-stream side, 
at equal intervals, opposite the head of the proposed mattress, the 
heavier cables on the outside. The ends of these cables are passed 
under the mooring-barges and are attached to the head of the mat- 
tress by straps of 2" manilla rope, fastened by a pin-shackle. These 
cables are to form the head-lines of the mattress. They are carried to 
the bank, up-stream, and secured as soon as the head of the mattress 
has been launched. They are cast loose from the mattress after it 
has been sunk in place and are recovered. 

To build the head of the mattress, two lines of heavy poles are 
placed on the ways, over the up-stream gunwale of the mattress-boat. 
These are strongly spiked and wired together and are made as long 
as the mattress is to be wide. Weaving-poles 25' to 30' long are 
nailed by their butts at intervals of 8' to the head poles, and at right 
angles to them. Each of these weaving-poles lies parallel to and over 
one of the ways. A top line of head-poles is then spiked on over the 
butts of the weaving-poles. Light wire rope is fastened to the head- 
pole, under each third weaving-pole, and is run under the mattress, 
stapled to the weaving-poles at intervals, to increase the tensile 
strength of the mattress and to hold the brush in case the poles 
should break. Brush at least 25' long, of live straight willow, is now 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RJl^ER REGULATION WORKS. 



83 



woven in strips 5' wide, over and under the weaving-poles, the brush 
ends being left on top and the tops and butts alternating in direction. 
When the first set of weaving-poles has been covered, the head of the 
mattress is pushed to the end of the ways, and secured to the gun- 
wale of the mooring-barges by 18 slip-lines, or slings, which are to 
be gradually paid out when the mattress is sunk. The weaving is 
continued and the mattress-barge is dropped back from the mooring- 
barges as fast as the ways are covered, thus launching the mattress in 
successive shifts. The mattress-barge is held and manoeuvred by 
lines from the mooring-barges. The top grillage is placed as soon as 
three shifts of mattress have been launched. This grillage consists of 
longitudinal poles over the weaving-poles, and transverse poles, 8' 
apart for the first 100' and 16' apart for the remainder of the mat- 
tress. The inner line of poles is of hard wood, and they are spaced 
8' apart for the entire length of the mattress. All of the poles are 
strongly wired together with No. 10 wire. This grillage strengthens 
the mattress and forms a crib to hold the stone. The floating por- 
tion of the mattress is attached to the mattress-barge by lines which 
are shifted as the mattress is launched. When about 600' of the 
mattress is completed, and floating between the mooring-barges and 
the mattress-barge, it is ballasted with stone, deposited from barrows 
on runways, from a stone barge on the outside edge. Sufficient bal- 
last is placed on to sink the mattress until only the poles show above 
the water. Before the ballast is placed and during construction five 
wire cables, two of f", two of £", and one of f" diameter, are run 
over the top of the mattress in continuation of the mattress head- 
lines, and are hauled taut and fastened to the mattress at intervals of 
16'. They are run from reels on the mattress-barge, and are made 
continuous for the length of the mattress. 

When the entire length of the mattress has been made it is sunk 
gradually, from the head down. Stone is thrown on the head and 
the head-slings are paid out until a stone barge can be floated over 
the head of the mattress. This is moved gradually shoreward, and a 
second stone barge is brought over and lashed end to end to the first, 



extending across the width of the mattress. The two barges are then 
dropped down-stream, placing stone on the mattress and sinking it as 
they go. The stone-boats are manoeuvred by lines from the mooring- 
barges and from the shore, and by a towboat at the outside edge. 
The operation must be managed with extreme care to avoid breaking 
the mattress. 

To weave a mattress 200' wide, three gangs of 18 men each are- 
required, each under a master laborer and all under a foreman. 
Each gang works on about one third of the mattress, and is divided 
as follows : 5 brush-passers ; 1 2 men weaving ; 1 man packing the 
woven brush with a maul. 

When used, the shore mattress is woven along with the river 
mattress. It is made by a gang of 30 to 40 men, under one foreman 
and one master laborer. The water-space to be spanned by this 
mattress may vary from 0' to 60', according to the stage of water. A 
small flat is used where the depth of water inside the line of piles 
along the low-water line requires or admits it. The hardwood 
transverse binders of the river mattress are prolonged until they 
reach up the slope of the bank for about 40', first by a hardwood 
pole and then by Cottonwood poles, all spliced and wired together. 
These are strengthened by a light wire cable alongside, fastened to 
the mattress at one end and to the ends of the poles on the slope. 
These cables also prevent the river mattress from slipping out while 
being sunk. Upon these transverse poles, and to the top of the slope, 
are laid, longitudinally, willow or cottonwood poles, 8' apart, the first 
set 4' from the edge of the river mattress. Thus a grillage with 8' 
squares is formed. The two sets of poles are wired together at their 
intersections. The corners are further marked on the bank by stakes, 
driven into the ground on the lower side of the longitudinal poles. 
Lashings of wire are fastened to the tops of the stakes and around the 
poles. Upon this grillage and to the top of the slope is placed a layer 
of brush, laid diagonally, with the butts all toward the top, breaking 
joints, excepting along the top of the slope, where the butts are kept 
in line and form a crest. In the first layer of brush, at the edge of 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



the river mattress the butts all abut against that mattress. A second 
layer of brush is then similarly placed, slanting in an opposite direc- 
tion, with the butts to the top. The brush of the two layers should 
be at right angles to each other. Longitudinal poles are now placed 
over the poles of the lower grillage, and on these, transverse poles, 
8' apart, where there are bottom poles (i.e., for 40' up the slope), and 
above this, poles 16' apart. These are all firmly tied together. As 
fast as the mattress is finished, transverse cables made of 8 strands 
of No. 10 wire are run across the entire width of the mattress every 
16', and are carried to the top of the bank, hauled taut, and made fast 
These cables are lashed to the mattress every 16'. 

Dikes. — These are made of two or more rows of piles at right 
angles to the current and bank. The piles in each row and the rows 
themselves are strongly braced and tied together by a system of hori- 
zontal braces of timber at right angles to each other, assisted by hori- 
zontal ties of wire cable, running diagonally through the dike, all near 
the tops of the piles. In cases where great increase of depth with 
strong currents is expected during floods, this bracing is duplicated 
at a lower level. An inclined tie of wire cable runs from the base of 
each pile of the forward rows to the top of the pile of the same bent 
of the first or second row to the rear. Where necessary to decrease 
the permeability of the dike, one of the rows of piles has a curtain of 
brush placed against its face. The base of the dike is protected 
against scour by a foot mattress, and the bank at the shore end is 
revetted and protected in the usual manner for a length of 500', be- 
ginning at a point 150' above the upper line of the dike. To facili- 
tate construction, anchorage-piles are driven above the line of the 
dike. The great strength given to the dike is necessary to prevent 
its destruction by drift timber, which gathers in enormous masses, at 
times to the depth of 12', against its up-stream face. 

Pile Dike Construction Methods. — The positions of all of the 
lines of piles arc carefully marked by ranges. Anchor-piles, spaced 
50' apart, are then driven 150' above the front line of the dike. In 
water less than 10' deep each bent is a single pile. In depths be- 



tween 10' and 20' there are two piles per bent, the up-stream pile 
being 20' above the anchorage-line. When the water is more than 
20' deep, each bent contains two piles on the line and one, 25' up- 
stream. The piles of each bent are braced together and tied by 
cables made of eight strands of No. 10 wire. These cables are at- 
tached to the up and down stream piles before driving, 20' from the 
bottom of the pile. After the piles are in position the cable from 
each pile is carried to the other, up and down stream, hauled taut 
and made fast at the intersection of the brace and pile. To the 
down-stream piles a second cable is attached, also 20' from the bottom 
of each pile. These cables are to be used for the foot-mattress head- 
lines, as described below. The penetration of all of the piles into the 
bottom is 20'. 

As soon as a sufnY^nt length of the anchorage has been pre- 
pared, the construction of the foot mattress is begun, the bank protec- 
tion having been completed earlier. This mattress is usually 200' X 
200' square. It is constructed in a manner similar to the work on 
the river mattress, previously described, excepting that no hardwood 
poles are used. The mooring barges are held by manilla lines from 
the anchor-piles. The wire-rope cables from the anchor-piles are 
carried under the mooring barges and made fast to the head of the 
mattress. As many 200' sections are made as may be necessary for 
the length of the dike. Each section must overlap the section next 
inshore by 5', at least. 

The foot mattress having been placed for a convenient length, 
the dike proper may now be started. The piles are of cypress, long 
enough to allow for a penetration of 20' and to have their tops 33' 
above the assumed plane of low water. The pile butts are cut to a 
chisel point, and the piles are driven butts down. The driving is 
done by the hammer and water-jet combined, the hammer being used 
first to drive the piles through the foot mattress. One jet-pipe is 
used with each pile. It is fastened to the pile so that its nozzle shall 
be a few inches above the base of the pile. It is held fast to the pile 
by a toggle and six inches of chain, which is lightly spiked to the pile 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 



85 



5' above the nozzle. The upper end of the jet-pipe is lashed fast to 
the pile by a few strands of rope. A line is attached to the pipe to 
draw it free after the pile is in place. Before the pile is driven, the 
wire cable tie is looped around it 20' from the base and spiked fast. 

The number of rows of piles in the dike varies with the depth of 
water. When the depth at ordinary high water is less than 20', three 
rows of one pile each per bent will suffice. For depths between 20' 
and 40' there are two piles per bent in the front row and one each 
in the second, third, and fourth. For depths greater than 40' there 
are three piles per bent in the front row and one each in the second, 
third, fourth, and fifth. The piles of each rear row are 2£' shorter 
than those of the row immediately in front. The distance between 
the rows is 25'. The interval between the bents is 7£'. The piles 
of each row are driven row by row, beginning with the front row. 
No wire-cable ties are attached to the piles of the clown-stream row. 
A waling-strip or " rider " connects the piles of each row together. 
It is made of logs 55' long, spliced together, with a lap of 15'. It is 
lashed firmly to the piles of each bent by wire cable, drawn taut by 
a winch and spiked fast. As soon as possible the piles of each bent 
are braced by logs, 30' to 35' long, resting on top of the riders, butts 
up-stream, and projecting not more than one foot above the up-stream 
row. The braces are also lashed fast with wire cable. These braces 
should always lie in the direction of the current, and should be placed 
as soon as possible, to assist the up-stream piles against the pressure 
of the drift. When necessary a second system of bracing is placed, at 
the level of 15' above low water. The final operation is to adjust 
the foot cables or ties. These are carried down-stream and lashed to 
the proper piles at the intersection of the pile and rider. 

In water less than 20' deep, with a soft or sandy bottom, 10 to 
12 piles per day per driver is considered a fair day's work. Deep 
water, strong currents, and hard bottom may reduce this number to 3 
piles per day. (For further details see Rep. C. of E. 1891, pp. 3601 
to 3610.) 

During 1893 the cost of work on this reach, not including inter- 



est on cost of plant nor office expenses, was : river mattress, $4,276 
per square of 100' X 100'; connecting mattresses, $8.17 per square ; 
pocket mattresses (odd sizes to fill holes), $5.90 per square ; grading, 
3.8 cents per sq. yd.; paving, 91 cents per sq. yd. Stone cost $1.46 
per cu. yd., brush 95 cents per cord, willow poles $1.50 per cord. 
The following materials were used : 

Per square of river mattress : 

Brush, cords, .948 Wire, lbs., 8.07 Cable clamps, No. .114 

Poles, cords, .111 Wire strand, lbs., 2.9 Staples, lbs., .048 

Stone, cu. yds., .647 Spikes, lbs., .4 Piling, No., .0092 



Per sq. yd. paving : 
Stone, cu. yds., .385 

Per square of connecting mattress : 



Spalls, cu. yds., 



•113 



Brush, cords, 1.117 Wire, lbs., 6.716 Cable clamps, No., .0078 

Poles, cords, .136 Wire strand, lbs., 2.024 Staples, lbs., .0012 

Stone, cu. yds., 2.228 Spikes, lbs., .24 

Spur Dikes, New Orleans Harbor. — Systems of spur dikes are 
used here and at other points along the river for shore protection 
instead of the continuous revetment, or in sharp bends, in connection 
with them. Where there is no existing revetment a foundation mat- 
tress is first laid, similar to the river mattress described, except that 
sawed lumber is used in the place of poles in the lower frame and 
the thickness is about 2'. Similar mattresses of diminishing width 
are placed on this. These upper mattresses are made two or three 
times thicker, and the willow poles are so arranged as to form pockets 
for the rock. These top mattresses or cribs are so designed that the 
top of the completed dike has a width of about 16' and a slope in the 
direction of the length of the dike of about 1 on 3. The width of the 
successive cribs is made such that the side slopes of the completed 
dike shall be 1 on 2. The outer end of the dike is in deep water. 
The inner end, where it will not interfere with navigation, is carried 



86 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC IVOKKS. 



up to the low-water line and connected with the high land of the 
bank, or with the levee, by a spur levee of earth, paved with rock. 

Levees — Construction. — The ground to be occupied by the base of 
the levee is first cleared of all material detrimental to the work, such 
as vegetable matter, logs, roots, etc. It is then thoroughly broken 
with a spade or a plough. Where required, a base ditch, 4' wide on 
top, 2' wide on the bottom, and 3' deep is dug, parallel to the axis of 
the levee and near its middle line. All logs, roots, etc., found in the 
digging are to be removed. The ditch is thoroughly cleaned and re- 
filled with clean earth and tamped. The embankment is then built 
of clean earth, taken from the river side of the levee. When the 
height of the levee does not exceed 10', the edge of the borrow-pit 
must be at least 20' from the base of the levee. When the height of 
the levee exceeds 10', the edge of the borrow-pit must be at a dis- 
tance at least equal to twice the height of the levee. The side of the 
borrow-pit next to the levee must not have a slope steeper than 1 on 2. 

To allow for shrinkage or settlement, the levees are built to a 
gross height which exceeds the net height by one eighth of the net 
height, when the levee is built up with teams and scrapers and all 
parts are thoroughly compacted ; when the levee is otherwise con- 
structed the gross height is to exceed the net height by one fifth the 
net height. The top width of the levee is generally 8'. The slope 
on the river side is 1 on 3, and on the land side from 1 on 2J to 1 
on 4, or even 6. The finished embankment is sodded with Bermuda 
grass, placed in tufts 4" square, spaced 2' apart. 

All trees are felled for a distance of 20' on each side of the levee, 
and entirely removed. Where required, 6" tile-drains are laid at or 
near the foot of the land slope of the levee, with branch drains lead- 
ing away. 

The prices on the lower Mississippi for this work in 1892-93 
were : 

For embankment 14 cents to 30^ cents per cu. yd. 

For filled excavation 10 " " 27^ " " " 

For tile-drains 20 " " 50 " " linear yard. 



Hudson River Dikes. — These are similar in construction to the 
Canarsie Bay dike already described. They are being constructed 
under a continuous contract. 

Delaware River Dikes. — These are of two types : one is similar to 
the Canarsie Bay dike, the other is made up of one or more layers 
of brush mattresses covered with stone. The brush mattresses are 
similar in construction to those to be described for the upper Cape 
Fear Biver, except that poles are used for binders instead of fascines. 

The prices paid for pile and stone dikes on the Delaware Biver 
in 1891 were as follows : 

For Delaware pine piles, 14 cts. per lin. ft.; Georgia and Florida 
pine lumber, $35 per M ; white-oak lumber, $36 per M ; stone filling, 
$1.33 per cu. yd. 

The prices paid for brush-and-stone dikes in 1888 were as fol- 
lows : for brush mattresses, $1.55 per cu. yd.; stone, $1.45 per 
cu. yd. 

Schuylkill River Dike. (Fig. 5.) — Pile-and-earth dikes were used 
in this river, constructed as follows : Two parallel rows of piles were 
driven 20' apart. The piles of the outer row are 12" square, 44' long 
when cut off in the work, and tongued and grooved by 3" X 4" strips, 
securely fastened to the piles by 7" spikes at intervals of 3£'. The 
butts of the piles were sawed square and chamfered so as to drive 
closely. The piles of the inner row are round, and not less than 12" 
in diameter at the butt. The bark was removed from the portion of 
the pile above water. The piles were of hemlock, spruce, or pine, and 
were cut off at a height of 8' above mean low water. The depth of 
water was 24'. The dike is exposed in winter to ice. Each row of 
piles is strengthened by two rows of outer and inner waling-strips, in 
pieces not less than 20' long, spliced together against the piles. A 
continuous angle-block is placed below each wale on the outside of 
the outer row. The wales and angle-blocks are of Georgia or Florida 
pine. The two rows of piles are tied together by iron tie-rods, with 
screws, nuts, and washers, through the upper and lower wales, at in- 
tervals of 10'. The upper ties are 1£" and the lower 14/' in diameter.. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 



87 



The outer wall of the dike is carried across the outer end of the dike 
to the rear row of piles. The rear wall is lined for a distance of 

Fig. 5. 



=5 
m 



o i u ; 



•3 



■*&■ 



3 l 



U S3 D i o (!> tri-rr 



Plait of 



■Kr 



Pila DikE 



I 






I iH | H ti jtf H] fo H H H|H H H Jh H H H JH H H H~H H H* 

^-« l^i ' v 'JH ^ ^ — -* 



20' 




MHW. 



ML.W. 



50' from the outer end with 3" plank sheet-piling, 24' long, spiked to 
the upper and lower inside wales. The space between the piles is 
filled with dredged material. The prices paid for this work in 1892 



were as follows: for the dike, $15.87 per lin. ft.; for earth filling, 10 
cts. per cu. yd. 

James River Dikes and Training-walls. — (Fig. 6.) The spur-dikes 
are built at right angles to the currents, flood and ebb, and when the 
results attained show that they are of the proper length their ends are 
joined by training-walls. A row of round piles, not less than 8" in 
diameter at the small end, is first driven, spaced 8' from centre to 
centre. 6" X 8" white-oak wales are bolted to these, one at mean high 
and one at mean low water mark. A line of 3" sheet-piling is driven 
in front of this row. A second row of piles is driven 10' behind the 
first, spaced 16' apart. The two rows are tied together with 6" X 8" 
white-oak struts bolted to the front and rear piles. The struts in- 
cline down-stream from the high to the low water mark. A cluster 
of three white-oak piles, not less than 35' long, is driven at the outer 
end of the dike. These are bolted together and the tops bound with 
chain. The ends of these piles are left as high as possible, as a mark 
for passing vessels. Their tops are cut off square and capped with 
sheet zinc. The sheet-piles are spiked to both wales, and the tops of 
the sheet and supporting piles are capped with 3" pine plank. Brush, 
bound in bundles with No. 12 galvanized wire, is placed on the bottom 
for 10' up-stream from the sheet-piling, to a thickness of 3', and is 
aLo at times extended for 15' outside the end of the dike. This is 
loaded with stone and gravel, to the amount of two tons per running 
foot, and on this dredged materials are placed to the level of ordinary 
high tide. 

The training-walls are made of two rows of piles, 6' apart, 
driven at intervals of 8' and cut off 2' above mean high water. A 
layer of small trees, having length sufficient to project 15' beyond 
the face of the dike and 9' to the rear, is placed on the bottom, 
across the dike, between the piles, brush ends out, to the thick- 
ness of 3'. This is loaded, 2 tons per running foot, with stone 
and gravel. Brush is then packed between the rows, parallel to 
the axis of the dike and to the level of the tops of the piles. This 
is fastened down and to the piles with wire. After it has become 



88 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



compacted, it is loaded, particularly on the outer face, with stone 
and gravel. 

The prices paid for this work in 1890 were : for pile dike, $2.49 
per running foot ; for training-walls, $1.79 per running foot. 



right angles to these, similar fascines 18' long are laid at intervals of 
4', and the grillage thus formed is bound together at the intersections 
with wire. On this is laid a layer of loose brush parallel to the axis, 
a second at right angles, and a third parallel, of such a thickness as to 




Fig. 6. 



James River Dike. 




Section on A-A. 



Plan. 



Upper Cape Fear River Spur-dikes. — These are brush-mattress 
dikes covered with stone. To make the mattress, two longitudinal 
binders of brush fascines, choked to a diameter of 8", are laid 13' 
apart, parallel to the axis of the jetty and equidistant from it. At 



give 30", when loaded with stone. On the loose brush two fascine- 
binders are placed directly over the bottom binders and the mattress 
is compressed by ties every 4', around the two sets. Between these 
binders two more fascines, choked to 10" or 12", are placed, 7' apart, 



W A R DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: RIVER REGULATION WORKS. 



89 



parallel to the axis and equidistant from it. Between these is piled 
the superstructure of stone, completing the work. These spurs were 
built in water averaging 2' deep to the height of 2' above low water. 
The spurs cost $2.07 per lineal foot, and contained .35 cord of brush 
and .86 ton of stone per lineal foot. Stone cost $1.30 per ton of 
2240 lbs. on the river-bank at Fayetteville. The cost of loading it on 
the scows was 16 cts. per ton. All brush was cut from the river-bank 
in the vicinity of the jetties. The work was done by hired labor with 
a Government plant. 

Savannah River Dikes. 
— The dikes on the upper Fig. 7. 

Savannah River are similar 
to the brush-mattress dikes 
of the upper Mississippi, 
though a number have been 
built similar to those on the 
James River. The prices 
paid for work there in 1893 
were $1.74 per cu. yd. for 
stone in place in the dike, 
and $0.74 per cu. yd. for 
brush mattress in place. 

A dike used on the 
Pacific Coast consists of a 
row of piles driven at in- 
tervals of 6', well wattled with brush. The wattling was done with 
brush at least 20' long, interwoven between the piles and driven 
to the bottom with mauls. The joints in the wattling overlap, and 
the pieces are firmly joined with wire. The wattling extends from 
the bottom to a height of 6' above low water. To hold the brush 
down while new, stones were suspended from the top at intervals of 
12', by wire. 

The prices for this work were : Piles, 11 cts. per foot ; wattling, 
5 cts. per sq. ft. 




Riprap Dikes. — These are made with small stones in the core 
and larger stones on the slopes and crest. At Eight-mile Bar, on the 
Ohio River, piles were first driven at intervals of about 40' to mark 
the lines of the dikes. The cores were made of stones weighing from 
50 to 100 lbs. each. The surfaces for V depth were covered with 
blocks which weighed from 200 to 400 lbs. each. The tops of the 
dikes were 5' wide, and were 4' above the low-water level. The 
up-stream slopes were 1 on 1 and the down-stream slopes 1 on 3. 
In the Tennessee River, to resist better the impact of floating ice 

and drift, some of the dikes 
were in shoal water, of 
coursed rubble, laid by 
hand, in courses inclined 
down-stream from the bot- 
tom to the surface. (Fig. 7.) 
Crib Dikes. — These 
are also used. The cribs; 
are made of square timbers. 



zmm 



driftbolted together. In 
some cases the timbers of 
the cross-walls are dove- 
tailed into the longitudinals, 
in others they are halved in r 
and in others simply laid 
on in alternate courses. 
Coffer-dams. — The ordinary types of coffer-dams are too well 
known to require description. On soft bottom they usually consist 
of two rows of piles, lined or faced with sheet -piling, spiked to the 
wales of the piles. The rows are tied and braced across the interior 
of the dam. The thickness of the dam and the intervals between 
the piles must depend on the head of water and the strength of the 
current, as well as on the nature of the material with which the dam 
is filled. 

Pile Coffer-dam, Davis Island. — The coffer-dam used in 1881 in 



90 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



the construction of the navigable pass of the Davis Island Dam, in the 
Ohio River near Pittsburg, was of this type. It was 12' high and 12' 
thick and 1457' long, and contained 7774 cu. yds. of filling. The 
filling material was a fine sand and loam in such proportions as to 
make an excellent puddle. The method adopted for placing it in the 
dam is one which merits a wider use. 

The filling material was taken from a borrow-pit on Davis 
Island, mixed with water, and pumped through 900' of iron pipe to 
the end of the dam. Wooden troughs conducted it from the point of 
discharge to the part of the dam where it was to be placed. The 
puddle always settled from the water within 15' of the point where it 
was released from the trough. It was deposited in a hard, water- 
tight mass, which under the water-packing completely filled all parts 
of the dam. Although the dam was so long, and rested upon the 
gravel and shingle of the river-bed, it proved to be very tight, and the 
seepage-water was easily taken care of by two centrifugal pumps. 

The pump-pit was alongside the borrow-pit and was connected 
with the river by a sluice. The puddle material was brought to the 
edge of the pump-pit by scrapers and thrown into it by shovels. It 
was there thoroughly agitated with the water, the level of the liquid 
being kept above the mouth of the pump suction-pipe. The process 
proved a success, even with the crude appliances then available for 
sand pumping. 

Coffer-dam on Rock Bottom. — In the improvement of Rock Island 
Rapids, on the Mississippi River, it became necessary to devise a cheap 
form of coffer-clam which could be used in the strong currents found 
there. The bottom is nearly bare rock, and the depth of water 
varied from 3' to 10'. A breakwater was first made 10' above the 
site for the dam and a little longer than the up-stream face, by sink- 
ing timber cribs filled with stone at intervals of 16', joining the cribs 
with strong timbers and closing the openings between the cribs with 
plank, inclined up-stream at an angle of 45 degrees, with one end 
resting on the bottom and the other on the connecting timbers and 
spiked to them. 



Under the cover afforded by this breakwater a dam was built, 
formed of a wall of puddle 8' to 10' thick, according to the depth of 
water, between two lines of sheet-piles, stiffened with two, or in deep 
water three, wales on each side, outside the sheet-piles, and with 
heavier upright planks outside the wales at intervals of 10'. Tie-rods 
connected together the uprights and wales at each intersection, with 
additional tie-rods through each tier of wales at the middle of each 
panel. This framing was placed from a small flat, aided by light 
rafts on each side of the dam. The method of placing was as follows : 

A corner frame was sunk, having attached to it at the proper 
height from the bottom a panel length of one pair of wales for each 
of the adjacent sides. The outer ends of these wales were kept at the 
surface by the rafts. To each outer end the upright or " sinking- 
plank" was attached at a point which would bring the wales hori- 
zontal when in place, also the end of the wale of the next panel, the 
wales and sinking-planks of each section of the dam being held to- 
gether by the tie-rod. The sinking-planks were then forced down 
into position and the top wales bolted on by their tie-rods, and so on. 
The sheet-piles were sharpened to a fine chisel edge, and driven down 
until they fitted close to all the irregularities in the rock. The filling 
material was fine gravel and loam. 

Kanawha River Coffer-dams. — These are also on a hard bottom, 
and have proved a cheap and satisfactory type of dam and one which 
is not subject to severe injury from ice or floods. This type is made 
of cribs of round logs, sunk in juxtaposition, filled with heavy dredged 
material of a kind not liable to wash, sheathed with plank, and banked 
around the outer face of the dam with puddle covered and protected 
by dredged material and stone. The cribs are placed in a trench, 
previously dredged on the proper line to the hard-pan or rock. In 
Dam No. 7 the cribs for the lock coffer-dam were 15' wide, 21' long, 
and 19' high, the top of the coffer-dam having been about 11' above 
the low-water level. 

Timber-and-canvas Coffer-dam, Des Moines Rapids Canal, Missis- 
sippi River. — This form of coffer-dam was used in the fall of 1893 



PLATE XV. 



Tiep. Trans A.5.CE. 

Vol. xxxi N? 707. 



Jvza/t, OXwdOwv: 



si $. 5).on.n.e»H«e. 

Canvas and Plank Bulkhead, 
aX ho***** h^cn. 




WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: COFFER-DAMS. 



91 



to close the lower end of the lower lock of the Des Moines Rapids 
Canal. The dam was placed about 40' below the lower mitre-sill, 
where there was a smooth rock bottom. The ends of the dam 
abutted against the flaring masonry walls of the lock approach. The 
dam was 96' long and 15' high. The framework consisted of thir- 
teen triangular bents parallel (except the end bents, which were 
slightly flared out) and spaced about 8' apart, connected by 9 longi- 
tudinal timbers, equally spaced along the longer inclined side of the 
bents, which had a slope when in place of one on one and one half. 
The entire structure might be likened to a roof, of which the connect- 
ing pieces were purlins and the longer inclined timbers on which they 
rested, rafters. The rafters and the sills, or bottom pieces of the bents, 
were of 12" X 12" timber. Five inclined struts of 8" X 12" timber, 
parallel to each other, transferred the pressure from the rafter to the 
horizontal sill. The timbers were cut as little as possible, so that they 
could be used for other work later. The struts were held in place by 
plank spiked on. The rafters and sills were each 24' long. The end 
strut was placed between the outer ends of the rafter and sill. The 
purlins were bolted to each rafter at each intersection, by a f" screw- 
bolt. At the toe of each bent a key of oak wood was placed, to pre- 
vent the rafter from slipping on the sill, and the rafter and sill were 
fastened together by an inch screw-bolt. The structure was braced 
diagonally lightly, so that it should not be distorted in moving, but so 
that the individual bents might settle solidly in place on the uneven 
rock bottom. The bents were framed and set up in the United States 
dry dock, 2£ miles away, and the entire frame was towed to place, 
suspended between barges. The frame was sunk in position by 
placing on it between the purlins, one at a time, 60,000 lbs. of old 
rails. The sinking was kept uniform throughout. The purlins were 
then sheathed with 3" plank, 16' long, set accurately in juxtaposi- 
tion, and against the bottom, by a diver, and spiked through the ends 
to the corresponding purlins. The lower spikes were driven by set- 
ting them lightly before the plank was placed, and then driving them 
home by an iron rod worked through a f" pipe, from a barge moved 



below the dam. A second tier of plank 8' long was then placed. The 
" roof" was then covered with a sheet of 12-oz. duck, 26' wide, and 
4' longer than the dam. £" chain was sewn continuously along the 
lower edge, as a sinker. The sheet was spread out under water by 
a diver. The edges extended out over the bottom and up the side of 
the wing walls. On the wing walls and the upper edge of the dam it 
was fastened by light cleats, nailed on. The diver saw that the 
sheathing-planks made a close fit along the bottom. Where irregu- 
larities in the rock prevented this, short pieces of boards with the 
lower end bevelled were nailed to the sheathing-plank and extended 
down to the rock. The dam proved very tight. The greatest head 
of water against it was 12', but the engineer in charge thinks that it 
would have stood 25' just as well. He also thinks that the tightness 
was assisted by the small quantity of mud held in suspension in the 
water, and that for clear water it would be advisable to coat the canvas 
with oil or other suitable material. For further particulars concern- 
ing this dam and the use of canvas for similar work, see " The Use of 
Canvas in Water-tight Bulkheads," by M. Meigs, vol. xxxi., Trans. 
Am. Soc. C. E., from which the above description was compiled. 

Stock-ramming for Tightening Coffer-dams. — Where soft spots are 
found in the puddle of a coffer-dam, the dam can be tightened by this 
process. Stock-ramming as employed for tightening the coffer-dam 
of the St. Mary's Falls Canal lock is described as follows : 

The plant used was (1) a 3" pipe in short sections, coupled 
together, long enough to reach completely through the coffer-dam ; (2) 
a rammer, which was a rod 2£" in diameter, enlarged for 3' from its 
lower end to 2|" diameter, and long enough to extend through the 
pipe; (3) an ordinary pile-driver with a 1900-lb. hammer; (4) clay- 
cutters, hollow cylinders, 3" high and a little less than 3" in interior 
diameter, with handles, made from shovels, by cutting the blade to a 
proper length and then rolling it to the required size. The material 
used was clay in cylinders 1' high and a little less than 3" in diam- 
eter, punched from tempered clay with the cutters. 

The pipe was first forced down to the bottom of the dam, and 



92 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



about £ of a cubic yard of clay driven down and rammed. It was 
then raised 10' and the operation repeated, and so for a third time, 
when the surface was reached, making about 1 cu. yd. of clay to each 
hole. The apparatus was then moved about 5' and the operation 
repeated, and so on until the dam was tight. The operation is said 
not to lift or crack the puddle, nor to strain the cribs to an apprecia- 
ble extent. For further details and plates showing the apparatus in 
use, see the Rep. C. of E. 1892, pt. 3, p. 2405, and Plates 110 
and 111. 

LOCKS AND DAMS. 

These necessarily vary markedly, according to the conditions in 
each case. A few typical works will be described to show the 
general character of this important class of public works. 

Great Kanawha River Lock and Movable Dam No. 7. — This is one 
of a system designed to leave a clear river during flood stages, and to 
afford slack-water navigation, with a depth of 6', during the low 
stages. The stone used in the work is selected Kanawha sandstone, 
quarried near the site. This stone has a crushing strength of 15,000 
lbs. per sq. inch on bed and of 11,000 lbs. on edge, when crushed in 
2" cubes. The river-bottom consists of shingle and sand in thin 
layers over hard-pan and rock. 

The lock is 411' long from out to out of the masonry, and 342' 
long between quoins. The width of the lock-chamber is 55'. It is 
filled and emptied through valves in the gates. The dam is a mov- 
able dam of the Chanoine type. The navigation pass is 248' long, the 
weir 310' long. A masonry pier separates the pass and weir, and 
the dam lies between the river wall of the lock and a stone abutment 
on the opposite bank. The dam is provided with a trestle service- 
bridge of the usual pattern, from which the wickets are raised and 
lowered with the aid of a winch. The lock-walls are faced with 
coursed ashlar. 

Lock Masonry. — The whole space to be covered with masonry or 
concrete was excavated to the solid rock, and all loose or soft rock 



removed. Before placing the masonry the rock was first scrubbed 
clean and cut into good horizontal beds so that each stone should 
have a full bearing. The stones of the first course vary in height, but 
no stone has a rise of less than 8". Wherever it was necessary, con- 
crete was used to level up any unusual depressions in the bed-rock. 
All stone was required to be perfectly sound, to meet the tests for 
strength, and to weigh at least 150 lbs. per cu. ft. For the face- 
stones there were three classes of cutting, viz., fine cut or brush-ham- 
mered work, pointed face, and rock face. 

The mitre-sills are of selected stone, set on edge, carefully cut 
and shaped, and chiselled smooth to receive the cushion timbers. 
They are anchored to the bed-rock by wedge-bolts. The four cushion 
timbers are of selected white oak, planed and worked to the specified 
dimensions. The four pivot-stones are selected stones, carefully cut 
and placed. The quoins are also from selected stone, fine cut. The 
gate-bearings were chiselled smooth and the remainder of the exposed 
surface bush-hammered. The beds and vertical joints were truly 
pointed, and each stone was plumbed and set with f " joints. The 
coping is from selected stone, bush-hammered on all outer faces, and 
laid with f " joints. The exposed edges of the coping were rounded 
to a radius of 2", and were dowelled with round iron set in Portland 
cement. 

All stone specified as " cut stone " was bush hammered on the 
outer faces and set with f" joints. The vertical joints are full for 
15" from the face. In the " pointed-face " masonry the vertical 
joints are full for 12" from the face. One fifth of the face of this 
class is composed of headers at least 4' long. Stretchers have one 
fourth more bed than rise. Both bed and vertical joints were pointed 
down to fair, plain parallel surfaces, to lay with £" joints. Wherever 
"pointed face " joined " fine cut," a chisel-draught line 1\" in width 
was cut on the face, and the joints are f ". " Rock -face " masonry 
was placed like " pointed-face " throughout. Wherever it joins 
masonry of a higher class, draught-lines were cut to correspond and 
the joints are f ". 



PLATE XVI. 



THE LOCK 





^S&ctton, *&ff. ccncC ^sleyctttans of J&asitC JVcc^t- 




Section CLZ/. 



U. S. IMPROVEMENT GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. PLAN, SECTIONS, AND ELEVATIONS OF LOCK No. 7. 



PLATE XV 11. 




U. S. IMPROVEMENT GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. LOCK No. 7 DURING CONSTRUCTION. 



Plate XVI II. 







■HH^^y^ii pip -=rj ^ 



.■■/ -^\ ,- ■I'. -I ' ■ ■ ■--:•-■■ ■ ~ 




v^ 



GttiemtS*timaf tfcir- Abutment in JZUrattm. 

'/2 ,M Miff f 74 4 WWWm n 



PLAN 
Z48 




jtf/zowiriff Wicfats & Trestkf clown;. ~>f\J 



(JjJLu i_i i i i i ... 

"34 8 iz *$ 20 ziFcer. 
■S'ca.te. 

Plan of Navigation Pass. 



LOCK WALL, 



U. S. IMPROVEMENT 



3REAT KANAWHA RIVER. 



LOCK AND DAM No. 7. 



faVL 











General Section o/Akviyaticm y^w«y._ CetfferffiermJtfewtieK', 

' Ift i ftr'f '? '£_ g ?/?er. 

<Sca/e. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



93 



The backing of all the walls is of good-sized, vertical-sided stones. 
As a rule, each was shaped up and bedded, top and bottom, to corre- 
spond to the height of the face-stone before being placed on the wall. 
The bed-joints in the backing never exceed 1" in thickness. 

All stones were laid in horizontal courses, in full beds of mortar 
and settled in place with a wooden maul. Backing was laid in full 

Fig. 8. 




95wflw/ 'Section. 




Inside E/evalcon. 



US.1MPR0VEMENT GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. W. VJ 
COFFER CRIBS 

FOR 

LOCK NO. 7. 



beds of mortar so as to bond and break joints thoroughly. The 
spaces between the backing-stones never exceed 8" at the widest 
point. They were all filled solid with selected hammer-shaped stones 
and spalls laid in mortar. 

In laying the masonry, the site for the stones and the stones them- 
selves were thoroughly cleaned and moistened with a scrub-broom 
before the stones were set. The use of grout was prohibited. The 
bond of the stones is in no case less than 8" All face-work was 
pointed as the work progressed, with stiff mortar of 1 sand and 1 
cement, thoroughly hammered and finished. 



Guard-cribs— Ends of Land Wall. — Permanent guard-cribs were 
built at the head and foot of each wall. These are of white oak, 
framed and driftbolted together and filled with stone carefully packed 
in by hand. The tops are covered with large well-shaped stones, 
pointed and set level with the top timbers. The ends of the land 
wall are joined to the solid earth of the bank by wing-walls of ma- 
sonry. Puddle clay was placed at the end of and around the upper 
wing-wall. 

Filling in Rear of Land-wall. — Loose stone was placed by hand 
back of the land-wall to form a drain which led out through a hole 
in the lower wing-wall. A level space was formed behind the land- 
wall and between the wing-walls by filling with suitable material, well 
tamped, to the level of the top of the walls. This space and portions 
of the slope of the bank were paved with rough-pointed stones, 15" 
thick, resting on a 12" bed of spalls. The slopes on the bank in the 
vicinity of the lock were protected with hand-laid riprap on spalls. 

D am . — The foundation of the navigation pass is 50' wide. It 
consists of a bed of concrete resting on the solid rock and hard-pan, 
covered with the timber sill of the dam, the other timbers to which 
the darn irons are attached, and coping and paving stones. The top 
of the dam sill is 2' below the level of low water. Beneath the sill 
and at the up-stream edge, the foundation is excavated to the rock, to 
afford a secure anchorage for the holding-down bolts of the upper 
trestle-leg-box timber, and cf the sill. The thickness of the remainder 
is about 3'. The up- and down-stream edges are capped with large 
bush-hammered coping-stones, bolted down. 

The foundation for the weir forms a low fixed dam with its crest 
2' above the level of low water. It is constructed like the navigation- 
pass foundation, excepting that there is a wall at the lower edge, 
reaching to the solid rock. » 

The pier between the pass and weir is of solid masonry, similar 
to that of the lock. It is 34.6' long, 10' wide, and has its top 16' 
above low water. The abutment is of similar finish. It is joined to 
the bank with wing-walls, and has a long retaining-crib on its down- 



94 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



stream face. The slopes of the bank in the rear are also paved for 
50' up-stream and 130' down-stream. 

Cement and Mortar. — The cement used for the mortar was Rosen- 
dale, standing the usual tests. The mortar was generally of 1 cement 
to 2 sand. The concrete was 1 cement, 2 sand, and such a quantity 
of broken stone that the mortar should form 48 per cent of the 
mass. 

Wickets. — The wickets of the navigation-pass are 14' -J" high, 
and 3' 8" wide, spaced 4' from centre to centre. Their inclination 
from the vertical when standing is 20 degs. Their top edges, stand- 
ing, are 13' above the sill, and they lap the sill by 5". Lying down 
they are just below the level of the sill. They have white-oak 
frames and pine panels. The weir wickets are 9' 2£" high, and 3' 
9" wide. They are spaced 4' between centres. In all other respects 
they are similar to the pass wickets. The irons for the dam were 
bought by the United States under a separate contract. 

Lock-gates. — These are of white oak, built without heel or mitre 
posts. The main timbers pass from edge to edge of the gate, and the 
edges and middle are built up solid by filling-blocks. The parts are 
assembled with horizontal and vertical bolts and keys, and the spaces 
between the timbers are planked. The gates rest at the heel on 
steel gudgeons, and are held by top fastenings and anchors built 
into the masonry of the wall below the level of the coping. The 
upper fastening admits of easy adjustment in two directions. The lock 
is filled and emptied through valves in the gates, each leaf having five 
cast-iron valves hung horizontally in a wrought-iron frame. The 
valves are opened and closed by racks and pinions worked from the 
tops of the gates. The gates are handled by spars and capstans, each 
leaf being manoeuvred from the top of the wall adjacent. The lock is 
filled and emptied for the maximum lift in about four minutes. 

Cost of Labor. — Wages, per day : Foreman of laborers, $2 ; 
laborers, $1.50; steam-engineers, $2; carpenters (framing), $1.50 to 
$2.50 ; foreman of carpenters (one to six carpenters), $4 ; masons, 
$3.75 ; foreman for masons (one to five masons), $4 ; stone-cutters, 



$3.50 ; foreman for stone-cutters (one to thirty cutters), $4 ; quarry- 
men, $2; quarry laborers, $1.50; blacksmith, $2; quarry foreman, 
$3. 

Labor Notes. — A quarry gang comprised 1 foreman, 5 quarry- 
men, 5 laborers, 1 blacksmith, 1 water-boy, 1 horse-power derrick. 

1 foreman and 8 laborers can build, sheathe, and place 5 cribs in 
4 days in the lock coffer-dam and 3 cribs in 4 days in the dam coffer- 
dam. 

The transportation of the stone from the quarry to the stone- 
yard cost 50 cents per cu. yd., exclusive of loading and unloading. 

1 man can break by hand 2 cu. yds. of concrete stone per day. 

1 foreman, 25 laborers, and 1 steam-derrick can make and place 
50 cu. yds. of concrete per day. 

1 stone-cutter can cut on an average 1& cu. yds. of face and 
backing per day, working in Kanawha sandstone. 

The stone-yard was across the river from the lock. Stone was 
taken from the yard to the lock on flats. The transportation-gang 
comprised 1 foreman, 5 laborers, and 1 horse-power derrick. 

1 foreman, 8 laborers, 1 horse-power derrick and 1 steam-der- 
rick, 3 masons and 1 water-boy, should lay from 40 to 50 cu. yds. of 
dimension-stone per day in the lock-wall, receiving it on a boat by 
the coffer-dam. 

Cost of Materials. — White-oak timber in permanent construction, 
$27 to $30 per M; crib-logs, 2 cents per running foot; drift-bolts, 
10" to 12'* long, f" square, 4 cents per lb.; Rosendale cement, $1.50 
per bbl.; Portland cement, $3 per bbl.; sand, 60 cents per cu. yd.; 
puddle clay and sand for coffer-dam, 35 cents per cu. yd. in 
place. 

The cost of placing the four leaves for the lock-gates was $200. 

The cost of the pass wickets, for labor only, was $7 each ; of the 
weir trestles, $4 to $5 each. The cost of framing the timbers for the 
navigation-pass was $25 per M. 

Itemized Cost of Construction. — The cost of the various items of 
construction of the lock built under the contract was as follows : 



PLATE XIX. 




■ , , . 



ge r- / tort, tfi ro'syS* 25? < eSe 



JDLe.vc(.tisjn, of One JZectf Coo/ccnt/ cZoyv-n stream. 



£\ ; 




J*£ct.n of SoltcC^Beccm sHoyycne/ JtTeye 



TJpjae r* J^a/ster* f'nr/s etc. 



3 8 r- a '-<r- 



i 



i ' . . — : 



I 



-r~ 
^1: 



'SecCzor/. between. &o££c£ J3eccm# 



1. 2 4,{ i~- 2 <#-- — 




fl""JH 






7%w, JSh.0w-&ngiy&.?ji*e ITrtzme, 




U. S. IMPROVEMENT GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. LOCK GATE AND ANCHOR IRONS, LOCK No. 7. 



PLATE XX. 



II S. IMPROVEMENT GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. 



LOCK N°-2. 

DETAILS OF UPPER END OF LOCK. 




fem^S^z 




<Su.XA.Qfo &-&., SWa-a yo, &&cp ^ \h&m is tStOb ;&£^W«\XW£ &y p&tev\"^5. 




Jfe— .Ur. 




St-<NKi, 



SuX-^tifv 'Xy- 4.- . 5'Aqw\y\ o, ^Am o,\.yyi\ . o\ ^^j^c .XXxU.-c 5>A\ 



U. S. IMPROVEMENT— GREAT KANAWHA RIVER. LOCK No. 2. DETAILS OF UPPER END OF LOCK. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



95 



Grubbing and clearing, complete, $2000 ; crib-logs in coffer-dam, 
53,903 lin. ft. at 28 cents per ft.; sheathing for coffer-dam, 34,870 ft. 
B.M. at $30 per M ; coffer-dam filling, 7361 cu. yds. at 60 cents per 
cu. yd.; excavation, common, including dredging, 22,387 cu. yds. at 
55 cents per cu. yd.; hard-pan excavation, 3064 cu. yds. at $1.25 per 
cu. yd.; rock excavation, 11 cu. yds. at $4.80 per cu. yd.; embank- 
ment, 11,031 cu. yds. at 50 cents per cu. yd.; puddling, 233 cu. yds. 
at $1.50 per cu. yd.; concrete, 600 cu. yds. at $5 and 2713 cu. yds. 
at $6.25 per cu. yd.; backing masonry, 5224 cu. yds. at $4.40 per cu. 
yd.; rock-face masonry, 2017 cu. yds. at $8.60 per cu. yd.; pointed- 
face masonry, 1836 cu. yds. at $9 per cu. yd.; cut stone, corners, 
etc., bush-hammered, 351 cu. yds. at $12 per cu. yd.; sills, 219 cu. 
yds. at $18 per cu. yd.; quoins, 76 cu. yds. at $25 per cu. yd.; copy- 
ing, 377 cu. yds. at $25 per cu. yd.; riprap, hand-placed, 1987 cu. 
yds. at $3 per cu. yd.; paving 1171 cu. yds. at $5 per cu. yd.; stone 
filling, 3165 cu. yds. at $1.50 per cu. yd.; bolt-holes drilled in 
masonry, 1493 lin. ft. at 50 cents per ft.; timber, white oak, in guard 
cribs, etc., 60,150 ft. B.M. at $40 per M. 

The aggregate of the contract was $160,630.24. The additional 
estimated cost to the United States will be : for irons built into the 
lock, $1093 ; for lock-gates complete, $7800. 

The itemized prices paid for the dam, including the middle pier 
and the abutment, under the contract were : 

Grubbing and clearing site, $500 ; crib-logs in coffer-dam, 79,307 
lin. ft. at 20 cents ; sheathing in coffer-dam, 52,766 ft. B.M. at $30 ; 
filling in coffer-dams, 10,865 cu. yds. at 60 cents ; excavation, com- 
mon, including dredging, 15,355 cu. yds. at 90 cents ; excavation, 
hard-pan, 1819 cu. yds. at $1.80; excavation, rock, 8£ cu. yds. at 
$2.50; embankment, 1693 cu. yds. at 60 cents; puddling, 702 cu. 
yds. at $1.50; concrete, 3081 cu. yds, at $7.25 ; rock-face masonry, 
2056^ cu. yds. at $10; pointed-face masonry, 462 cu. yds. at $13; 
cut-stone masonry, 103 cu. yds. at $15 ; sills, 300J cu. yds. at $16 ; 
coping, 509 cu. yds. at $15 ; stone filling, 950 cu. yds. at $1.50 ; 
riprap, hand-placed, 833 cu. yds. at $2.50 ; timber in permanent con- 



struction, 104,620 ft. B.M. at $50; bolt-holes drilled in masonry, 
4615 lin. ft., at 30 cents. 

The aggregate of the contract was $116,669.38. The additional 
estimated cost to the United States will be for ironwork in anchorage 
and fixed parts of dam, $5500 ; ironwork in movable parts of dam, 
$12,700; woodwork of wickets, $2350; diving-apparatus and ser- 
vice-boats, $1300. 

Lock and Dam No. 2, Great Kanawha River. — This is a lock 
and fixed dam, at present at the head of the Great Kanawha system. 

Lock. — This is 377' long from out to out of the masonry, 308' 
long between quoins, and is 50' wide in the chamber at the level of 
the sills. The top of the coping is 31' above the lower mitre-sill and 
from 37' to 39' above the foundation on the solid rock. The upper 
mitre-sill rests on head-bay walls, 11' above the lower sill. The 
maximum lift is about 12'. The lock is filled through 8 wrought-iron 
valves set horizontally in wrought frames in the platform of the head- 
bay and connected with the lock-chamber through culverts under 
the head bay, having 8 openings equally spaced under the upper sill. 
These valves are manoeuvred in pairs with endless chains and cap- 
stans. The discharge-valves are in the lower gate, and are similar to 
those of Lock 7. The lock is filled and emptied at the maximum lift 
in four minutes. Steamboats without tows are locked through in 
either direction in from 6£ to 8 minutes. The lock-walls are founded 
on the bed-rock, and are similar to those of Lock 7. The gates are 
also like those of Lock 7. 

Six heavy movable iron trestles are placed in the head-bay, as 
shown in Plate XX. These are anchored to the upper cross-wall, 
and are connected when standing by I beams. They are to form a 
support for a dam in case of accident to the gates, or whenever it 
might be needed. The temporary dam will consist of inclined 
scantlings resting against the upper cross-sill and the I beams, or of 
plank placed horizontally across the lock. 

Dam. — This is a fixed clam of timber cribs filled with stone, rest- 
ing on the bed-rock. Its length is 524', width at foundation 38', and 



96 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



height from foundation 26'. The down-stream face from the low- 
water level is built in two steps, 16' and 11' wide. The up-stream 
face (back) is vertical to within 3' of the top, from which point it 
slopes up to a crest, with a slope of 3' on 11'. The bed-rock is 12' 
to 14|' below extreme low-water mark. 

Construction Methods. — The lower tier of cribs was first sunk 
entirely across the river. These were 17' long, 38' wide, and from 
14^' to 17' high, the height in each case being such as to bring the tops 
of the cribs to a uniform height 2£' above low water. The cribs are of 
white oak, with 12" X 12" longitudinal timbers (parallel to the axis of 
the dam) with 9" X 12" transverse timbers, gained into the longitudi- 
nals for a depth of 3". All of the timbers are driftbolted together at 
the intersections. The cribs are so built that when in place a vertical 
tongue in one fits into a corresponding groove in the other. The 
tongue is formed by extending the middle longitudinal timbers of each 
alternate crib 4' 8" beyond the outer transverse timbers on each side, 
and the groove, by replacing in the other cribs the single tongue-timber 
by two timbers which extend beyond the outer transverse timbers 
3' 6", and which are spaced far enough apart to allow the opening 
between them to be faced with plank and to afford room between the 
plank for the tongue. The lower course of the tongue-cribs is formed 
of five longitudinal timbers, the outer ones 24' long, the next on each 
side 19' long, and the middle or tongue timber 27' long. On these 
are placed the transverse timbers, the outer ones 38' long, 3' 6" from 
the ends of the longitudinals, and a middle timber, in two pieces, 
each 21' long, which lap on the tongue-timber. The projecting ends 
of the outer longitudinals are braced back against the ends of the next 
timbers, just outside the outer transverse timbers, by 3" X 6" struts. 
The courses alternate until the crib is the required height, the top 
course being of transverse timbers. The groove-cribs are exactly like 
the others, excepting that the single-tongue timber is replaced by the 
two longitudinals which form the groove. 

This substructure of cribs is held together by a single course of 
9 longitudinal timbers, made continuous for the length of the dam, 



and bolted to the cribs. The next course of 9" X 12" timbers is 
built solid for 16' from the down-stream face, to make the floor of the 
first step. On this substructure is built a continuous crib, 22' wide, 
up and down stream, and 5' 3" high, with the up-stream face verti- 
cally over the up-stream face of the substructure. On this in turn is 
built the triangular crib which forms the crest and up-stream slope of 
the dam. The upper step is covered solidly with 9" X 12" timber, 
transverse, and the top slope with 3" plank. The openings in the 
crib are packed with stone, and dredged material is banked against the 
up-stream face. 

One end of the dam is against the outer wall of the lock. At 
the other end is a masonry abutment, running well back into the 
bank, with a retaining-crib below. The total cost of the dam and 
abutment was $104,328.54. The itemized cost per unit under the 
contract was as follows : 

Itemized Cost. — Grubbing and clearing site, $1500 ; excavation, 
common, 38,445 cu. yds., 75 cts. per cu. yd.; excavation, rock, 199 cu. 
yds., $1.50 per cu. yd.; embankment, 7872 cu. yds., 35 cts. per cu. yd.; 
puddling, 418 cu. yds., $1 per cu. yd.; rock-face masonry, 1160 cu. 
yds., $9.50 per cu. yd.; coping, 31 cu. yds., $16 per cu. yd.; stone 
filling, 15,333 cu. yds., $1.55 per cu. yd.; hand-placed riprap, 112 cu. 
yds., $2.50 per cu. yd.; paving, 455 cu. yds., $4 per cu. yd.; timber 
in permanent construction, 991,773 ft. B.M., $30 per M ; iron in 
place, 67,755 lbs., 5 cts. per lb. 

Davis Island Lock and Dam. — This is the first of a system of 
locks and dams designed to provide slack-water navigation on the 
Ohio River during low stages and open navigation during high stages. 
It is situated 5£ miles below Pittsburg, and its pool forms the harbor 
of Pittsburg. 

Lock. — The lock is placed on the north side of the river. It is 
600' long between gates, and 110' wide. The walls are of masonry, 
resting partly on rock and partly on compact gravel, about 15' below 
the level of the gate-sills. From the bed to 2|' below the datum-plane 
(level of gate-sills) they are of concrete. Above this reference they are 



PLATE XXL 



V S IMPROVEMENT 
GREAT KANAWHA RIVER 



DAM, SHORE ABUTMENT 




" gStt-Tl - S^. ^cyci 



U. S. IMPROVEMENT— GREAT KANAWHA RIVER, DAM No. 



OHIO RIVER— DAVIS ISLAND DAM. 



PLATE XXII. 




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HTi mi Zl wt s 



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mrmmTT ■ ■ ... ■ ..M.u u ii ii ii i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii i miii ii mTiiT i i i .Mmiiiii i iiii i T iiim i iimi i iiiiii i n i i i n i iiii i mim iiim iiii iii i iii i i i i iii i i ii ii i in n ii mmm ii i i i mt m 



s-s s 




l -^M ►-»_ 



, Scale. @ 




PLATE XX1I1. 



OHIO RIVER— DAVIS ISLAND DAM. 




mViVmi iVpmViViViVi Vi ViViVmVmVinym lYm"^ 



liniiitiiiljj iuiiiiitiiiiiJiHiiiiiJtb 



iiiiiiiiiiitimmHiiiiiiiimiimmiimmiimi 



2/jWiajLBX,a Ru3S. 



Drift Gap. 




PLAN 



dCA.z,E port n&crro.vs 



SCjIZ/B pox px,aj*. 




PLAN OF LOCK AND DAM AND SECTIONS OF DAM AND FOUNDATIONS. 




PLATE XX IK 



OHIO RIVER— DAVIS ISLAND DAM. 




DRIFT-GAP WITH BEAR-TRAP GATES. 



PLATE XX V. 



ILLINOIS RIVER IMPROVEMENT. 




SECTION N-0 



LONGJTUD. SECTION C-D. ELEVATION OF LAND WALL 



PLATE XXVI. 



ILLINOIS RIVER IMPROVEMENT. 




WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



97 



of rubble and cut stone, Their tops are 17' above the gate-sills. 
The lock is emptied and filled through culverts arranged as shown in 
Plate XXII. Valves in the gates can be used for this purpose also. 
The culvert valves are worked by hydraulic jacks, supplied from 
water-tanks with a head of from 44^' to 60'. The tanks are filled by 
means of a pump in the river lock-wall, which is operated by a 25" 
turbine-wheel, driven by the head of water created by the dam. A 
movable dam is placed across the lock in the head-bay, which can be 
used to close the lock when desired. 

Gates. — The lock-gates are of a novel type. Each is a single 
leaf, which is rolled into place end on. The gate recesses, into which 
the gates are rolled when the lock is opened, are 120' long, and ex- 
tend shoreward from the land-wall. In general construction, each 
gate is a rectangular parallelopipedon, 14' 6" high, 13' 7" wide, and 
118' long, the edges of which are heavy timbers, and the sides, braces 
and ties. The top side is a heavy Howe truss. The down-stream 
face is sheathed, so as to be water-tight. The top of the gate is 14' 
above the top of the lower sill. It is hung between the two sills, and 
rests on 28" wheels, which run on tracks on the sills. Below the 
sill tops, both faces are provided with horizontal friction-rollers, which 
work against the inside faces of the sills. The gates are moved by 
steam-power. 

Dam. — This consists of a movable dam, 1223' long, of the 
Chanoine type, extending from the lock river-wall to Davis Island, 
and a fixed dam across the secondary channel south of Davis 
Island. The movable dam is divided into a navigation-pass, 559' 
long ; a drift-chute, 52' long, closed by a bear-trap dam ; and 
two weirs, 212' and 216' wide respectively, with sills 2' and 3', 
respectively, above the sill of the pass. The details of the dam and 
foundation are shown in Plates XXIII and XXIV. The wickets of 
the pass are handled from a boat. The weirs are provided with 
service-bridges. 

Illinois River Improvement, Lock-and-dam at Kampsville. — At the 
site of this lock the bed of the river consists of mud and soft clay 



overlying sand to a depth of 20' below low-water, where a firmer 
foundation is found. The natural low-water depth was 3'. The 
dam is fixed, 1200' long, and has its crest about 7.4' above the low- 
water level. The lift of the lock is 7.4'. 

Lock — The coffer-dam for the lock was of the type used at Davis 
Island dam. No coffer-dam was required for the dam. The length of 
the lock from quoin to quoin is 350', and the width of the chamber at 
the level of the lower mitre-sill is 75'. The height of the walls is 24'. 
The upper sill is 7' 3" above the lower. The entire lock rests on a 
grillage supported by piles. This foundation extends about 2' out- 
side the outer lines of the walls on all sides, and is bounded by sheet- 
piling. The piles are in longitudinal rows, and in the rows are spaced 
2' apart. Under the walls the rows are 4' apart, under the head-bay 
5', and under the lock-chamber and tail-bay 10'. The rows are 
capped with 12" x 12" white-oak timbers, and on these are trans- 
verse timbers 6" X 12", excepting each eighth timber, which is; 
12" X 12". The spaces between the grillage-timbers were excavated 
and filled with concrete to the level of the tops of the transverse tim- 
bers. The head-bay is floored with 2" pine plank, and the filling- 
valves are placed in it, under a grating. These open into culverts,, 
separated by bulkheads, which discharge through openings equally 
spaced across the upper lift-wall. The lock is emptied through valves, 
in the lower gate. The gates are of wood and iron, with anchorages 
below the level of the coping. The walls are of coursed ashlar- 
masonry, backed with concrete. 

Dam. — This was built without the use of a coffer-dam, following 
a method which was first used in the construction of the La Grange 
dam in the Illinois River in 1889. The dam is of earth, backed by 
sheet-piling, supported by pile-bents. The crest of the dam is 
directly over the line of sheet-piling. The water wastes across the 
entire length, flowing after it crosses the crest over, first, an inclined 
plank apron 24' wide, then over a horizontal apron, 10' wide, and 
finally over a bed of stone 16' wide, to the level of the natural bottom. 
The aprons are supported on the caps of the pile-bents. The space 



98 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



under the aprons and between the piles is filled with stone riprap. 
The details of construction are shown in Plate XXVII. 

The area to be occupied by the pile and stone work was first 
excavated to a depth of 3'. The round piles are in bents of five piles, 
perpendicular to the crest. The bents are spaced 6' apart, and the 
intervals between the piles in each bent are 7' 6", excepting the 
down-stream interval of each bent, which is 9'. The up-stream pile 
of each bent is on the line of the crest. Each bent is capped in two 
sections. The first four piles are cut off so that the top of the up- 
stream pile is 7' above low-water level, and the tops of the remaining 
three on a line inclined down-stream from the top of the up-stream 
pile with a slope of 1 on 3. These four piles are connected by two 
inclined stringers of 4" X 12" timber, gained in on each side of the 
piles, and with their tops even with the tops of the piles. Immedi- 
ately beneath the lower ends of these stringers is a second pair placed 
horizontally, to connect the fourth and fifth piles. The top of the 
firth pile is cut off flush with the tops of the horizontal stringers. 
Cross-timbers 3" X 8", spaced 3' 9", are bolted to the inclined 
stringers, and covered solidly with a floor of 4" plank. The hori- 
zontal stringers are covered solidly with 4" plank, and on this is placed 
a solid floor of 2" plank. 

Against the up-stream face of the upper pile of each bent is bolted 
two waling-strips of 10" X 12" timber, one immediately beneath the 
other, and with the top of the upper strip flush with the top of the 
piles. Immediately beneath these are five courses of 3" X 10" planks, 
placed horizontally and bolted to the piles. A line of Wakefield 
sheet-piles is driven immediately above the upper line of piles, with 
their tops against the lower plank course, to which the sheet-piles are 
spiked. The top of this line of piling is slightly above the low-water 
level. Immediately in front of and against this line a second line of 
Wakefield piles of the same dimensions is driven. The top of this 
second line is even with the upper edge of the inclined floor or apron, 
and forms the crest of the dam. This row is bolted to the waling- 
strips. In the rear of the line of sheet-piling and beneath the aprons 



is stone filling, extending 16' down-stream from the lower line of the 
pile-bents. Earth is filled on the up-stream side, beginning about 44' 
up-stream and sloping up to the crest. The upper half of this slope 
is paved with heavy hand-placed blocks of stone set on edge. The 
sheet-piling used was the "Wakefield triple lap," made of 2" X 12" 
X 16' oak, fastened together with 14 Avrought spikes, T V x 6£", 
driven through and clinched. The sheet-piles were driven with an 
ordinary friction-hoist pile-driver, with a 3500-lb. hammer. The 
most satisfactory work was done with a hammer drop of 3' to 4', with 
strokes delivered as rapidly as possible. 

The round piles were first driven, arranged as shown in the 
plate ; and the up and down stream and the lower front wales were 
bolted on, rubble being deposited as rapidly as possible around the 
piles to prevent scour. The lower row of sheet-piling was then 
driven, with its top just below the low- water surface, and the earth 
filling placed against its up-stream face even with its top. The upper 
part of the face of the dam was then planked, and the second row of 
sheet-piling driven. The remaining rock was carefully packed in 
place, and the framing and the remaining fill above the dam com- 
pleted. The work was done during low water, and while being 
carried on, the river flow was taken through the lock, the level of 
the water in the upper pool being regulated by the gates and 
valves. 

Abutment. — This is of masonry, on a foundation similar to that 
for the lock- walls. It is L-shaped, with arms 6' thick and 40' long, 
one along the bank, and the other extending into the bank from the 
down-stream end. The tops of the walls are 16' above low water. 
The bank is revetted for 50' above and below the abutment. The 
revetment is as follows : 

Revetment for Bank. — Piles 28' long are driven 3' apart on the 
edge of the bank for the required distance up and down stream from 
the abutment river-wall. Their tops are cut off 7' above low water. 
They are connected on the land side by three waling-strips equally 
spaced from the river-bottom to the top of the piles. Against and 



ILLINOIS RIVER IMPROVEMENT. 



PLATE XXVU. 



PLAN OF 

DAM AT KAMPSVILLE LOCK. 

Designed by 

CAPTAIN W. L. MARSHALL. 

Corps of Engineers. U. S. A. 

1890 




SBEET N0.I4 



IV A R DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



99 



along these, a line of 3" sheet piling is driven and spiked fast. This 
revetment is anchored by iron tie-rods to a second line of piles, 
spaced 6' apart, driven 17' further back in the bank. A 10" X 10" 
wale connects the tops of the rear row of piles. The space in rear of 
the sheet-piling is filled with earth to a height of 16' above low water, 
sloping to the top of the sheet-piles with an inclination of 1 on 2. 
The slope is paved with heavy stones, hand-placed. The foot of the 
sheet-piling on the river side is protected with riprap. 

This dam was finished Sept. 30, 1893. The description of the 
lock and dam is taken from the published reports and plates. 

Detailed Statement of the Cost of Kampsville Dam. 
[From Rept. of Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., 1894, p. 2155.] 





Quantity. 


Cost per 


Unit. 


Amount. 




Unit. 


Cost. 


ABUTMENT. 








$2,262.16 
3,237.26 

5,499.42 

3,144.66 
566.44 
4.761.30 
4,140.96 
1,704.62 
I.253.58 

432.00 

81.25 

203.74 
105.58 

$16,393-53 


Material, including stone, piles, etc. . 








DAM — LABOR, INCLUDING SUB- 
SISTENCE. 








Ballasting with rock* " " 

Driving piles, round number 

" sheet 

Making piles, sheet \ feet ' ^ >M - 
r { number 

Transferring coal and ice 


3.332 

".795 

313.212 

1,104 

2,600 

235.463 
2,600 


Cubic yard 

tt tt 

Per M. 
Each 

it 

Per M. 
Each 


$0.17 
.404 

13.22 
I.54 
.482 

1-83 I 
.166 \ 


Care and repair of plant 








" of buildings and grounds 



















Quantity. 


Cost per Unit. 






Unit. 


Cost. 


Amount. 


DAM— MATERIAL. 








$1,276.72 
127.64 

4,128.47 

9.482.93 

1,408.14 

4,377.02 

53.06 

10,615.50 

1,050.82 

8lO OO 










Piles, round (1,271.28 feet; 


I.39I 

302,136 

74.891 
171,648 






Lumber: 

Oak feet, B.M. 






Pine " 






For bakery 










Iron, bolts, etc 


",795 


















Augers, files, rope, dishes, etc 








847.81 














$34,178.11 


Total 


$56,071.06 











* Includes laying track and dumping-platform, 
t Includes all transferring lumber from railroa d. 



Concrete Construction, Illinois and Mississippi Canal. — The section 
now under construction is a canal approximately \\ miles in length, 
around the lower rapids of Rock River, terminating at the principal 
mouth of Rock River. The construction works required here are 
two dams across the arms of Rock River, at the head of the rapids, 4£ 
miles of canal trunk, 1 guard-lock, 2 lift-locks, 7 sluices, 1 culvert, 2 
metal bridges, and 1 ponton farm-bridge. The locks and all masonry, 
including bridge piers and abutments, sluiceway piers, and the abut- 
ments of dams, have been or are to be constructed entirely of con- 
crete of Portland cement and crushed stone and gravel. The hollow 
quoins of the locks are of cast iron, built into and anchored to the 
concrete as the work progresses. The concrete is placed with great 
care, and particular pains are taken to secure masses of concrete with- 
out planes or surfaces of weakness, along which cracks and failures 
might take place. The effort has been made to produce work which 
should be strong and durable even if the cost of the concrete were 
increased thereby. 

In constructing the masonry the following rules have been 
adhered to : 



100 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



" I. The forms or moulds of the walls will be divided by vertical 
partitions perpendicular to the longest axis of the mass, and the walls 
will be constructed by filling alternate sections. 

" II. The sections will be filled in horizontal layers, well rammed, 
each layer to be deposited before the ' initial set ' of the previously 
deposited layer. When the work of filling a section is begun, it must 
proceed without intermission to completion, working night and day if 
necessary. 

" III. The facing and backing must go on simultaneously in same 
horizontal layers, using the same cement in the facing as in the back- 
ing, with no defined lines of demarcation between the facing which 
contains no stone and the concrete backing. 

"IV. When the top surface of the coping is reached it will be 
finished after ramming by cutting off the excess by a straight-edge, 
and rubbed smooth and hard with a float. No plastering or wet 
finishing-coat will be allowed. 

" V. The facing of the walls will not be finished by plastering or 
washing with cement after the forms are removed, nor dressed in any 
manner beyond chiselling away rough ridges should the plank form- 
ing not be smooth. 

" VI. The concrete shall be mixed with all the water it will take 
without water showing after ramming, or without ' quaking ' upon 
ramming. 

" VII. At such intervals as may be necessary vertical wells at 
least 1 foot square will be formed along the middle of the masses of 
concrete reaching to near the bottom thereof. The masses of con- 
crete after forming will be kept sheltered from the sun, the outer 
surfaces kept moist and the wells kept filled with water until well set 
(about three weeks). The wells will then be filled with concrete. 

" VIII. In preparing the cement for mixing with other ingredi- 
ents of concrete from 5 to 10 barrels will be kept thoroughly mixed 
dry, to guard against chance barrels of defective cement, and the nec- 
essary quantity of cement will be taken for each batch from this mix- 
ture. 



" IX. Two cements of different qualities shall not be used in the 
same section, but as far as practicable each mass shall be homo- 
geneous throughout, but a slight excess of cement is allowable in the 
facing to reduce its capacity to absorb water. 

" The cements used for the masonry have been three brands of 
fine-ground German Portlands, but nearly all of it has been made 
from Alsen's Portland cement (yellow label). Ninety-nine per cent of 
this cement passes a sieve 2500 meshes to a square inch, 87 per cent 
passes 10,000 meshes to the square inch; its initial set, determined 
by one-fourth pound weight on a wire one-twelfth inch in diameter, 
occurs in from twenty-two to thirty minutes, and it sets hard in 
about two hours. The rate at which cement was deposited was 
about 1 cubic yard in five minutes. This rate was not up to the 
capacity of the mixer, but was determined by the rate at which the 
ramming into the moulds could be done and the moulds prepared. 

" There is no reason, therefore, why the concrete may not be 
deposited continuously, each layer before the preceding layer has 
reached its ' initial set.' To accomplish it, however, requires for this 
particular cement that the sections shall be of such size that each 
horizontal layer shall not contain more than four batches of concrete, 
requiring twenty minutes for its deposit ; the succeeding batches to 
be deposited in the same order in each layer. 

" In constructing the concrete masonry large stones have not, as 
a rule, been incorporated in the masses, but the walls have been made 
as nearly homogeneous in texture as practicable, consistent with the 
necessary facing along the exposed parts of the masonry. Continuity 
in depositing and homogeneity in structure are essential elements of 
success in concrete construction of thin or moderately thick walls, 
and every effort has been made to attain them. 

" On this canal the foundations have been designed with close- 
fitted sheet-piling at head and tail bays, to prevent under leakage, and 
the foundation made strong enough to sustain the lock-walls and the 
chamber full of water ; but instead of providing against an accumula- 
tion of a possible hydrostatic head of water below the foundation 



PLATE XXVIII. 




ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL. General view of Works at head of Lower Rapids, Rock River. 



PLATE XXIX. 



ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL. 




PLATE XXX. 



ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL. 




OVARD LOCK 
FORJlf FOR CULVERT 



FORM FOR LOCK WALL 
LOCK 37 





dVJRL) LOCK- 
FORM FOB JX)CK WALL 




Section P-Q 

CANAL AT LOWER RAPIDS OF ROCK RIVER. 

STONE CRUSHING AND CONCRETE MIXING PLANT 
FORMING AND MISCELLANEOUS DETAILS 

DESIGNED BY 

L. L. Wheeler, Ass't. Engineer 
Scale: 



Side. Elevation 



'Elevation of 
Hear Bent and Platforms 



Front Elevation- 
COXCHETJ! M1XI-VG PLANT. 





Froni Elevation 



Oraan »J PAUL HEUiZE.C. E 



PLATE XXXI. 




ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL. 
Guard Lock, head of Lower Rapids, Rock River. North wall completed ; south wall under construction. 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



101 



tending to push it up, provision is made for subdraining to the lower 
level just above the probable position of any coffer-dam, of all accu- 
mulations of water under the foundations, or in the rear of the lock- 
wall, while at the same time prohibiting as far as practicable com- 
munication between drains and lock-chambers. Whenever a lock is 
pumped out the water is also removed from behind the walls and to 
the level of the foundation." 

The works at the head of the lower rapids, Rock River, shown 
in Plate XXVIII and in plan and section on Plate XXIX, consist of a 
guard-lock ; a sluiceway closed at the head by three Taintor gates ; 
an earthen abutment with concrete retaining-walls ; and a drainage 
culvert (built to carry a small stream across the line of the canal), 
extending from the land side of the land- wall of the lock, beneath the 
canal and sluiceway, to a pump-chamber and outlet in the abutment, 
below the south dam across Rock River. The dams across the river 
are not shown. 

The dimensions of the lock and of the other masonry are seen 
on the plate. The Taintor gates are each 21' wide and 13' high. 
The up-stream face of each is a portion of the surface of a right cylin- 
der the radius of the base of which is 12' 3", with the centre 6" 
above the horizontal trunnions about which the gate is revolved. 
The gates are raised by means of a hoisting-carriage, which runs on a 
track on a bridge over the gates. 

Plant — Cost of Concrete and Gates. — The concrete plant is shown 
in Plate XXX. The stone-crusher is a No. 2 Gates, with elevator and 
screen. The mixer is a 4' cubical box, actuated, as is also the hoist, by 
a 15-H.P. portable engine. The mixer is turned at the rate of nine 
revolutions per minute. The entire frame of the mixer and hoist is 
assembled with bolts so as to be removable readily. A cement-box 
was used in which 5 to 10 bbls. of cement were emptied and the con- 
tents thoroughly mixed. From this box the charge for the mixer was 
taken. The water was measured from a small barrel, and the quan- 
tity used for a charge varied from time to time with the weather and 
the condition of the ingredients. The sand, pebbles, and broken stone 



were loaded into side dump-cars of the required dimensions, and 
with the dry cement and water were dumped into a charging-box 
which held about 45 cu. ft., and which was sunk flush with the sur- 
face of the ground. This box was then hoisted and carried by a 
traveller over a large hopper and dumped into the mixer. The truss 
over the mixer was set at such an inclination that the same cable 
hoisted the box and carried it along the truss without the aid of 
auxiliary apparatus. After mixing, the charge was dumped into side 
dump-cars and drawn by a horse to the forms. The materials for 
the facing and coping were mixed entirely by hand, with the same 
precautions. 

The concrete forms are shown on Plates XXX and XXXI. The 
forming consisted essentially of a longitudinal sill in the middle of the 
lock, bolted to the foundation, or anchored to the rock ; transverse 
sills, notched to receive braces ; 8" X 10" posts ; and a face lining of 
4" X 8" pine dressed to a uniform thickness. When the posts were 
lined and plumbed, the braces were set in the notches and abutted 
against 4" X 8" blocks, lag-bolted to the posts, and the lining was 
then placed. The back was lined with rough 2" plank, braced 
against the earth slopes. A platform, supported by the face-posts 
and auxiliary bracing, was built along the face, at the level of the top 
of the form, to carry the tracks for the dump-cars. Vertical bulk- 
heads divided the forming into sections. Each section was filled with 
freshly mixed concrete placed in thin layers, without stopping work 
until the coping was finished. The largest sections contained about 
250 cu. yds. The time required to fill the sections varied from 8 to 
24 hours. 

" The proportions used were 1 cement, 2 J sand, and 5 broken 
stone. When pebbles were used they replaced one of the parts of 
stone. All of the exposed surfaces of masonry was composed of 1 
part cement and 2 parts sand. The facing was made 8 inches thick 
of this material and the coping 5 inches. A small amount of Utica 
cement was used as filling back of culvert-walls and as foundation for 
retaining-walls. The total amount of concrete deposited at the guard- 



102 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



lock is 3762 cu. yds., costing $32,122.24, or at a cost of $8.54 per cubic 
yard. One cubic yard of concrete required 1.40 barrels of cement. 

Statement of Cost of yjdi Cubic Yards of Concrete Masonry at Guard-lock. 

" 5246 barrels Portland cement $1 5,603.82 

152 barrels Utica cement 83.60 

2901 cubic yards crushed stone 1,709.15 

1970 cubic yards sand 1,398.41 

1 28 cubic yards screened pebbles 11 3.30 

Lumber for forming 2,635.96 

Miscellaneous bills 416.72 

Labor, building forms, trestles, etc 2,726.72 

Labor, mixing and placing concrete 6,693.02 

Labor, pumping, etc 741-54 

Total $32,122.24 " 

The lock-gates were similar to those of the Kampsville Lock. 
The cost of the lock-gates and of the Taintor Gates was as follows : 

Lock-gates. Sluice-gates. 

"Lumber $511.64 $408.60 

Ironwork 807.57 732.45 

Paints and miscellaneous bills 70.18 105.00 

Labor, carpenters, hauling, etc 923.52 774-94 

Painting 30.35 45.53 

Labor, pumping, and miscellaneous 265.12 265.12 

Total $2,608.38 $2,331.64 

" Crib approaches have been built both above and below the 
lock. Below the lock the cribs are continuous, 8' wide, 9' high, and 
have a combined length of 228'. Above the lock the crib on south 
side is also continuous, being 8' wide, 13' high, and 110' long. On 
the north side the cribs are detached, and consist of three cribs, 
16' X 16', and one crib 16' X 26', all 11' high. 

" The cost of the crib work is as follows : 

" Lumber $780.72 

Iron, drift-bolts, etc 36.26 

Labor, carpenters, etc 366.04 

Labor, filling with stone 592. 50 

Total $1,775-52 " 



The above descriptions were taken mainly from Appendix KK, 
6, of the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1894. 

St. Mary's Falls Canal Locks. — The lock now in use is 717' long 
from out to out, 515' long between gates, 80' wide in the chamber, 
and 60' wide at the gates. Its lift is 18', and the mean depth on the 
upper mitre-sill is 16'. It was completed in 1881. The lock is 
operated entirely by hydraulic engines, actuated by two turbine- 
wheels. It is the smaller of the two locks shown in Plate XXXII. 
This plate is taken from a photograph of the model of the present 
lock and the new 800' lock. The locks are shown from their down- 
stream ends. A portion of the floor of the new lock is removed, to 
show the arrangement of the culverts. 

800-foot Lock, St. Mary's Falls Canal. — This is now under con- 
struction by contract. It will be 1124' long from out to out of the 
masonry, 800' long between the quoins of its main gates, and 100' 
wide throughout. The depth on the mitre-sills is to be 21' at ordi- 
nary low stages, and the lift 18'. There will be upper- and lower- 
guard gates near the extremities of the lock, and auxiliary lower gates 
96' above the main lower gates. The entire site was excavated to 
the solid rock, and the foundations for the walls and the floors were 
built up to the required height with concrete. The floors of the head 
and tail bays and of the lock and gate chambers are sheathed with 
plank. The gates will be of arch form, and will be built mainly of 
low steel. The lock will be filled from a pit in the floor of the upper 
gate-chamber, rectangular in cross-section, 16' wide and 12' deep, 
reaching across the chamber immediately in front of the extrados of 
the arch wall of the upper mitre-sill, and concentric with it. From 
this pit six culverts pass through the arch and unite into four, which 
extend the length of the chamber, beneath the floor, to a similar pit 
straight across the lock just above the auxiliary lower gates. The 
water enters the chamber from the culverts through 214 openings in 
the floor. The filling valves are vertical, and rest against the extrados 
of the upper sill arch, covering the culvert openings. The emptying 
valves are similarly placed against the down-stream face of the lower 



PLATE XXXII, 




MODEL OF THE 1881 LOCK AND OF THE NEW 800-FOOT LOCK, ST. MARYS FALLS CANAL. 
Portion of floor of new lock removed to show filling and emptying culverts. 



QUOIN POST. 

VERT SECTION - ON B 
A 



PLATE XXXIII. 



vertical section on a. lookinc up-stream 
^Development of inside surface of sheathing 




MITEK POST. 
VERT. SECTION on'H. 





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I i 1 

TTV 






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p 


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p 




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! / J 






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■ — ! — ■• 







SOUTH LEAF OF LOWER LOCK GATE, ST. MARY'S FALLS CANAL. 



IVAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LOCKS AND DAMS. 



103 



pit. To empty the lock the water passes from this pit through 
culverts to a similar pit just above the lower guard-gate, which is open 
to the lower level. 

A guard-crib of timber, 64' long, 20' wide, and 28' high, filled 
with stone, will be placed at each end of each wall. 

The walls are to be 43^' high above the level of the chamber 
floor. The coffer-dam is 1500' long and 300' wide. It is made of 
tight cribs of square timber filled with puddle clay. The masonry is 
coursed ashlar of the following character : 

The cut stone is to be uniform in appearance, free from all de- 
fects which would impair its strength or durability, at least as good as 
that in the lock of 1881, and must weigh at least 148 lbs. to the cu. 
ft. Patterns of zinc for the cut stone are furnished to the contractor. 
Stones for the mitre- walls have -§" joints throughout. All other cut 
stones have f " joints excepting where they overlie backing, where the 
joints may be 1", and excepting vertical joints beyond 18" from the 
wall face. The stones must be accurately laid, with full bearings, and 
with top surfaces horizontal for each course. All edges on show lines 
must be perfect. Show faces must be cut true and even, without de- 
pressions of any kind. Within the draught-lines, stones of courses 
below the upper twelve courses of the main walls may be rough- 
finished, with no depression below the plane of the face, and no pro- 
jection greater than 1" beyond the plane of the face. The face stones 
of the gate recesses must be finished throughout. The backing stones 
must be of an approved quality. The smallest must have an area 
of bed of at least 5 sq. ft., except in particular cases. They must 
have approximately parallel beds, square corners, and a thickness of 
at least 8". 

Mortar and Concrete. — The specifications for the cement are of 
the usual character for high-class natural and Portland cements. The 
cement is bought under a separate clause in the masonry contract, and 
after passing the tests is cared for by the United States and issued to 
the contractor as required. The kind of cement to be used in each 
part of the work is designated by the engineer. The mortar used for 



laying the cut stone is (by measure) 1 Portland cement and 1 sand ; 
that for backing is 1 Milwaukee natural cement and 1 sand. 

The concrete for the foundations contains 1 natural cement, 1£ 
sand, and 4 stone ; that for the filling, 1 cement, 2 sand, and 4 stone. 

The sand is pumped by a dredge from the lake bottom. The 
stone was crushed so as to pass through a two-inch ring, screened 
and washed. The stone thus prepared, piled loose, contained 46.5 
per cent of voids. It was found from tests carefully made that 5.48 
cu. ft. of natural cement, 8.22 cu. ft. of sand, and 2.93 cu. ft. of water, 
when mixed, made about 9.8 cu. ft. of mortar, and this mixed with 
21.9 cu. ft. of broken stone, made about 23.5 cu. ft. of rammed con- 
crete, showing the voids then filled with mortar to be 38 per cent, 
and an excess of 1.5 cu. ft. of mortar, or 15 per cent more than was 
necessary to fill the voids. 

The concrete was mixed by hand and placed in layers about 8" 
thick for ramming. The concrete was laid to a line 3' outside the 
face of the masonry. The average thickness of the concrete founda- 
tions is 3'. 

Stone. — The work now being carried on is under the largest 
single contract — that for the masonry. The backing stone is quarried 
on Drummond Island, Mich. It is a compact, bluish gray, crystalline 
limestone, having a conchoidal fracture, and weighs about 170 lbs. to 
the cubic foot. The face stone is from Kelly Island, Ohio. It is a 
limestone weighing 157.36 lbs. to the cubic foot. Tested in 3" cubes, 
faced with plaster of Paris, it had an ultimate crushing strength of 
12,177 lbs. to the square inch. The stone is brought in the rough 
from the quarry, and is cut in a stone-yard located on the lock 
grounds. In 1893 the following plant was used by the contractor at 
the lock and the Drummond Island quarry : 

Plant, Drummond Island Quarry. — Pile wharf, 250' X 75' ; quarry 
face, 700' long X 30' high ; on wharf, two steam-derricks of the make 
and size of those to be described at the lock ; at the quarry, 9 horse- 
power derricks ; a double track, with the necessary sidings, crossings, 
switches, and spurs, extending from the wharf the entire length of the 



104 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



quarry ; 12 ten-ton platform-cars, and 30 dump-cars ; 5 barges for 
transporting stone from quarry to lock. 

Stone-yard. — 1100' long X 150' wide, situated just in rear of 
the Fort Brady pier. A track 1000' long, of 5" rail and 16' gauge, 
runs parallel to the pier and 70' from its face. Near each end, 18' 
from the face of the pier, is a stiff-leg derrick of 15 tons capacity, with 
boom 50' long. The booms can make a complete revolution, and are 
raised and lowered by steam. On the track is a McMyler travelling- 
crane, with a maximum travelling speed of 600' per minute. Its 
reach is 50' from the middle of the track, at which point it is able to 
lift 4 tons. Its capacity is said to be 10 tons, lifted 30' from the 
middle of the track. 

In the centre of the yard, back of the track, are four steam-plan- 
ers, run by a 100-h.p. automatic-cut-off engine, under shelter. In the 
same building are also the engine and boiler rooms, blacksmith-shop, 
and grinding-room. The planing-room is open on the side of the track, 
but is provided with heavy canvas curtains for use in severe weather. 
There is also a pattern-room and tool-house in the yard. All are 
lighted with electricity for night-work. 

The finished stones are transported on scows from the yard to 
the lock. The average force of employees in the yard, including the 
force for loading and unloading the stone, was : 1 foreman, 71 stone- 
cutters, 8 planer runners, and 34 other laborers. 

Sand. — The sand-scow is 100' X 34', and is provided with a No. 
6 sand-pump and rotary engine. A small derrick operated by a small 
rotary engine is used for unloading the sand. One tug is employed 
for the sand-scow and for the three scows which carry the stone from 
the yard to the lock. 

Rock-crushing. — The plant for this purpose comprises two Gage 
rock-crushers, one No. 2 and one No. 4, operated by two horizontal 
engines and boilers. They are placed on the north side of the lock-pit. 

Pumping Plant. — One 10" and one 5" centrifugal pump, and one 
10" and one 8" piston-pump, run to about \ of their capacity, keep 
the lock-pit perfectly dry at all times. 



The water for the work is furnished from a storage-tank of 4000 
gallons capacity, filled by a No. 1 Worthington pump from the canal, 
through service-pipes laid on either side of the lock-pit, and tapped at 
suitable intervals for attaching hose. About 7725' of tramway, 3' 
gauge, has been laid in and around the lock-pit, with two inclines 
leading into the pit. A Lidgerwood double-drum, double-cylinder, 
hoisting-engine is placed at the head of each incline. Forty ten-ton 
platform cars are used. 

Derricks and Cranes. — Stone is unloaded from the scows and 
placed on the cars by 4 steam-derricks. Each derrick is operated by 
an 8i" X 10" double-drum, double-cylinder Lidgerwood engine. Each 
has a boom 50' long and mast 68' high, and two stiff legs, each 66' 
long, supported by A frames 34' long. 

An 85-lb. rail, 16' gauge, tramway, supported on trestles, runs 
the length of the lock, inside the line of the walls, on each side. On 
these tramways are eight McMyler travelling-cranes, with 54' booms, 
for placing the stone in the lock-walls. Four of these are of the 
capacity of the crane in the stone-yard. These are operated by 
12" X 14" double-drum, double-cylinder engines. The remainder 
have a capacity of 5 tons, placed 30' from the centre of the track, and 
their engines are 9" X 12". Four stiff-leg derricks, each with 35' 
mast and 50' boom, to be operated by horse-power, are placed on 
each side of the lock at one end to assist in laying the backing 
masonry in the wide part of the wall. 

Labor — Year's Work. — The average force at work in the lock-pit 
comprised 27 masons and 89 other laborers, 2 double teams and 5 
single teams. The maximum force for a single month was 28 ma- 
sons, 138 other laborers, 2 double teams, and 9 single teams. The 
work done by the contractors during the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1893, was as follows : Stone planed, 5536 pieces ; cut stone ready for 
laying, 7354 pieces ; concrete laid, 964 cu. yds., containing an average 
of 1.55 bbls. of cement to the cubic yard ; cut stone lai. . 5943 pieces, 
containing 8065 cu. yds., with an average of 0.235 bbl. of cement in 
the mortar per cu. yd. of masonry ; backing laid, 26,271 cu. yds.„ 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: ARMY POSTS. 



105 



with an average of 1.179 bbls. of cement in the mortar per cu. yd. of 
backing; earth filling placed behind walls, 11,172 cu. yds. Laying 
was suspended between October 29, 1892, and April 21, 1893. 

Cost.- — The prices for this work under the contract of February 
9, 1891, are : Portland cement delivered at lock, $3 per bbl.; natural 
cement delivered at lock, $1.30 per bbl.; cut dimension-stone, Ohio 
limestone, delivered at lock, $26 per cu. yd.; laying cut stone in lock- 
wall, $2.50 per cu. yd.; backing stone, Drummond Island limestone, 
delivered at lock, $6 per cu. yd.; laying backing-stone in lock- wall, 
$2.50 per cu. yd.; laying concrete in foundations, etc., $4.50 per cu. 
yd.; filling earth behind wall, $0.50 per cu. yd. These prices cover 
all costs of labor, appliances, and materials (sand, etc.), and all ex- 
penses of whatever nature, except for United States superintendence, 
that may arise during the progress of the work. The contractor is 
held responsible for the proper care of completed portions of the work 
during the continuance of his contract. 

CONSTRUCTION WORK, QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT, 

U. S. ARMY. 

Scope of Annual Work. — The work of the Quartermaster's De- 
partment of the Army includes an immense business in the purchase 
and issue of supplies, and the arrangements for the transportation of 
troops and supplies, which does not fall within the province of this 
book. The scope of the construction work of the Department can be 
seen from the following list, which gives the number of contracts for 
such work entered into by the Department during the fiscal year, 
1892-1893, viz.: For buildings, 78 ; for lumber for miscellaneous pur- 
poses, 1 ; for sewerage, 5 ; for water and water-supply, 27 ; for wells, 
3 ; for heating apparatus, 14 ; for building material, 3 ; for plumbing, 
19 ; for repairs to buildings, 7 ; for gas-piping, 2 ; for repair of wharf, 
1 ; for roads and sidewalks, 10 ; for cooking apparatus, 4 ; for grad- 
ing, 1 ; for stoves and ranges, 4 ; for wire fencing, 1 ; for earth filling, 
1 ; for steel bridge, 1 ; for sea-wall, 1 ; for stone flooring, 1. In the 
list for the preceding year, in addition to these items, there appears 



the construction of cisterns, of walks and stairways, of rifle-range, con- 
tract for hauling earth, gravel, etc.; for iron gateway, for crushed 
granite, for oyster-shells, for iron and jail work, etc. 

The bulk of the appropriations for construction work is expended 
under contracts. Only minor repairs and minor construction work 
are done by hired labor. In the fiscal year 1893 the amount actually 
expended for construction and repair of buildings was $570,800 ; for 
wharves, roads, walks, grading, bridges, water-supply, sewerage, etc., 
$147,900. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1894-1895, for the 
construction and repair of barracks, quarters, etc., is $650,000 ; for 
the construction and enlargement of such posts as the Secretary of 
War may select, $200,000 ; and for roads, wharves, water-supply, 
sewerage, etc., a portion of the $2,500,000 appropriated for these pur- 
poses and for transportation. 

The work done under these appropriations is of a character too 
well known to require detailed description. As new buildings are 
authorized from time to time, advertisements are placed in the lead- 
ing trade papers and in some of the papers published in the vicinity 
of the post where the buildings are desired, calling for proposals, and 
giving the address of the officer who will furnish copies of the specifi- 
cations and blank forms to all who desire to bid for the work. The 
buildings called for from time to time include single and double sets 
of officers' quarters, single and double sets of non-commissioned offi- 
cers' quarters, barracks, hospitals, mess-halls, guard-houses, stables, 
store-houses, etc. 

Quarters. — These are dwelling-houses of stone, brick, or frame,, 
the specifications for which are similar to those usually prepared by 
architects for similar buildings. There are three general grades : those 
for commanding and field officers, those for company officers, and 
those for the non-commissioned staff. The first two grades differ 
only in the size and number of rooms. In general character these 
houses are quite similar to suburban houses of the better class. The 
houses of the first class are usually detached double houses. Those 
of the second class are frequently two under one roof. They are 



106 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



then known as " double sets." The houses of the third grade are 
like those of artisans. Single sets of brick or stone quarters at the 
new posts cost $7000 to $12,000, double sets from $6500 to $15,000. 
Single sets of brick non-commissioned officers' quarters cost about 
$2000 ; double sets, $3500 to $4000. 

Barracks. — The barracks lately built at Willets Point, N. Y., may 
be considered as fairly typical in construction, for large companies. 
They are of brick, with slate roofs and stone foundations. Each bar- 
rack consists of a centre and two wings. The centre is three stories 
high, 54' front, and 46' deep. Each wing is two stories high, 76' long, 
and 29£' deep. The stories are 12' high in the clear. The ground 
floor contains two dormitories in the wings, each 26' X 74', and in 
the centre, two halls at right angles, a reading-room 18' X 20', a 
lavatory 18' X 20' (containing 11 fixed basins, and 4 bath-tubs in 
alcoves, all with hot and cold water), a company office, first-sergeant's 
room, and two non-commissioned officers' rooms, each 10' X 18'. 
The second floor contains the same rooms as the first, with the addi- 
tion of one room over the front hall. The third floor, main building, 
contains a gymnasium 30' X 44' 8", and a work-room 20' X 44' 8". 
In the basement under the wings are storerooms ; under the main 
building are two storerooms, a fire-room (containing two boilers for 
steam-heating, and one boiler for the hot water for bathing), and a 
retiring-room fitted with ten water-closets and seven urinals. Ver- 
andas, with their fronts flush with the face and back of the main 
building, are on each side of each wing, along both stories. 

The foundation-walls are of stone laid up in cement mortar, 
pointed and plastered on the outside, with outside blind-drain of dry 
stone. The basement is floored with concrete. The other floors are 
double, with tops of yellow pine. The interior finish is also yellow 
pine. The outside walls are from 2£ to 1| bricks thick. The interior 
is lathed and plastered. The cost of the barrack, finished in the sum- 
mer of 1894, was : for construction, $22,716 ; for plumbing, $2231 ; 
for steam-heating, $2425. 

The " Centre Barrack " at San Antonio, Texas, is of brick, 



trimmed with stone, with tin roof. It consists of a centre, 38' front, 
61' 8" deep, and three stories high ; and two wings, each 32' X 32', 
and two stories high. The first floor, beginning at one end, contains 
a kitchen 16' X 18', with a cook's room 10' x 10' and pantry 
10' X 6' opening from it ; a mess-room 24' X 28' ; a hall ; two rooms 
13' x 9', a lavatory 26' X 14', and three other rooms — two 15' X 14', 
and one 25' X 14'. On the second floor are two dormitories, each 
40' X 29', and a j -shaped hall, with winding-stair towers at its front 
corners. This building cost $12,000. 

Adjoining this building and continuous with it are other barrack 
buildings, of brick, with tin roofs, each 121' 3" long and 31' 4" deep, 
of two stories, with verandas 10' wide on both stories along the en- 
tire front. The first floor contains on one side of a central hall, a 
kitchen, cook's room, pantry, and mess-hall ; and on the other side of 
the hall, a day-room, lavatory, tailor-shop, first-sergeant's room, store- 
room, and a sergeants' mess-room. The second floor contains four 
dormitories, two on each side of a central hall, 8' wide. The cost of 
each barrack building was $9800. 

The double barrack at Fort Ethan Allen, Vi, cost $37,000. 
Other barrack buildings recently erected cost from $20,000 to $40,000. 

Hospitals. — A post hospital for twenty-four beds is of the follow- 
ing design : The building is frame, with slate roof, on stone founda- 
tions. There is a central part, two stories high, 38' 4" front X 38' 
4" deep ; two one-story wings, each 46' X 26' ; and a rear wing, with 
a second story over the front half. A veranda 10' wide runs along 
the front and ends of the building. Each side wing contains one 
ward, 24' X 45'. The ground floor of the central portion contains 
two halls at right angles, and four rooms each 15' X 15'. The 
ground floor of the rear wing contains a dining-room, pantry, and 
kitchen. On the second floor of the main building are four rooms, 
and in the rear wing one. Such a hospital at Willets Point, N. Y., 
cost $13,200. 

Mess-halls. — For combined messes, these contain one large 
dining-room, one kitchen, bakery, storerooms, pantry, and sleeping- 



WAR DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: ARMY POSTS. 



107 



rooms for the attendants. In some cases they contain offices as 
well. 

The brick mess-hall and administration building at Plattsburg 
barracks, N. Y., cost : for construction, $38,000 ; for plumbing, 
$1900 ; for cooking apparatus, $3000. The brick mess-hall at Fort 
MTherson, Ga., cost : for construction, $24000 ; for plumbing, $1057 ; 
gas-piping, $180 ; steam-heating, $4090 ; for cooking apparatus, 
$3585. 

Guard-houses. — The new brick guard-house at Willets Point is 
one story high, with hipped slate roof, on stone foundations, with cellar 
under the front half and veranda across the front. It is 46' 10" 



front, and 49' deep. The front half contains an office 12' 4" X 10', 
a non-commissioned officers' room 12' 4" X 10', a guard-room 
25' X 25', an officer of the guard's room 8' 6" X 7' 2", a gun and 
coat room 8' 6" X 6', and a toilet-room 8' 6" X 11' 6". In the 
rear half is the prison room, 44' 10" x 21'. This contains an iron 
cage 37' 6" X 13' 7", divided into three cells (at one end) and two 
compartments. A corridor surrounds the entire cage. The build- 
ing is heated by steam, the boiler being located in the cellar. The 
cost of this building was $7650. 

The brick guard-house at Fort M'Pherson cost $14,860 ; that at 
Fort Ethan Allen, Vt., $7000. 



108 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER IV. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS. 



UNITED STATES LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT— LAWS AND 

REGULATIONS. 

Organization and Duties of Light-House Board. — By the Act of 
August 7, 1789, the United States accepted the cession of the titles to 
the existing light-houses on the coast and agreed to maintain them 
thereafter. They were placed under the charge of the Secretary of 
the Treasury, where they since have remained, excepting for the 
period from 1792 to 1802. In 1852 the Light-House Board was 
created by Act of Congress and attached to the Treasury Department. 
The Secretary of the Treasury is ex-officio President of this Board. 
(Sec. 4654, R. S.) 

The Light-House Board is composed of two officers of the Navy of 
high rank, two officers of the Corps of Engineers of the Army, and 
two civilians of high scientific attainments, with an officer of the Navy 
and an officer of Engineers of the Army as secretaries, — all appointed 
by the President. (Sec. 4653, R. S.) A chairman, selected by the 
Board, and the two secretaries are its executive officers. 

Under the superintendence of the Secretary of the Treasury the 
Light-House Board has charge of the construction, illumination, inspec- 
tion, superintendence, and maintenance of light-houses, beacons, and 
other aids to navigation, and has the charge and custody of all archives, 
papers, etc., appertaining to the Light-House Establishment. (Sec. 
4658, R. S.) Subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, 
it is authorized to prescribe regulations for a proper administration of 
the Light-House Establishment. (Sec. 4669, R. S.) 

Under the direction of the Light-House Board, the engineer secre- 
tary, or other engineer officer detailed for the purpose, prepares all 
plans, specifications, and estimates for the construction and repair of 



towers, buildings, etc., connected with the Light-House Establishment. 
All contracts are to be entered into by authority of the Board and 
through its regularly authorized officers. (Sec. 4665, R. S.) 

Light-House Districts. — For purposes of administration, the sea 
and lake coasts of the United States and such of the inland waters as 
are supplied with aids to navigation, are divided into sixteen districts. 
(Sec. 4670, R. S., amended by Act of July 26, 1886.) The limits of 
these districts are given elsewhere. (See p. 236.) An officer of the 
Army or Navy is detailed to act as inspector for each district, sub- 
ject to the orders of the Light-House Board. (Sec. 4671, R. S.) The 
Secretary of the Treasury is further authorized to assign to any col- 
lector of customs the superintendence of any designated light-house, 
etc. (Sec. 4672, R. S.) The duties of the inspector are, in general, to 
attend to the personnel of the district, to supplying the lights, and to 
maintaining the floating aids to navigation. Engineer officers of 
the Army are detailed as light-house engineers for the several districts. 
(Sec. 4664, R. S.) The light-house engineer is charged with all mat- 
ters pertaining to the construction and renovation of the fixed aids to 
navigation in his district. The inspectors and engineers act as dis- 
bursing officers of the funds required in the performance of their 
respective duties. 

Appropriations for Light-House Establishment. — New light-houses 
are established by Congressional enactment. Memorials requesting 
new aids to navigation are sent direct to the Light-House Board, or are 
referred to it by Congress. In each case the Light-House Board after 
full consideration makes its recommendations to Congress, which in 
its discretion authorizes the establishment of lights and makes the 
necessary appropriations for their construction. The Light-House 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT— BUSINESS METHODS. 



109 



Board also submits to Congress annual estimates of the funds required 
for maintaining the Light-House Establishment during the ensuing year. 
The appropriations for the expenses of the Light-House Board are 
usually made in the " Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropria- 
tion Bill," and are fiscal-year appropriations. The appropriations for 
the maintenance of the Light-House Establishment and for the con- 
struction of new lights are usually in the Sundry Civil Bill. The ap- 
propriations for maintenance and repairs are general in their nature ; 
for new lights, special. The appropriations for construction and re- 
pairs continue available until expended ; the remainder are fiscal- 
year appropriations. After the light-house has been completed and 
all outstanding liabilities paid, any balance remaining from the appro- 
priation for its construction must be returned to the Treasury. (Act 
June 23, 1874.) 

All appropriations for public buildings under the control of the 
Treasury Department are available immediately upon the approval of 
the act containing such appropriations. (Sec. 3684, B. S.) 

BUSINESS METHODS. 

The general provisions of the Bevised Statutes and the general 
regulations of the Treasury Department apply to disbursement of 
funds in this Department, as in all others under the Government. 

Chapter I gives the laws and regulations relating to disburse- 
ments on page 1 ; to labor, page 1 ; for protection of persons fur- 
nishing material or labor for use on public works, page 1 ; to 
purchase of land, page 2 ; to legal holidays, page 2 ; to purchases and 
contracts, page 2 ; to payments, page 5 ; to method of obtaining dupli- 
cate of lost check, page 7 ; to form of checks, page 8 ; to payments to 
corporations, page 9. 

Allotments and Authorities. — As previously stated, the district 
officers, engineer and inspector, make the disbursements necessary 
for the construction, maintenance, and care of the aids to navigation 
of their respective districts. These disbursements are made under 
specific authorities granted by the Light-House Board. Each district 



officer makes an annual statement of the work which in his judgment 
is needed in his division of the district duties during the coming year, 
with a detailed estimate of the cost of materials, labor, etc., on proper 
forms, furnished by the Board. With these annual statements as a 
basis, the Board makes the allotments for the year from the appro- 
priations available, and gives notice of them to the district officers. It 
also assigns to the proper district officers any new work which may 
have been provided for by Congress. 

The notification to the district officers of the allotments made 
authorizes expenditures for certain purposes only, such as payments 
of salaries of authorized employees; payments of authorized expenses 
of offices, tenders, and depots ; the purchase of materials for repairs, 
etc., under the annual contracts for miscellaneous supplies ; the pur- 
chase of fresh provisions, groceries, water, and medicines for vessels 
and stations ; fuel for vessels when absent from their stations ; and 
for emergency purchases to limited amount for a single object. 

For all other expenditures specific authority must be obtained. 
For such expenditures the necessity for a proposed work must be 
explained ; detailed estimates of labor and materials must be sub- 
mitted ; and also the method by which it is proposed that the work 
shall be done — whether by contract, by hired labor, or otherwise. If 
by contract, the proposed method of advertising must be stated ; if by 
hired labor, etc., the reasons therefor must be stated. It also must 
be stated whether the proposed expenditure is to be made with funds 
on hand or allotted, and from what appropriation. 

The proposed work having been authorized by the Board, if it is 
to be done by contract, copies of the advertisement, specifications, and 
proposals for the work must be submitted for approval ; if by hired 
labor and the purchase of materials in open market, request for 
authority to purchase the materials only (unless the dealer is to 
furnish both labor and materials, in which case the entire cost is 
stated) must be submitted, accompanied, if practicable, by an abstract 
of offers previously obtained, by a copy of the circular letter inviting 
offers, and by the original offers received in response thereto. Should 



110 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



it be impracticable to obtain and forward offers, the reasons which 
prevent must be fully and explicitly stated. When prompt action is 
required, all of the papers called for may be forwarded at the same 
time, instead of first obtaining general and then specific authority. 

Estimates of expenditures and requisitions for funds, which must 
not be for an amount greater than is required to meet the current 
demands, are submitted quarterly. These funds are drawn from the 
Treasury in the usual manner, and are deposited at a sub-treasury or 
United States depository, to the credit of the disbursing officer and 
subject to his official check. 

Purchases and Contracts. — In addition to the provisions of Sec. 
3709-10, etc., R. S., the following special laws govern purchases 
under the Light-House Establishment : 

" No member of the Light-House Board, inspector, light-keeper, 
or other person in any manner connected with the light-house service, 
shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any contract for 
labor, materials, or supplies for the light-house service. . . ." (Sec. 
4680, R. S.) 

Purchase of Land and Materials. — " The Light-House Board is 
authorized, whenever an appropriation has been or may be made by 
Congress for a new light-house, the proper site for which does not 
belong to the United States, to purchase the necessary land, provided 
the purchase-money be paid from the amount appropriated for such 
light-house." (Sec. 4660, R. S.) (See also Act appd. Aug. 1, 1888, 
p. 2.) 

The erection of any fixed aid to navigation is forbidden until jur- 
isdiction over the site has been ceded to the United States. (Sec. 
4661, R. S.) 

" A cession by a State of jurisdiction over a place selected for the 
site of a light-house, or other structure or work of the Light-House 
Establishment, shall be deemed sufficient within the preceding section, 
(Sec. 4661, R. S.), notwithstanding it contains a reservation that pro- 
cess issued under authority of such State may continue to be served 
within such place. And notwithstanding any such cession of juris- 



diction contains no such reservation, all process may be served and 
executed within the place ceded, in the same manner as if no cession 
had been made." (Sec. 4662, R. S.) 

The Light-House Board is authorized "to lease the necessary 
ground for all such lights and beacons (on the inland waters named 
in the act, which includes all which are provided with aids to navigation 
by the Light-House Establishment) as are for temporary use or are 
used to point out changeable channels, and which in consequence 
cannot be made permanent." (Act appd. March 3, 1893.) 

" The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized, whenever 
he shall deem it advisable, to acquire, by donation or purchase, in 
behalf of the United States, the right to use and occupy sites for life- 
saving or life-boat stations, houses of refuge, and sites for pier-head 
beacons, the establishment of which has been, or shall hereafter be, 
authorized by Congress." (Act appd. March 3, 1875.) (See also Act 
appd. August 1, 1888, p. 2.) 

"All materials for the construction and repair of light-houses, 
light-vessels, beacons, buoys, etc., shall be procured by public con- 
tracts, under such regulations as the Board may from time to time 
adopt, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury ; and 
all works of construction, renovation, and repair are to be made by 
the orders of the Board, under the immediate superintendence of their 
engineer secretary, or of such engineer of the Army as may be de- 
tailed for that service." (Sec. 4666, R. S.) 

" No contract for the erection of any light-house shall be made 
except after public advertisement for proposals in such form and 
manner as to secure general notice thereof, and the same shall only 
be made with the lowest bidder therefor, upon security deemed suffi- 
cient in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury." (Sec. 4667, 
R. S.) 

EXTRACTS PROM REGULATIONS, LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISH- 

MENT. 
Manner of Procuring Materials and Labor. — "All work for the 
Light-House Establishment shall be made under approved contracts. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: EXTRACTS FROM REGULATIONS, LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT. \\\ 



upon bids called for by public advertisement, by tenders, or by day's 
labor, as may be previously determined. Where works are con- 
structed by day's labor, the materials for them shall be provided, as 
far as practicable, by contract, after public advertisement." (L. H. R. 
135.) 

" The Board therefore directs light-house inspectors and light- 
house engineers to advertise in newspapers for bids, and to take the 
proper measures for making contract in all cases, except those of 

great urgency " (Extract from circular letter Office of 

Lighthouse Board, Oct. 19, 1894.) 

Advertisements. — " All advertisements for proposals for supplies, 
materials, rations, fuel, or other articles, or for service by contract, 
shall be dated, and shall state explicitly the hour of the day and the 
day of the week and month the bids will be publicly opened." (L. 
H. B. 131.) 

" Advertisements . . . shall be published in such news- 
papers only as may be designated by the Board." . (L. H. B. 132.) 

Proposals. — Proposals for supplying materials or labor under 
contract must be made on a printed form furnished by the advertising 
office. 

The following are the official instructions to bidders : 

" Instructions to Bidders. 

" N. B. — Failure to comply with these instructions renders the bid informal and liable to 

be rejected. 

" 1. All bids must be made upon the printed form annexed 
hereto. 

" 2. Each bid must state the sum for which the 
as shown on the draAvings and described in the specifications, will be 

" 3. The bidder's place of residence, with county and State, 
should be given after his signature, which must be written in full. 

" 4. Any one signing a bid as the agent of another, or of others, 
should file with it legal evidence of authority to do so. 



" 5. When firms bid, the name of the firm and the full name of 
each member thereof should be written at the beginning of the bid ; 
for instance, ' Smith, Brown & Co., of the city of New York, a firm 
composed of John S. Smith, Charles B. Brown, and John W. Bobin- 
son.' The bid should be signed in the firm name without a seal. 
When corporations bid, the bid should be signed with the corporate 
name by some person duly authorized to do so (evidence of whose 
authority should be appended), and sealed with the corporate seal. 

" 6. Bidders should satisfy the United States of their ability to 
furnish the material and perform the work for which they bid. 

"7. Beasonable grounds for supposing that any bidder is inter- 
ested in more than one bid for the same item will cause the rejection 
of all bids in which he is interested. 

" 8. Bids submitted by different members of the same firm or 
copartnership will not be considered. 

" 9. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids, and to waive 
any defects. 

"10. All bids must be inclosed in an envelope indorsed ' Pro- 
posals for ,' and then inclosed in another 
envelope and directed to the ' 

" 11. All bids will be publicly opened at the time specified in the 
advertisement. Bidders are invited to be present and witness the 
opening of the bids. 

" 12. The form of contract to be entered into may be seen at 
this office. Bidders are to be understood as accepting the terms and 
conditions contained in such form of contract. 

"13. The plans and specifications, together with these instruc- 
tions, will form part of the contract. 

"14. Should the bidder to whom the contract may be awarded 
fail to enter into contract Avithin ten days after notice is given him 
that his bid has been accepted, he will be considered a defaulting con- 
tractor, and recommendation will be made to the Secretary of the 
Treasury that thereafter no proposal of his be considered. 

" 15. Bond, with two sureties, in the sum of $ , will be 



112 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



required for the faithful performance of the contract. Each surety 
Avill be required to qualify in double the amount of the bond. 

" 16. A firm will not be accepted as a surety, nor will a partner 
be accepted as a surety for a copartner, or for a firm of which he is 
a member. An officer of a corporation will not be accepted as surety 
for such corporation. In no case will a married woman be accepted 
as a surety. 

"17. No bid will be accepted or contract entered into until 
approved by the Light-House Board. 

" 18. Transfers of contracts, or of interests in contracts, are pro- 
hibited by law. 

" 19. Payment for the will be made upon the 

certificate of the agent of the Board that it has been completed and 
delivered according to contract. 

" 20. The must be completed and delivered on or before 

the' day of , 189 , and for each and every day's delay in 

completing and delivering it beyond that date the sum of $ per 

day will be forfeited, the forfeiture to be enforced at the discretion of 
the Secretary of the Treasury." 

Opening of Proposals. — " All the bids shall be opened publicly at 
the time and place specified in the advertisement ; each one shall be 
read aloud as it is opened, and the name of the bidder and the terms 
noted in the regular order in which they are read. When all the bids 
shall have been opened, read aloud, and duly entered, an abstract 
thereof, together with the original bids, shall be submitted to the Board, 
accompanied by such explanation as may be necessary to a correct 
understanding of them, and by a designation of the bid which, in the 
opinion of the advertising officer, should be accepted. In all cases 
where bids are recommended for acceptance, the officer making the 
recommendation shall state, whenever the nature of the case will admit 
of such statement, that the prices named in the bid so recommended 
for acceptance are advantageous for the Government and not in excess 
of the current market rates for the labor, material, or supplies, etc., 
specified at the locality where proposed to be furnished. No bid shall 



be opened before the hour stated in the advertisement, and bids received 
after the time prescribed for opening the bids has passed, shall be 
forwarded to the Board by the advertising officer, with full explanation 
as to when and how received, whether by mail or messenger, and 
with such recommendation as to the officer shall seem proper ; and 
in cases where such bids have been received by mail, the wrappers 
enclosing them showing the post-office marks shall be forwarded to 
the Board." (L. H. B. 133.) 

Specifications. — " To guard against the presentation of claims for 
extra work or materials under contracts, care must be taken to 
include in the specifications all items of materials and work that can 
be anticipated, and to add a covering clause to embrace all omissions." 
(L. H. B. 139.) 

Contracts. — " No bid shall be accepted or contract entered into 
except by the authority of the Board." (L. H. B. 134.) 

" During the progress of a work, should it be found necessary 
to make changes of any kind not provided for in the contract, the 
facts shall be reported to the Board, and if the changes be authorized 
a new contract will be entered into to cover them." (L. H. B. 137.) 

" Written contracts for materials and labor shall be made in all 
cases not specially excepted, and in conformity to the directions of the 
Board." (L. H. B. 138.) 

" No contract can be made transferable. Contracts must be exe- 
cuted to the entire satisfaction of the agent of the Board, and the 
contractor, with his sureties, will be held to his legal responsibilities, 
and to him or his legally appointed attorney all payments will be 
made." (L. H. B. 140.) 

" Contracts shall be entered into with the lowest responsible 
bidders and purchases made at the lowest prices for the proper arti- 
cles. But when the lowest bid is considered too high it will be re- 
jected, and the facts of the case reported to the Board for instruc- 
tions." (L. H. B. 141.) 

" All contracts shall be drawn and executed in quadruplicate, 
with two witnesses to the signature of each party, and transmitted to 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: EXTRACTS FROM REGULATIONS, LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT. H3 



the Board. ... No contract shall go into operation until it shall 
have been duly approved by the Board." (L. H. B. 142.) 

" Contractors shall give bonds, with sufficient security, for the 
exact performance of their contracts. There shall be inserted in each 
contract an express condition that no member of Congress shall be 
admitted to any share or part of such contract or agreement, or to 
any benefit to arise therefrom. 1 ' L. H. B. 143.) 

The official directions as to the execution of contracts are as 
follows : 

" DIRECTIONS AS TO EXECUTION OF CONTRACTS. 

" 1. The papers should be made in quadruplicate, and each copy 
should be the exact counterpart of the others, so that any one of them 
may be used as an original. 

" 2. Before signatures are appended to the papers, all dates 
should be written in, and all remaining blank spaces ruled out, with 
ink. 

" 3. Interlineations and erasures are to be avoided when pos- 
sible ; but v\ hen they are unavoidable, either in the specifications, the 
contract, or the bond, they should be noted, word by word, immedi- 
ately above the signature of the witnesses, specifying the number of 
each line where they occur ; and certificate should be made that each 
specific correction or alteration was made before the contract was 
signed. 

" 4. The full name of each signer of contract and bond, and the 
residence of each surety and witness, should be given. 

" 5. When firms contract, the name of the firm and the full 
name of each member thereof should be written at the beginning of 
the contract ; for instance, ' Smith, Brown & Co., of the city of 
New York, a firm composed of John S. Smith, Charles B. Brown, 
and John W. Robinson.' The contract should be signed in the 
firm name, without a seal. The bondsmen must not sign the 
contract. 

" 6. When an incorporated company enters into contract, the cor- 



porate name of the company should be written at the beginning of 
the contract and bond ; for instance, ' The Smith and Brown Dredg- 
ing Company, a corporation created by and existing under the laws 
of the State of New York, of the city of New York, in said State. r 
The contract and bond should then be signed with the corporate 
name by a person duly authorized to do so, sealed with the corporate 
seal, and a certificate, under the corporate seal of the company, show- 
ing the signer's authority to sign sealed instruments in its behalf, 
should be appended to one copy of the contract. In cases where a 
corporation, or other body organized under law, has no seal, that 
fact, together with the authority of the person who signs in behalf of 
the organization, should be shown by affidavit made before a notary 
public, whose notarial seal should be affixed or impressed. 

" 7. Bond and security for the faithful performance of the con- 
tract will be required. 

"8. A firm will not be accepted as a surety, nor will a partner 
be accepted as a surety for a copartner, or for a firm of which he is a. 
member. An officer of a corporation will not be accepted as surety 
for such corporation. In no case will a married woman be accepted 
as a surety, and when an unmarried woman (widow or spinster) is 
given as a surety, she must be described as such in the body of the 
bond. 

" 9. The contractor, and two competent sureties, should sign 
each bond. Each member of the firm should sign the bond person- 
ally or by attorney ; in the latter case, a certified copy of the power 
of attorney under which the signature is made should be appended 
to the contract. Each surety must qualify in double the amount of 
the bond. When the required oath is taken before a justice of the 
peace, a certificate in the usual form should be appended, attesting 
his official character. This inconvenience can be avoided by having 
the oath taken before a notary public, in which case the notarial seal 
must be affixed or impressed. The sufficiency of such surety to meet 
double the entire obligation of the bond should be certified by an 
officer of the Government known to the Treasury Department. An 



114 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



officer having a seal, such as a collector of customs or of internal 
revenue, is to be preferred, when accessible. 

"10. An adhesive seal should be affixed to the signature of each 
principal and surety upon the bond, and the bond should bear the 
same date or a date subsequent to that of the contract. 

"11. When contracts and bonds have been thus prepared, and 
signed and sealed by the officer making them in behalf of the United 
States, they should be forwarded to the Board for approval. 

" 12. When approved by the Board and by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, two copies will be returned, one for delivery to the con- 
tractor and the other for file. 

Purchases in Open Market. — " When the public exigency demands 
that purchases in open market be made, the purchasing officer will, 
if time permit, request the principal dealers in the articles needed, 
who may be within his reach, to submit written sealed proposals for 
the sale of the supplies required. This may be done by handbills 
posted in public places, by circular letters to dealers, or by both these 
means combined. . . . 

" In case time does not allow even this course to be pursued, 
purchases in open market may be made in the manner usual among 
business men. In this case a statement must be forwarded with the 
account to the effect that the public exigency required an immediate 
delivery." (L. H. R. 181.) 

* " In inviting proposals by circular letters, the Department re- 
quires that such letters be sent, if practicable, to at least three actual 
dealers to secure due competition, and prevent any unjust discrimina- 
tion. . . . The Board is empowered to authorize that work be 
done by hired labor, and to authorize the purchase of materials under 
existing contracts ; also to authorize that work be done by hired 
labor, and to authorize the purchase of materials in open market, for 
amounts not exceeding $500. for materials. The formal approval of 
the Secretary of the Treasury is required for the purchase of ma- 

* See pp. 109-11 1. 



terials in open market for amounts exceeding $500. . . ." (Ex- 
tract from circular letter, Light-House Board, June 22, 1894.) 

Payments. — " No work done or materials furnished under con- 
tract shall be received or paid for until inspected and accepted by an 
authorized agent of the Board." (L. H. R. 136.) 

In work done by contract the times and proportions of partial 
payments are named in the papers forming a part of the contract. A 
specific penalty is also named for each day's delay in completing the 
contract beyond the day fixed for such completion. 

" No advance of public money shall be made on account of any 
contract or agreement, nor shall payment be made on any contract 
for the performance of any service, or the delivery of any articles of 
any description, beyond the value of the service rendered or of the 
articles delivered previously to such payment, according to the terms 
of the contract." (L. H. R. 148.) (See also Sec. 3648, R. S., and 
Treasury circ. of Nov. 10, 1886, p. 5.) 

" All disbursements shall be made and accounts kept and ren- 
dered in accordance with the rules, regulations and instructions of the 
Light-House Establishment on the printed forms provided by the 
Board. . . ." (L. H. R. 156.) 

" Every appropriation shall be charged with the expenditures 
made under it ; and under no circumstances shall the expenditures 
on account of one appropriation, or under one head of appropriation, 
be charged to another." (L. H. R. 159.) 

" All vouchers shall show at their head the appropriation on 
account of which the expenditure is made, and, if possible, shall be 
paid within the month or quarter in which the liability was incurred." 
(L. H. R. 161.) 

" Vouchers according to the printed forms, consisting of ex- 
plicit bills and receipts, with certificates attached, showing the nature, 
quantity, cost, and any other fact necessary to a clear understanding 
of the transaction, shall be taken for all purchases and expenditures, 
except those for labor. Prices shall be stated in Federal money and 
the quantities, as far as practicable, according to the United States stan- 



PLATE XXXIV. 




FORT POINT LIGHT-HOUSE, GALVESTON, TEX. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



115 



dards of weights and measures. When articles furnished hy different 
persons are included in one voucher, the bills of items of the several 
persons shall be receipted and attached to the voucher as subvouch- 
ers." (L. H. R. 165.) 

" Receipts must not be given or taken in blank for public money 
or property ; but be made out in full, with the exact amount of 
money, or article or articles of property, written out before being 
signed." (L. H. R. 171.) 

"All receipts for money disbursed on account of the Light- 
House service must be signed by the individual or copartnership 
firm entitled to the payment, or by his or their lawful attorney, 
administrator or assignee. If by attorney, administrator, or as- 
signee, the power of attorney, an attested copy of the letter of 
administration, or the evidence of assignment, as the case may be, 
must accompany the voucher. If the receiver make his mark, it 
must be attested by one or more competent witnesses." (L. H. R. 
172.) 

" Expenditures for labor, for the wages of crews of light-vessels, 
supply vessels, and tenders will be exhibited on separate pay-rolls. 
The rolls must show the name, occupation, rate of pay per day, 
month, or quarter, as the case may be, the beginning and end of 
service, and the number of days or months paid on the roll, with a 
certificate declaring that the services charged were performed and 
necessary for the objects to which they were applied." (L. H. R. 168.) 

" Mechanics and laborers employed by the day shall be paid for 
the actual number of days 1 work performed by them. When em- 
ployed by the month, they shall be paid on discharge pro rata for the 
number of days." (L. H. R. 170.) 

"When purchases are made or work is done bills therefor 
shall be made out, certified to by the officer making the purchases 
or superintending the work, and be paid on presentation to the 
disbursing officer." (L. H. R. 180.) (This relates to acts of offi- 
cers of the Light-House Establishment who are not disbursing 
officers.) 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS, LIGHT-HOUSES 

AND BEACONS. 

Skeleton Towers, in Water— Iron Pile Light-Houses. — Plate 
XXXIV and Fig. 9 show typical works of this class. They are used 
most extensively in southern waters, on soft bottom, and where they 
are not exposed to running ice. As they oppose comparatively little 
surface to wave-action, they can be used in very exposed positions. 
The lowest platforms are placed above the reach of solid water. 
The horizontal cross-sections of these towers are square, hexagonal, 
or octagonal. One column is placed at each angle of the figure and 
one in the centre. The solid constructions supported by the frame 
comprise a keeper's dwelling and a tower containing a service-room, a 
watch-room and the lantern. The columns are braced and tied as 
shown. The lowest members of the Fort Point Light, shown in Plate 
XXXIV are screw-piles, driven in about 6' of water. 

The following account of the construction of Fowey Rocks Light 
shows the construction methods generally used.* This Light is situ- 
ated at the extreme northern point of the Florida reefs, off Key 
Biscayne Bay, on the south-east coast of the Florida peninsula. It 
stands on the coral rock, in about 3' of water. Deep water extends 
to within 300 yards, and in north-east gales the light is exposed to 
waves from the full fetch of the Atlantic ocean. The lower series of 
piles were placed in the summer of 1876. This series consists of 
nine solid wrought-iron piles, 1 2" in diameter, one in the centre and 
eight on the perimeter, at the angles of a regular octagon, the diame- 
ter of the circumscribing circle of which is 48'. They were placed 
from a working platform, 80' square, 12' above the water, resting on 
iron-shod mangrove piles, driven 5' into the coral. A pier was built 
from this platform to deep water. The iron piles were pointed, and 
were driven by a 2000-lb. hammer raised by a portable engine. The 



* This description is compiled from " The Modern Light-House Service " 
by Arnold Burges Johnson, Chief Clerk, United States Light-House Board, to 
whom the author is indebted for much other information relating to the Light- 
House Establishment and its work 



116 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



rock was first levelled at the site of each pile. A heavy, annular, 
cast-iron foundation disk, provided with lugs to receive the ends of 

Fig. 9. 




Light=House on Fowey Rocks, Fla. 

the ties, was first carefully placed for the centre pile, and this pile was 
driven until a shoulder on the pile was brought to a bearing against 



the disk. A perimeter disk was then carefully placed at a gauged 
distance from the centre disk, and the corresponding pile driven. The 
disks for each of the other perimeter piles was placed at gauged dis- 
tances from the centre disk and from one of the perimeter disks, and 
the corresponding piles driven. Each pile was kept accurately ver- 
tical while being driven by means of a purchase attached to its head, 
and was plumbed after each blow of the hammer. The penetra- 
tion into the coral for each blow of the hammer, with an average fall 
of 18', was from \" to \\" . The penetration of the piles is about 
10'. After all were driven, their tops were cut off in a horizontal 
plane, 11' above the water-surface. They were then capped with 
heavy castings, which for each perimeter pile had on top an inclined 
socket for the base of the column of the second series, and on its 
sides, pockets for three horizontal braces and lugs for six inclined 
ties. The cap for the centre pile was similarly arranged. Horizontal 
braces were then placed around the perimeter and from each perim- 
eter pile to the centre, an inclined tie was run from the centre 
foundation disk to the cap of each perimeter pile, and other ties 
from each perimeter cap to the foundation disks of each adjoining 
perimeter pile, and from each perimeter disk to the centre cap. The 
remainder of the structure was then built. The main platform is 
about 33' and the light about 111' above the water. The work was 
finished and the light established in 1878. 

When screw-piles are used, the pile is placed first and the disk 
slipped on over it. When the pile is in place, the disk is secured 
against the bottom by means of a screw with a cutting-point, which 
passes through a collar on the disk and is forced into the pile. Where 
the bottom is of soft sand which is liable to scour under the 
action of the currents induced by the piles, the site is protected by 
riprap. 

In the skeleton tower at the mouth of Delaware Bay, where 
there is at times much drifting ice, the lower systems of ties are not 
used, and the tower is further protected by an ice-breaker of screw- 
piles. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS, 



117 



Fig. 10. 



Skeleton Tower on Land. — Fig. 10 shows a typical tower of 
this class. It is octagonal, and is supported by the eight columns and 

the central cylinder. The columns 
are 20' 3" apart at the base and 
5' 10" apart at the top. The cylin- 
der, which is 9' in diameter, contains 
a winding staircase and an elevator. 
At the top of the tower there is a 
service-room, a watch-room, with gal- 
lery, and the lantern. 

The cylinder foundation pier is 
of concrete, 14' square and 10' high, 
with its top V above the ground. 
The perimeter piers are of concrete, 
12' square at the lower base, stepped 
in to 7' 4" at the upper base. They 
are also 10' high. Buried in the con- 
crete of each, 8" above the base, are 
three ribbed anchoring-plates, each 
18" square, to which the foundation 
disks are bolted. The foundation 
disks are heavy castings, which have 
on top inclined sockets for the col- 
umns, three pockets for the horizontal 
members, and three lugs for the in- 
clined ties. 

The ties are of wrought iron, 
and are arranged similarly to the 
ties of the iron-pile lights. They are 
held by keyed steel pins passing 
through eyes at the ends, and are 
tightened by turnbuckles. In the 
centre of the frame they are at- 
tached to belts on the cylinder. The horizontal members at 




the base are of wrought iron, fastened in the pockets by steel 
keys. 

The columns are hollow castings. Each column is in seven sec- 
tions, joined by cast sockets, provided with lugs and pockets for the 
reception of the struts and ties. The columns are required to be 
perfect castings, true to line and with even thickness of walls. The 
wall thickness varies from 3" in the lowest series to 1£" in the 
seventh. 

The struts above the lowest series are also hollow castings, uni- 
form in metal thickness. Each is cast in two sections, one with a 
male and one with a female flange, which are bolted together after 
the strut is placed. 

The cylinder is built up of cast plates. Between the belts these 
are \" thick, 7' 2f" high, and 56£" wide, with flanges and ribs. The 
belts are cast in sections. 

The architrave at the top of the columns is composed of eight 
corner and eight side castings, bolted together, and secured to the 
columns by sockets in the corner castings. The floor-beams of the 
rooms are rolled I-beams. The tower walls are castings. All of the 
bearing faces of the castings throughout are planed or turned smooth 
and true, and the bolt-holes are bored. The service-room is lined 
and floored with wood. 

Materials. — All wrought iron used in the structure must be 
tough, ductile, fibrous, and of uniform quality. When tested in 
specimens of uniform sectional area of at least \ square inch, taken 
from members which have been rolled to a section of not more than 
4£ square inches, the iron shall show a minimum ultimate tensile 
strength of 50,000 lbs. per square inch and a minimum elongation 
of 18 per cent in 8". Specimens taken from bars of a larger cross- 
section than 4£ square inches will be allowed a reduction of 500 lbs. 
for each additional square inch of section, down to a minimum of 
48,000 lbs., and have an elongation of 15 per cent in 8". All 
wrought iron must bend cold without cracking through 90 degrees to 
a curve whose radius is not more than the thickness of the piece. 




UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



The steel may be either open- 
hearth or Bessemer. Specimens 
for testing, planed or turned to a 
cross-section of about £ square 
inch, must have an ultimate tensile 
strength of from 54,000 to 62,000 
lbs. per square inch, and a mini- 
mum elongation of 25 per cent in 
8". The steel must bend, cold, flat 
on itself, without a sign of fracture. 

Sample castings, 1" square, 
cast from the same heat of metal 
in sand moulds, must be capable 
of sustaining on a clear span of 12" 
a central load of 2250 lbs. when 
tested in the rough bar. The iron 
must be light gray in color, close- 
grained, not too hard, and uniform 
in shrinkage. 

Contracts for furnishing and 
erecting two towers of this kind, 
one at Cape Charles, Va., and one 
at Hog Island, Va., were made in 
1893. The contract price for both 
was $78,200. 

Cast-iron Tower on Land — 
Light-House at Cape Henry, Va. 
This type of structure is designed 
for sites where there is difficulty in 
obtaining and transporting materials 
and where there is a possibility 
that the position of the light-house 
must be shifted later, on account 
of encroachment by the sea. 



The tower is shown in Fig. 11. It is a frustum of an octag- 
onal pyramid, resting on a base of similar form. It is made up of 
an outside shell, or " mantel," of cast iron and an inner cylinder of 

Fig. 11 i. 
Light=House for Cape Henry, Va. 

FloorPLans 




TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



119 



wrought iron, the two being connected by eight radial abutments. 
The space between the two shells at the base is utilized for storage 
purposes, and, above, it can be reached through manholes in the re- 
cesses of the tower windows. Ventilation there is secured by open- 
ings in the base and others under the lantern gallery. The height of 

Fig. 11c. 




S^rftnntit ftr\Ti{ici 



the tower from the base to the focal plane is 150'. The foundation 
is of concrete, 12£' thick. The lower tier of the mantel castings and 
of the radial abutment frames is fastened to the concrete foundation 
by bolts, secured to anchor-plates buried 9' in the concrete. 



The mantel is made up of tiers of cast-iron plates, with webs 
which vary in thickness from If" in the base to I" in the sixth story, 
and flanges, generally \" thicker, assembled with wrought-iron screw- 
bolts, of the same diameter as the thickness of the flange. 

Each abutment is built up of twenty-eight cast, flanged frames, 
four in the base, and four in each of the six stories. These are 
bolted to each other and to the outer and inner shells. The floor- 

Fig. lid. 




g5ass^ag;sa&^^ 



"i:"~'iS?33£32!£ 




Section on. lint A-A. 



plates of the stories of the shaft rest on the broadened flanges of the 
top abutment pieces of the story next below. 

The inner cylinder is made of \" boiler-iron plates, connected to 
each other horizontally by butt-strips and rivets, and vertically by 
butt-strips and bolts, which at the same time secure the inner cylinder 
to the abutment pieces. 

The service-room floor, above the shaft, is supported on two 
rolled I-beams. Its walls are of castings, and are lined with %" sheet 



120 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



iron. The watch-room is above the service-room. Its floor rests on 
three rolled I-beams. Its walls are of castings. The main gallery 
encircles the watch-room, and is supported on cast brackets attached 
to the service-room walls. The lantern is above the watch-room, 
and is encircled by the lantern gallery, which rests on brackets at- 
tached to the watch-room walls. The lantern frame is of steel. The 
roof is of copper, supported on a cast crown-piece and cast-iron 
rafters. 

The wrought iron is of a quality that will bear a tensile strain of 
not less than 55,000 lbs. per square inch. The castings were made in 
either green or dry sand, and were capable of standing a tensile strain 
of not less than 18,000 lbs. per square inch. Throughout the 
structure, all the surfaces of contact, connected by bolts, were made 
true by either turning or planing. All screw-bolts were smooth, true 
forgings, or were turned. All screw-bolt holes were accurately 
drilled. The bolts were made according to the Franklin Institute 
standard, and were so spaced in the mantel and abutment pieces that 
there are at least four bolts in each joint-flange of a casting. 

Weight of cast iron in tower 1,278,900 lbs. 

"wrought" " 62,800" 

"brass " " 1,020 " 

" " copper " " . . , 930 " 

" " steel " " 2,700 " 

Total weight of tower 1,346,350 " 

Towers on Iron Tubular Foundations. — Front Beacon, Craighill 
Channel, Baltimore Harbor Entrance. — This type is used at sites 
which are exposed to the pressure of masses of floating ice or of drift. 
The light at this beacon was established in 1873, but the permanent 
structure was not completed until 1875. It is a cylindrical iron 
tower, resting on a cylindrical iron base filled with concrete. The 
base consists of two portions, one 12' high, having the form of a frus- 
tum of a cone, 30' in diameter at the base and 24' at the top. The 
upper portion is a cylinder 24' in diameter. The cylinders are built 



up of sections each composed of 24 cast plates, which are bolted 
together through flanges. For the height between planes 2' below 
low water and 2' above high water, respectively, the web of the 
cylinder is 2" thick. In the other parts it is 1\" thick. 

As the bottom of the bay at the site is very soft mud, a founda- 
tion was first prepared by driving a cluster of piles over the site, and 
cutting off their tops at a uniform level of 24' below mean low water. 

While the pile sub-base was being prepared, the lower portion 
of the cylinder was assembled in a secure location about ten miles 
away from the site. A platform, or grillage, of four layers of 12" 
timber was built. The lower section of the cylinder was bolted to it, 
and the cylinder was built to a height of 30', measured from the bot- 
tom of the grillage. This was filled with concrete to a height of 3'. 
The caisson thus made drew 15' of water. It was towed to the site 
and moored accurately over the foundation-piles. A strong box, 12' 
square and 22' high, was built over the centre of the concrete, and this 
was filled with gravel and the caisson was sunk in place. Riprap was 
placed immediately around and outside of the base, more concrete 
placed in the caisson, the gravel and box removed, the caisson filled 
with concrete, and the tower finished. 

Fourteen-foot Bank Light-House, Delaware Bay. — This light has 
a cylindrical foundation, expanding, trumpet shape, under the main 
gallery, like that of the Craighill Channel Beacon. This foundation- 
cylinder is surmounted by a two-story, masonry dwelling with gable 
roof, having a tower surmounted by a lantern rising from the east 
side of the dwelling. The light was established in 1886. The fol- 
lowing description of the method of placing the foundation-cylinder is 
taken mainly from the report of the Light-House Board for 1888 : 

A caisson of 12" X 12" timber, about 40' square, 5' thick, and 
with a cutting-edge 7' deep, was first built. It was lined and the 
joints were filled with mineral pitch, so as to be water-tight. An air- 
shaft led from the deck to the working chamber formed by the cut- 
ting-edge. On this caisson the foundation-cylinder, 35' in diameter, 
was started. It is built in courses, each about 6' high, and contain- 






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TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



121 



ing thirty-six 1£" plates. When it had been built to the height of 
18', it was towed by two tugs to the site of the light, twenty miles 
away. Its displacement was about 400 tons and its draught about 
about 15£'. 

When over the site, water was admitted into the cylinder and 
the cylinder sunk to the bottom. It did not rest vertically, and there 
was danger of an overturn. A supply of stone ballast was promptly 
placed on the higher side, and the cutting-edge of the caisson forced 
into the bottom, until the cylinder was vertical. The process of sink- 
ing was then carried on in the usual manner by the plenum-pneu- 
matic process. The work of excavation was carried on by three 
gangs of workmen, and the rate of sinking was from one to two feet 
in twenty-four hours. Work was stopped when the caisson had 
penetrated to about 33' below the original surface of the shoal. The 
air and working chambers were filled with sand, and the cylinder 
with concrete to within 10' of the top. The total height of the 
cylinder is 73' and its top is 30' above the low-water level. The 
stone arches of the foundation of the dwelling and tower spring from 
the surface of the concrete. 6000 tons of riprap were placed around 
the cylinder to protect it against scour. 

The total cost of this light was $124,000. 

Stannards Rock Light-House, Lake Superior. — This light is situ- 
ated about 45 miles from Marquette. It was established in 1882. It 
is a conical, gray-stone tower on a cylindrical pier of iron filled with 
concrete. The light is 101' above the lake level. The cost was 
$285,000. The cylinder is of \" wrought iron, built in five courses, 
each of eighteen plates, and is 62' external diameter at top and 62' 4" 
diameter at the bottom. The height is from 28' to 30', with its deck 
23' above the lake surface, covered with small stone blocks set in 
cement mortar. The cylinder rests on trap-rock which has an irreg- 
ular surface, seamed and fissured. 

The cylinder was placed as follows : A crib pier 97^' square, 
filled with stone, and having an octagonal Avell, 66', across, in its 
centre, in which the permanent pier was to be built, was first placed 



around the site, as shown in Fig. 12. To construct it, three courses 
of the pier were framed and assembled at Stannardsville, Lake Supe- 

Fig. 12. 
Stannards Rock Light=House, Lake Superior. 



MUdkD cdt, 




Mfatrlmt 



H&urltn s 



Elevation of South Side of Crib. 




Flan- oCPhjtecting Crib andhorixontab Section. oCpermanent Plct 



S JO io 



Jo 60''*e 



rior, about 50 miles from the site, the nearest favorable harbor. 
This formed a raft, 3' thick, which was launched and another course 



122 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



bolted on. The raft was then towed to the site and moored accu- 
rately in place. About 1000 soundings were then made along the 
lines of the timbers, and the corresponding depths were marked 
on the timbers. The raft was then towed back to Stannards- 
ville. The bottom of the raft was next planked and shimmed up to 
conform to the irregularities of the rock. It was then built up to 13' 
above the bottom planking, decked over, and caulked so as to make 
four water-tight compartments, each having an interior area of about 
1053 sq. ft. 875 tons (600 cu. yds.) of ballast stone were placed in 
the pockets, giving the crib a draught of 11'. Scuttling-valves, oper- 
ated from the deck, were placed in the walls of each water-tight com- 
partment. Two steam-pumps were placed on deck, with suction- 
pipes communicating with each compartment. Hatches were placed 
over each pocket and battened down. The crib was then towed to 
the site by two steamers and one tug, in about thirty-four hours. 
Arrived at the site, it was scuttled and sunk, but the location not being 
entirely satisfactory, it was raised, moved, partly turned around, and 
sunk again. A slight unevenness which developed after settling was 
corrected by building up the depressed portion. Ten more courses of 
12" X 12" timber, which had been framed and fitted on shore, were 
rapidly added to the crib, and more ballast stone was filled in as the 
timber-work progressed. When completed, the pier contained 4926 
tons (3379 cu. yds.) of stone. The pier was then again decked over 
and left for the winter. 

The following spring the iron cylinder for the permanent pier 
was started on interior framing, as shown in Fig. 13. After having 
been built to a height of 15' it was suspended by screws from the top 
of the pier, and its bottom was cut so as to conform accurately to the 
rock surface. A canvas tube filled with oakum was then fastened to 
the bottom edge, temporary stiffening rings of timber were bolted on 
the inner surface, and the points of the cylinder bottom which were 
to fit into the holes in the rock were stiffened with temporary wooden 
shores. The cylinder was then lowered to place and weighted with 
21 tons extra weight, in order to force the oakum at the bottom 



tightly against the rock. The cylinder was then pumped out, the 
rock surface inside cleaned, the cylinder completed to full height and 

Fig. 13. 
Stannards Rock Light=House, Lake Superior. 




■sjeSSSK-^' 



Section on KrL shoirina the first 3 courses of the iron sheatfano'for the permanent pier 
suspended by screws. and fitted to the cuuntuur of the bed roek. 




filled with concrete. The stone tower was then built, and an iron 
lantern erected upon it. The protection pier was removed in 1883. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



123 



Preliminary work was begun June 18, 
1877. Work stopped for the season Oct. 
23, by which time the crib had been built 
up for nine courses, decked, caulked, and 
prepared for the winter. Work was re- 
sumed May 14, 1878, and stopped for the 
winter, Oct. 14. The crib was then in 
place. The season of 1879 lasted from 
May 6 to Oct. 6. The working party lived 
on a steamer at the site, and when the 
work was stopped the iron cylinder was in 
place and filled with concrete to an average 
height of 9' above the water-surface. The 
season of 1880 lasted from May 5 to Aug. 
22, when everything was ready for the 
stonework of the tower. In 1881 between 
April 12 and July 4, the masonry-work on 
the tower was finished. In May, 1882, the 
ironwork of the tower was set in place. 

The cost of construction was as follows: 

Labor and subsistence $89,934.35 

Transportation 88.091.09 

Material 85,002. 1 3 

Machinery 6,1 18,17 

Tools and implements 4,869.41 

Miscellaneous 10,762.23 

Total $284,777.38 

Computed Weight of Materials in the Permanent 
Pier and Tower. 

Tons of 2000 lbs. 

Concrete in the pier 7246 

Iron sheathing of pier 78 

Stone in the tower 1270 

Brick in the tower 76 

Ironwork of tower 48 

Total 8718 



Fig. 14. 




Deer Island Light=Station, Boston Harbor, Mass. 



A detailed account of this work is to 
be found in the Annual Report of the 
Light-House Board for 1882. 

Deer Island Light-House, Boston Harbor, 
Mass. (Fig. 14.) — This light-house consists 
of a circular foundation-pier, supporting a 
three-story circular dwelling, a veranda 
with boat davits, a circular parapet, and an 
octagonal lantern. 

The foundation-pier is a cast-iron 
cylinder, open at both ends, and trumpet- 
shaped at the top. It is sunk 4' in the 
bottom of the bay. The lower portion of 
the cylinder for a height of 19' 2" from the 
bottom is filled with concrete, and contains 
the water-cisterns. The upper portion is 
lined with a brick wall, and its interior 
space, the cellar, is divided by one circular 
and several straight brick Avails into the 
engine-room, water-closet, and store-rooms. 
The annular space between the brick lining 
and the circular wall is covered with brick 
arches, which carry the main gallery floor. 
The main gallery is reached from the water 
by ladders, and is covered with an iron 
roof and surrounded by hand-rails, which, 
like the boat davits, are fastened to the 
columns supporting the gutter on the outer 
edge of the roof. The dwelling is of iron, 
lined with brick, and has the form of a 
frustum of a cone. It rests on the circular 
wall of the cellar, and is divided into three 
stories by three iron floors, which are sup- 
ported by the brick linings of the house.. 



124 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



and by centre columns. The dwelling is covered with an iron gallery 
floor. On this are supported the parapet, the watch-room floor, and 
the lantern gallery and lantern. A spiral staircase leads from the 
cellar to the different floors of the dwelling. The watch-room and 
the lantern are reached by ladders. The roof of the lantern is of iron. 
The height of the focal plane above mean low water is about 63'. 

The foundation-cylinder is 33' in diameter at the base and 37' 9" 
in diameter at the upper, trumpet-shaped end, and 30' high. It is 
made up of 160 plates, arranged in five circular courses, each contain- 
ing 32 segmental plate castings, so placed that the plates of adjoining 
courses break joints. The plates of each course and the various 
courses are fastened together by 14/' bolts, through vertical and hori- 
zontal flanges. Each plate of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th courses is about 
6' high, and 3' 2.8" wide, with flanges all around, and a horizontal 
stiffening rib midway of the height. The four lower courses have 
webs and centre ribs 14/' thick, and flanges If" thick. The plates of 
the fifth course are bent, and widened at the top so as to form the 
trumpet shape, and are 1" thick. The plates of the lowest course 
have a cutting-edge on their lower ends, and sixteen of them have a 
vertical stiffening rib at the back, and hook-shaped lugs on the out- 
side near the top, for use in lowering the cylinder. 

The light-house is located on a hard shoal, composed of gravel, 
sand, and clay, covered with 6" of water at low tide. The range of 
tide is 10'. The specifications for this work called for the following 
construction methods : The site was to be dredged to a depth of 4'. 
A temporary platform was then to be built around it, and the cylinder 
assembled while suspended from it on screws, the ends of which were 
attached to the lugs of the lowest course. It was to be lowered to 
place by means of these screws, and filled with concrete. After the 
work was finished the platform was to be removed, and the shoal 
around the cylinder cleared and brought to its original height. 

The light-house was finished in December, 1889. The cost was 
about $41,000. 

Lubec Channel Light-House, Maine. — This light-house is similar in 



design to the Deer Island light, just described. It is located on soft 
bottom, in water 11' deep at low tide. The tidal range is 11'. The 
two lower courses of the cylinder were assembled on a mud flat in 
the vicinity, and floated to the site by the aid of a temporary caisson, 
and there sunk in place. Four more courses were then added, the 
cylinder pumped out, and the interior excavated to a depth of 4'. 
It was then found that the material of the site was too soft to bear the 
weight of the light-house without a sub-foundation of piles. 185 
spruce piles were " driven within the cylinder ; 23 of them, forming a 
ring next to its perimeter, were spliced and driven to a depth of 69' 
to a hard stratum of gravel and bowlders ; the 162 interior piles were 
driven in the soft clay to a depth of 35' to 45', and the heads of all 
the piles were driven to, or cut off flush with the surface of the site." 
(Rep. Lt.-Hse. Bd. 1890.) The cylinder, which had settled to a depth 
of 6', was accurately levelled. Concrete was then deposited in it, 
without removing the water, to a thickness of 14'. The water was 
then pumped out, and the remaining concrete placed. The entire 
structure was finished in November, 1890. It cost about $67,000. 

Iron Tower on Concrete in Wooden Caisson — Detroit River Light- 
House. — This light-house is situated in Lake Erie, near the mouth of 
Detroit River, in 22' of water. The bottom is quite level, and bor- 
ings showed that the fir r i 3' to 4' is composed of hard limestone, 
gravel, and sand, very compact, and difficult to penetrate ; then 12' of 
soft clay and fine sand, easily penetrated ; and finally, underlying the 
whole, a bed of tough, hard blue clay, very difficult to bore. 

The foundation-pier is an irregular hexagon in shape, with two 
sides 46' long running north and south, parallel, and 44' apart. Each 
end is pointed so as to serve as an ice-breaker, and is formed of two 
sides, each 31' long, meeting in a right angle. A crib of this form 
was first built, 90' long by 45' wide, of 12" X 12" timber, having four 
interior longitudinal and nine cross-walls, which divided it into 
pockets about 9' square. It was built on shore to the height of five 
courses, with a solid bottom of the same-sized timber, thoroughly 
caulked^ and launched. The crib was then built up to full height and 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



125 



partially filled with concrete while floating at the wharf. In the 
mean time guide-piles had been driven to insure the accurate placing 
of the crib. It was then towed to the site, sunk, and filled with con- 
crete to within 4' of the surface. From this level a wall of rock-face 
masonry was built around the face to the height of 11/ above the lake 
surface, and backed with concrete. The top of the pier is covered 
with 8" X 14" stone blocks, set in cement. The crib-walls were re- 
moved to the level of the foot of the masonry wall. During construc- 
tion, the pier settled about 18" into the bed of the lake. The foot of 
the pier is protected with riprap. 

The light tower and fog-signal house stand on the pier, with 
cellars below its surface. The house is 22' X 30' in plan, and is built 
of 6" X 6" studding, sheathed diagonally on the outside with 2" plank, 
and lined with 1" flooring, the space between being filled with mortar 
of lime and sawdust. 

The tower is a frustum of a cone, 32' high, forming four stories, 
surmounted by a main-gallery deck, and a cylindrical Watch-room, 
10' in diameter and 8' high, surmounted by a lantern. The tower is 
built of cast iron, with a brick lining, 13", 9", and 4" thick, for the 
first, second, and third stories, respectively, forming rooms 18' in 
diameter. The fourth story, watch-room, and base of lantern are 
lined with f" ceiling. The focal plane is 56' above the lake level. 
The light was established in August, 1885, work on the crib having 
been started in March, 1884. The total cost was about $78,000. 

Masonry Towers on Land. — These form the most familiar type of 
light-houses. Body's Island Light-house, North Carolina, a masonry 
lighthouse, 150' high, is thus described : * " A secure foundation was 
obtained by excavating until a bottom of hard, clear sand was reached, 
7' below the surface. On this was laid a grillage of timbers, 6" X 12", 
placed at right angles to each other, in two layers ; then followed one 
course of dimension-stone, 18" thick ; over this coursed rubble was 
laid in large blocks, thoroughly breaking joints, and all grouted with 

* Barnard on Light-Houses. T. A. S. C. E., vol. viii. 



one part Portland cement and two of sharp sand. From this founda- 
tion rises the base of the tower (10' 2£" high), the frustum of an 
octagonal pyramid, with plinth and cornice. The interior ' well ' of 
the tower is lighted by five windows. Access to the watch-room is 
had by eight sets of spiral stairways, the first seven of which make 
half the revolution of a spire, the eighth an entire revolution. These 
stairways are not attached to the tower walls, but are supported by 
the landings — semicircular iron plates resting on I-beams and a cor- 
belling projecting from the interior face of the tower. There is a 
hand-rail on each side, and the entire system of stairs belonging to 
each flight is kept rigid by making the carriers of such a form that 
each baluster firmly bolts together three contiguous ones. The arrange- 
ment of the stairs, by which the encumbrance of a central shaft con- 
taining a winding stair is avoided, the interior better lighted, and room 
gained, is an improvement introduced by Major Elliot (now Colonel). 
The height of tower from base to focal plane is 150'." 

The walls of this light-house above the base are built hollow. As 
stated, there are eight stories between the base and the service-room 
floor. The inner shell is uniformly one brick thick. The outer shell 
decreases in thickness uniformly, from six bricks at the base to two 
and one half bricks at the cornice, below the service-room. The 
total thickness of the wall at the base is 5' 8". The diameter of the 
well of the tower at the base is 16' 8", and at the cornice 10' 8". 
The outside batter is T V" in one foot. A similar brick tower at St. 
Augustine, Florida, cost $150,000. 

Working Platform for Building Round Towers. — A simple working 
platform, or scaffolding, for use in building and repairing towers of 
this kind, was devised by Mr. Herbert Bamber, Assistant Engineer, and 
used by him in the construction of the Mosquito Inlet Light-House in 
1887. It is shown in Fig. 15, and is thus described in the Annual 
Report of the Light-House Board for 1887 : It " consisted of 2" 
planks, V wide and 12' long, supported by brackets. These support- 
ing brackets were constructed of white pine and bolts, with iron 
strengthening pieces, as shown in the sketch. To facilitate setting the 



126 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



brackets on the same level, the irons at the lower angle were made 
with projections to set into two adjacent cross joints in a headed 

Fig. 15. 



SKETCH showing WORKING PLATFORM used in the Construction, of the 

LIGHT- TOWER 
at 

MOSQUITO INLET. F1A. 

designed fy HERBERT BAMBER . 
Supdt of Construction,. 
1887 



mm i g 






H, 

m 







course of the brick-work, these two joints being left unfilled for this 
purpose and pointed subsequently. Through the upper angle of the 
brackets a f- " galvanized-iron wire rope was passed twice around the 
tower, and by means of clamps of patent wire rope and a turnbuckle, 
was stretched taut, and thus made to hold the brackets in position as 
represented in the sketch. As a precautionary measure, an extra 
clamp was placed upon the two parts of the wire rope on the side of 
the tower opposite the turnbuckle." 

Other light-houses on land are of varied types. All comprise a 
tower bearing a lantern and one or more keeper's houses. They are 
built of wood, iron, brick, or stone, according to their importance and 
the building material most available. Their construction presents no 
special features different from other buildings of like character. 

Masonry Towers on Reefs — Minot's Ledge Light-House, Boston Bay, 
Mass. — This light-house is said to rank, " by the engineering difficul- 
ties surrounding its erection and by the skill and science shown in the 
details of its construction, among the chief of the great sea-rock light- 
houses of the world." It is fully described in all treatises on engineer- 
ing work of this character. The account of certain details of con- 
struction only is therefore given here. 

The ledge on which it is founded was bare only at three-quarters 
ebb, and the greater portion of the foundation of the light lies below 
low water. The rock was cut into shape to receive and bond thor- 
oughly with the lower courses of the masonry. No permanent coffer- 
dam could be erected, and in the words of the constructing engineer, 
General Alexander, " there had to be a combination of favorable cir- 
cumstances to enable us to land on Minot's Ledge at the beginning of 
the work — a perfectly smooth sea, a dead calm, and low spring-tides." 
The working season was from April 1 to September 15. "Work was 
prosecuted with all possible diligence for more than three years before 
a single stone could be laid." 

There are two partial courses of stone in the foundation below 
the first full course of masonry. Seven stones form the lowest 
partial course, all with their bottom beds below low water, in depths 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS : LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



127 



varying from 7" to 2'. Of the twenty-nine stones of the second 
partial course, twelve have their beds below low water at depths 
varying from 4" to V 2". To prepare the beds for these stones the 
men were provided with 1\" drills, from 2' to 4' long, The ends of 
a line on which a vertical cut was to be made having been marked, 
as many holes as possible w r ould be started at low water, about 1" 
apart, and carried down to the depth of 2" to 3". During a good 
tide, three men, two striking and one holding the drill, would start 
from twenty to thirty holes. These holes then became guides in which 
drilling could be done, even when there were two or three feet of 
water over the rock. After the holes had been drilled to the required 
depth, they were " set out," breaking down the walls of rock between 
them, and isolating the portion of the rock which had to be removed. 
When this was under water, it was first drilled or plugged off to 
nearly the required depth, and then cut down to the true surface by 
means of a tool with a cutting-face similar to a heavy " patent ham- 
mer." 

In finishing the foundation and in laying the lowest courses of 
the masonry, temporary coffer-dams were made of 200 to 300 sand- 
bags, of heavy canvas. These were piled quickly around a limited 
area, the water within bailed out, and the space kept dry by means 
of sponges. By such a dam the water could be kept away from a 
spot for fully half an hour if the sea was very smooth. Later, a 
scaffold 20' above low water was built over the rock, on iron posts 
set into holes. Life-lines were stretched between the posts, two or 
three feet above the rock. This scaffold was carried away by a 
wreck during the following winter and was never replaced. An iron 
mast was afterwards set up on the rock for use as a derrick, for laying 
the lower courses of masonry. 

The mortar used was neat Portland cement. When the stones 
were set under water the following precautions were taken : " A 
large piece of thin muslin was spread on a platform on the ledge. 
A layer of mortar was then spread over it of the required thickness. 
The stone Avas then laid on this bed of mortar. The vertical joints 



of the stone were then plastered with mortar. The cloth was folded 
up and laid smooth along these vertical joints, cutting away its super- 
fluous parts. After remaining five or ten minutes the mortar would 
begin to set so that it and the attached cloth would adhere to the 
stone. The stone was then laid in this envelope, which protected the 
mortar from the dissolving action of the water while it was being 
lowered into position." 

The machinery and rigging of the derrick had to be removed 
after each day's work. It was arranged so as to float when cast loose 
on the water, and thus was easily towed to and from the tender. 
The stones were cut on shore, and each stone was marked and laid 
away in the stone-yard in the order in which it would be needed. 

The first landing on the ledge was made in 1855 and the light- 
house was finished in 1860. The cost of the light-house and of the 
keepers' houses on shore was $300,000. (Barnard on Light-Houses 
and Alexander on Minot's Ledge Light-House, T. A. S. C. E., vol. viii.) 

Spectacle Reef Light-House, Lake Huron. — This light-house is ex- 
posed to the wave-action of Lake Huron and to the pressure of ice- 
packs, moved by currents which have a velocity of from two to three 
miles per hour. It is built on a reef in 11' of water, 10J miles from 
the shore. 

To build the light, a crib pier, 92' square and 24' high, having 
an interior well 48' in diameter, was first built and placed, in the 
manner described for the Stannards Rock light, of which it was the 
model. Within this pier a cylindrical coffer-dam, 36' in diameter, 
was made of jointed staves, 14' long, 4" thick, and 6" wide, bound 
by three iron hoops, and braced and stayed inside against a centre 
post. A loose rope of oakum was fastened to its lower edge. This 
cylinder was built over its site, suspended from the top of the pier, 
and when finished, was lowered to place and the staves driven home 
with a maul. A canvas flap and a loosely twisted hay rope, 4" in 
diameter, fastened on the outside of the base of the cylinder, assisted 
in making the joint against the rock water-tight, when forced down 
by the water-pressure after the interior had been pumped out 



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UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



The bed-rock was prepared and the tower was constructed 
inside this coffer-dam. It is a masonry tower, in shape a frustum o 
a cone, 32' in diameter at the base and 18' in diameter at the spring 

Fig. 16. 

DETAILS or MASONRY. 




GROUND HAN Of COURSE 14. 



Light=House at Spectacle Reef, Lake Huron. 

of the cornice, 80' above the base. The cornice is 6' and the para- 
pet is 7' high. The tower is solid for 34' above the base, and is 
composed of blocks, 2' thick, cut so as to interlock throughout each 
course, somewhat like those in the Minot's Ledge light. The founda- 
tion course is bolted to the rock with 2f" bolts, 3' long, which enter 



the rock 21". The courses are bolted to each other with 2|" bolts, 
2' long. All of the bolts are wedged at both ends, and set in Port- 
land cement. The remaining details are shown in Fig. 16. The 
stones were cut at the depot, 16 miles distant, and were there fitted 
together, course by course, on a masonry platform. 

This light-house was begun in May, 1870, and was finished in 
1874, but the available working time was only twenty months. The 
total cost was $375,000. (Modern Light-House Service.) 

Tillamook Rock Light-House, Oregon. — Tillamook Rock is a basal- 
tic rock, which rises abruptly from deep water, one mile off the coast 

Fig. 17. 




Tillamook Light-House. 

of Oregon, twenty miles south of the mouth ot the Columbia River. 
Its top was 121' above the low-water level, and its faces were pre- 
cipitous on all sides excepting the north-east. At all times the sea 
broke violently against it, making a landing dangerous even in calm 
weather. 

Work was started October 21. 1879. Twn men were landed on 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC IVORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



129 



the rock from a small boat. By their aid a line was run from the 
rock to the supply steamer, which was anchored as close as possible. 
The remainder of the working party and the supplies were hauled to 
the rock by a traveller, running on this line. Work was begun at 
once and prosecuted continuously, excepting when interrupted by 
storms, at which times the working party was in danger of being 
swept away by the water which dashed completely over the rock, as 
well as by the violence of the wind. 

The entire top of the rock was cut off to the level 91^' above 
low water, by drilling and blasting. The surface had weathered and 
split into prismatic blocks, but the interior was very tough, so that 
the drills required resharpening after penetrating 2". The first ledge 
was started at the 96' level by suspending a quarryman in a boat- 
swain's chair from a ring-bolt in the top of the rock, or where the 
rock was less steep by having each man work with a life-line tied 
around his body. These men drilled shallow breast-holes, 12" to 
18" deep, and 1|-" in diameter. Light charges of black powder, not 
exceeding a pound each, were used, and a narrow ledge was blasted 
out, which was gradually enlarged. After, a good working face had 
been made, holes were drilled 15' to 20' below the top and breast- 
holes 10' to 15' deep and 2f" in diameter, were driven at an angle 
of about 40 degrees with the horizon. These holes were charged 
with 12 to 15 lbs. of giant powder No. 2, and firmly tamped with 
sand. When fired, large seams were opened through the mass. 
Charges of 100 or more pounds of black powder were exploded in 
these fissures, frequently bringing down 200 to 250 cu. yds. of rock 
at a time. The total amount .of rock removed was 4730 cu. yds. 
with a consumption of 1231^ lbs. of black powder and 300 lbs. of 
giant powder, making an approximate equivalent of one pound of 
black powder to one cubic yard of rock. 

The following is a description of the methods and plant used for 
landing the materials on the rock and for placing them in the 
buildings : 

A small frame triangular derrick, 20' high, strengthened by cross 



cleats at short intervals from the top to the bottom, and fitted with 
a winch, was first set up on the 90' level, near the outer face of the 
rock. By its aid a large derrick was landed and set up on a lower 
level, about midway between the water and the top of the rock, 
within reach of the storage platform. This derrick had a 45' mast 
and a 75' boom, and was steadied by a 65' stiff-leg. A second large 
boom derrick was placed on the top, to lift the materials from the 
storage platform to the top. Four ladder derricks, 30' high, were 
used for serving stone to the masons. The remaining large plant 

Fig. 18. 




Tillamook Light=House. 

Method of Landing Materials. 

included one double-drum hoisting-engine, with boiler, for operating 
the two large derricks, five water-tight casks for fresh water, three 
sling-tubs for transferring mortar and small articles, and a small 
wooden cage, strengthened by iron straps, for landing men. The en- 
gine was placed on the 44' level and worked both derricks. (Fig. 18.) 
Materials were landed by the following process : " The boom of 



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UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



the derrick was first swung outwards towards the vessel, and then 
the hoisting-rope, after passing successively through the blocks at the 
foot and top of the mast and at the peak of the boom, was united 
with the fall of the vessel. The latter fall was further led through a 
single block hung upon a bridle which connected the masts of the 
vessel at their top and passed thence to the winch of a donkey-engine 
on deck. The hoisting-rope carried a hook permanently lashed to it, 
from which the articles to be transferred were suspended. The 
stone, singly if heavy, or in pairs if small, or any other article con- 
veniently bundled, was embraced by two rope slings, which were 
drawn together at the top and attached whilst in the hold of the 
vessel to the hoisting-hook. It was first raised by the donkey-engine 
until it had cleared the deck by a few feet, and then the hoisting was 
taken up and continued by the large engine on the rock, whilst the 
donkey eased off to keep the article steady. By the time the stone 
Avas directly underneath the boom it was high enough to be landed, and 
the boom was swung around and the stone lowered to the wharf." 

" The buoys to which the vessels were moored whilst discharging 
their cargo consisted of ordinary spars of Oregon spruce 45' long and 
2' 6" in diameter at the butt. To make easy attachments with the 
hawsers, one hole 8" in diameter was made in the spar 2' from the 
top, and another at right angles to the first, 1' lower down. To the 
loAver end of the spar was fitted a shackle of 1-J" round iron, securely 
bolted with 1" bolts, with which was connected a mooring-chain, 40 
to 45 fathoms long, with a heavy sinker at the bottom. Three buoys 
were used : the first on the west side of the anchorage with a semi- 
spherical sinker weighing 5500 lbs., the second on the east, with two 
sinkers aggregating 7000 lbs., and the third on the south, with a 
5500-lb. sinker. The depth of water in which they were placed was 
approximately 23 fathoms." 

On arriving at the anchorage the vessel was placed with her 
head to the sea and lines run out to the buoys ; bow and stern lines 
were also carried to the rock and made fast to ring-bolts. All the 
lines were then manned, and by easing off the buoy-lines and haul- 



ing on the bow and stern lines leading to the rock, alternately, the 
vessel was gradually drawn to within 100' of the mast of the derrick, 
as close as it was usually safe to approach the rock. At this distance 
the hawsers running to the buoys were each 60 fathoms long." 

The keeper's dwelling and the light tower are built of fine and 
compact basalt, of a light-gray color, and having a specific gravity of 
2.25. The materials were bought by contract, delivered at a wharf 
in Astoria. The amounts used and the prices paid were as follows : 
5914| cu. ft. first-class ashlar stone, at $1.60 per cu. ft.; 2880 cu. ft. 
second-class ashlar stone, at $1.25 per cu. ft.; 96,664 brick, at $12 
per M ; 2635 cu. ft. sand, at 8 cts. per cu. ft. The ashlar stone was 
dressed true to dimension. The materials were carried to the rock 
on a chartered vessel, and the buildings were put up by hired labor. 

The dwelling is a stone structure, 48' X 45', with an extension 
for fog-sirens, 32' X 28^', under the same roof. The lantern is on a 
stone tower which rises from the centre of the main building. The 
foundation is in two courses. The lowest course of stone has a 
thickness of 2' 6". Each stone is bolted to the rock by two 14/' round 
iron bolts, 32" long, and is cramped to its neighbor by a double 
cramp, 1£" X i" X 12", let into holes 3" deep. The second course 
is 4" narrower, and has its stones cramped together like those of the 
first course. 

The walls are 2' thick. They are lined with a brick wall 8" 
thick, leaving an intervening air-space of 2". 

Work on the rock was begun Oct. 21, 1879, and by the 8th of 
January, 1881, the light-house was completed. The light was dis- 
played for the first time Jan. 21, 1881. 

The total cost of establishing the light was $123,500. Of this 
$10,718 was paid for labor in reducing the rock; $30,200 for other 
labor ; and $26,400 for transportation of men and materials.* 

Another masonry light-house has lately been constructed on Seal 
Rock, St. George's Reef, off the north-west coast of California, at a 

* For a detailed report on this work see report of Col. Gillespie, in Annual 
Report of Light-House Board for 1881. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



131 



cost of $704,600. This work was similar in character to that at 
Minot's Ledge and Tillamook Rock, but unlike those works, was 
greatly delayed and increased in cost by intermittent and insufficient 
appropriations. 

Pile Beacons, Tampa Bay, Florida. — These may be considered 
fairly typical in construction details of important beacons and day- 
marks, built in water in which the teredo is found. Each beacon 
consists of a lantern or a day-mark, mounted on a pole 27' 3" high, 
which stands on a triangular deck 12' long on a side, 12' above the 
water, supported by three piles. Iron guys steady the pole on the 
platform, and the piles are tied together by iron tie-rods running from 
the top of each pile to a point on each adjoining pile at about mid 
depth. The day-marks are either cylindrical or pyramidal in shape, 
according to the side of the channel, 3' high and 28" in diameter, and 
3' 6" high and 3' in diameter, at the base, respectively. They con- 
sist of a cast-iron skeleton frame, with the surface formed of vertical 
or horizontal wrought-iron slats. 

The piles are of Georgia pine, stripped of the bark, not less than 
10" diameter at the smaller end, and 12" diameter, at the larger, 
when cut off, and of a length sufficient to allow the required pene- 
tration and the required length above water. The piles are driven 
until the penetration is at least equal to the horizontal distance be- 
tween the three piles of the platform from centre to centre, and then 
until the penetration is less than 1" under the last blow of a series of 
five, each blow of which is equivalent to that delivered by a hammer 
weighing 1500 lbs. falling 10' upon a solid pile head. The piles 
must be straight, truly pointed, and ringed, if necessary, in order to 
secure due penetration without injury to the head. When driven, 
the piles must stand plumb ; their centres mast lie in the corners of 
equilateral triangles, the length of sides of which varies with the depth 
of water in which the beacon is built, from 17' in water 15' 6" deep 
to 12' in water 5' 6" deep. 

The tops of the piles are cut off square at low-water mark, and 
are covered accurately with a cast-iron plate, 12" in diameter and 1" 



thick, fastened to the pile by a spike driven through a hole in its 
centre. A cast-iron pipe-sleeve is then fitted over each pile, with its 
top end flush with the top of the bearing-plate, and extending to a 
depth of two feet below the bottom of the bay. The sleeves are 
sound, straight castings, with ■$" walls, accurately cored. Each sleeve 
has a faced flange at the top, and two double, hook-shaped lugs at 
about mid depth, each pair spaced 60 degrees from centre to centre.. 
These receive the T heads of the lower ends of the tie-rods. 

On these piles, thus protected, cast-iron columns 12' high with 
faced flange ends are bolted. These columns are 8" in outside diam- 
eter, have walls f" thick, and are straight and accurately cored. The 
bottom flange is braced by four strengthening ribs, 1' high. The 
flange of the top of the column is extended through one third of its 
circumference to a radius of 10". Below this extension are two 
pairs of strengthening ribs 13" long. These are located accurately 
over the lugs on the sleeve, and form pockets to receive the head of 
the tie-rods, which are fastened to them by pins, passing through 
holes in the ribs and an eye in the head of the rod. The columns 
and sleeves are bolted together with eight bolts through the flanges. 
The deck is bolted to the columns by two bolts through each flanged 
head. 

The tie-rods are round iron, li/'in diameter, in two parts, united 
by a turnbuckle. Each has ajat the lower, and an eye at the 
upper end. There are two ties for each column. 

The frame of the deck is a triangle made of three pieces of 8" X 
12" yellow pine, bolted together and to the heads of the columns at 
the angles. An 8" X 12" piece, gained in 5" at the ends, is bolted 
on this frame, from the vertex of one angle to the middle of the oppo- 
site side. 2" X 5" yellow-pine scantlings are bolted to this piece, 
with the tops flush with the tops of the sides of the frame, and, with 
the adjacent side pieces, support a deck of 2" X 12" yellow-pine plank,, 
laid with £" joints, and spiked to the frame and scantlings. 

A cast-iron foot-plate, 10" X 9", with a hub A.\" high, is fastened 
to the middle piece on the frame, directly over the centre of gravity 



132 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



JMaxt head. 



of the triangle. This plate bears the lantern-post, the base of which 
fits accurately over the hub. The lantern-post is made of well- 
straightened wrought-iron piping, in two sections. The lower section 
is 5.56" in inside diameter, and is faced at the lower end and fitted 
tightly over the hub. Its upper end is reinforced by a steel collar. 
The upper section is of 
extra-strong pipe, 4" in out- 
side diameter. Its lower 
end is reinforced with a 
steel collar, which fits 
closely in the lower section 
into which the upper sec- 
tion extends 2' 4£". At 
this distance from the end 
the upper section carries 
another collar, with a 
shoulder which bears on 
the top of the lower pipe. 
The joint thus formed be- 
tween the sections is locked 
by set-screws. Three iron 
tie-rods with turnbuckles 
run from the collar of the 
lower section to the angles 
of the frame. On top of 
the lantern-post is the day- 
mark, or in a lighted bea- 
con, a casting having a 

braced arm, 13" long, with two pulley-wheels on top, enclosed in a 
casing. The lantern runs up and down on two guide-ropes, fast- 
ened to the deck and to the arm. It is suspended from a steel-wire 
rope, which passes from the top of the lantern up through a hole in 
the arm, over the pulley-wheels on top, and down through the interior 
of the post to a drum, enveloped in a casing and fixed to the post 



Fig. 19 



near its base. Access to the deck is had by an iron ladder fastened 
to one of the piles. 

Seven aids to navigation of this kind were built in Tampa 
Bay at a total cost of $7600. The metal-work was furnished 
under one contract and the woodwork and labor for erect- 
ing the beacons under 



mSect/on yo. 




another. 

In other cases piles for 
beacons and marks are pro- 
tected by an iron pipe- 
sleeve, extending from 
above high-water mark to 
some distance into the bed 
of the sea, with Portland- 
cement grout filled in be- 
tween the pile and its 
envelope. 

Platform for Test-bor- 
ings, Outer Diamond Shoals, 
Cape Hatteras. — Early in 
1894 the Light -House 
Board constructed a plat- 
form on these shoals, for 
the purpose of making test- 
borings. The following de- 
scription of the platform 
and of the methods em- 
ployed for placing it is re- 
printed, by permission, from the Engineering Record of June 16, 1894 : 
" It was essentially a skeleton framework supported on disk-piles 
fitted with connections for sinking a tube-well, just as is done for 
purposes of water-supply. 

" The framework employed was in the form of a square skeleton 
prism measuring 20' on a side and 32' high. The columns at each 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



133 



corner were made of wrought-iron tubing 7f " in outside diameter and 
half an inch thick. They were provided with shrunk collars, firmly 
secured in place by steel studs, which formed seats for the castings by 
which the ties and horizontal struts were attached, the detail drawing 
' A ' of one of the middle connections showing the method of assem- 
bling the parts. The 12 horizontal struts were made of tubing of the 
same size as the columns and of the same thickness. The diagonal 
ties were \\" round irons, with turnbuckles of the usual form. Inside 
each of the vertical columns was a pile made of two pieces of 6" 
rolled iron, welded together after their ends had been prepared to 
receive the disk, clamps, and nuts. The lower ends of the piles were 
turned to fit the disk-shoes, to which they were attached by steel 
keys. Each pile was also provided with a jet-pipe composed of two 
lengths of 3" wrought-iron piping and fitted at the lower end into the 
tapped boss of the disk. The construction of the disks is fully shown 
in the detail drawings ' B, 1 ' B. 1 

"The two pontoons used in floating the framework were 24' 
long, 6' wide, and 9' deep. Their framework was made of yellow- 
pine timbers, and the sheathing was of 2" and 2\" white-pine plank- 
ing fastened by galvanized-iron spikes. A 6" stop-valve in each pon- 
toon enabled water to be admitted whenever desired, and a 3" pipe 
was provided for pumping out the water which might leak in. 

" The boring was done by means of three branches of pipes of 
different diameters, which were driven by a water-jet into the shoal. 
The largest branch was 5" in diameter, 62' long, and weighed 930 
lbs.; the second was 3£" in diameter, 102J' long, and weighed 940 
lbs.; the third was 140' long, 2" in diameter, and weighed 550 lbs. 
The branches were hung from the masthead by a tackle and sunk 
through a hole in the platform, shown in the accompanying plan. A 
string of boring-tools was carried along to be used in case hard ma- 
terial was encountered, but they were not needed. 

" The following account of the manner in which these appliances 
are assembled and used is slightly condensed from the report prepared 
by Mr. J. E. Rettig, Superintendent of Construction of the Board : 



" The framework and boring apparatus by means of which the 
work has been accomplished were designed by the Board in Sep- 
tember, 1893. The materials, which were furnished under two dif- 
ferent contracts, were delivered during April, 1894, at the Lazaretto 
Light-House Depot, Baltimore, where it had been contemplated to 
erect the apparatus and transfer it to the water. However, as it was 
learned upon inquiry that suitable shears and other necessary condi- 
tions for launching the structure could only be secured at the New- 
port News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Virginia, the car- 
penter-work only, comprising the fitting of the timbers to the frame- 
work, was performed at Lazaretto Depot, when, after the completion 
of the same, the materials and also the two pontoons were loaded on 
a barge, which measured 23^' X 70' on the water-line, and which had 
a displacement of 72 tons due to its own weight. The loaded barge 
left Baltimore on May 10 ; it arrived at Newport News at noon May 
11, when the erection of the apparatus upon the deck of the barge by 
means of a very suitable derrick of 12 tons lifting capacity was com- 
menced. 

" The different parts of the ironwork had been well constructed 
and fitted, and not the slightest delay, so often due to defective work- 
manship, occurred ; and on May 17 the complete apparatus, with 
pontoons connected in their places, weighing 46 tons, was lifted off 
the barge and successfully transferred to the water by means of the 
100-ton shears at the shipyard. Mr. Rettig states that the undertaking 
so far came out successfully and in accordance with the various calcu- 
lations made for determining the stability of the loaded barge, which 
were doubted by nearly everyone. Knowing, however, that with the 
structure completely erected on the barge the metacentre of the 
floating mass was 8' 6" above the centre of gravity of the same, and 
that it would have required a maximum moment of 206 foot-tons to 
upset the barge, he determined to proceed in the way it had always 
been contemplated, and complete success crowned the result. After 
launching, the mast, surmounting the framework, was put in place ; 
all necessary water-pipes and rubber hose, as shown on the drawings, 



134 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



were placed in position ; the pontoons were well secured to the 
structure by four 1\" tie-rods, and on May 19 the apparatus was 
ready for sea, drawing 21' of water and having a metacentric height 
of 6' 8", which proved, on the way to the site, to give ample stability 
to the floating mass. 

" On Monday morning, May 21, Mr. Rettig took his quarters on 
the ' I. D. Jones,' the Merritt's Wrecking Organization's steamer, to 
wait for suitable weather. On Wednesday morning, May 23, he 
telegraphed the New York office of the Wrecking Organization to have 
their steamer report at Newport News as soon as practicable, and at 
12 o'clock, noon, the steamer was made fast to the wharf at the ship- 
yard close to the apparatus, where it required but a short time to 
drill the intelligent crew of the vessel for the work to be performed at 
the site. At 1 p.m. on Wednesday, May 23, the 7£" tow-line, connected 
to the structure by a long rope bridle, took up its slack, and they left 
port with a speed of from 3 to 3£ miles per hour. Nothing unusual 
occurred on the journey, the apparatus floated and towed like a well- 
designed vessel, and had it not been for the leakage of the pontoon 
on the port side of the structure, which made water at the rate of 
£ cu. ft. per hour, and which was pumped at sea every 12 hours, the 
apparatus required no special attention. In leaving the capes a heavy 
swell from an easterly direction, caused by the storm on May 21, was 
met, but as it had little effect upon the structure no further notice was 
taken of it. 

" On Friday morning, May 25, they arrived at Cape Hatteras. 
Mr. Rettig located the position of the steamer and then proceeded on 
a new course towards the buoys on the outer shoals, which came in 
sight at 1 p.m. The tide and the sea were not suitable at the time for 
grounding the structure, and that day was spent taking soundings on 
a line from deep water to the buoys in range of the main light at 
Hatteras. Finding that the soundings were exactly as indicated in a 
letter from Lieutenant-Commander Garrett, U. S. N., they anchored 
at a distance of about 2 miles from the buoys on the east side of the 
shoals, where they remained, not having the least anxiety about bad 



weather, until Sunday morning at 7 o'clock, when all indications and 
conditions of the weather were such that the grounding of the appa- 
ratus could be attempted. High tide occurred at the shoals at 11.30 
a.m. ; at 7 a.m. everything was ready for work ; the anchors for moor- 
ing the steamer alongside the structure after it had been grounded 
were ready to let go at a moment's notice ; the vessel slowly ap- 
proached the final resting-place of the apparatus ; at 11 a.m. the men 
were stationed on the structure, and at 11.30, when a moderate 
swell and only a choppy sea, but a strong current, prevailed, the ap- 
paratus struck bottom, the valves in the pontoons were opened, and 
within 15 minutes the pontoons, which had carried the structure, 
were liberated and floated off in a southeast direction, impelled by a 
current too strong to enable them to be saved without the sacrifice of 
much valuable time. While all this was going on the steamer's crew 
unfastened the tow-line and placed the moorings at the corners of a. 
square having a circumscribed circle from 600' to 700' in diameter 
with the structure at its centre, and at 1 p.m. the vessel was securely 
moored alongside the framework and ready to furnish water under 
pressure through two 1\" hose for driving the four piles by which the 
structure was to be secured to the bottom. The first pile was sunk 
to the contemplated depth of 13' into the sand and secured to the 
structure within 10 minutes ; the second pile went like the first ; the 
third was bearing upon the sand, and as the water would not dis- 
charge from the openings of the lower disk it required underwashing 
by a 2" pipe to start circulation, and when this took place the third 
pile went successfully into its place. The fourth pile started all right, 
but in its fall broke the T of the pipe which conducted the water to 
the disk. The T was replaced by another ; the disk, around which 
the sand had settled, was underwashed like that of the third pile, and 
the pile went down like the others ; and at 2 p.m. the structure was 
secured and stood firm on the dreaded shoal. 

" The 5" pipe through which borings were to be obtained was 
then screwed together and washed into the sand to a depth of 40' 
below the surface of the shoal, and when this Avas accomplished a 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: LIGHT-HOUSES AND BEACONS. 



135 



sauall from the south-west stopped the work. At 4 p.m. the steamer's 
moorings were unfastened, and soon after the vessel returned to its 
old anchorage. During the night the weather became settled again. 
The steamer went under way at 5.30 a.m.; it was moored alongside 
the beacon again at 7 a.m., when within three hours the 3|" and 2" 
pipes were sunk as contemplated, and the borings to a depth of 105' 
below the surface of the shoal were secured. The water for washing 
the piles and pipes was furnished by the steamer's wrecking-pump 
under a pressure of 120 lbs. per. sq. in., but this pressure had to be 
reduced when the 3£" and 2" pipes were nearly sunk to their re- 
quired depths, for the friction of the water and sand on the outer sur- 
faces of the pipe was so great that it stopped the descent of the pipes 



by their own weights. The borings which were brought up in the 
annular space between the pipes were caught in a canvas bag above 
the surface of the sea, and consisted mainly of fine alluvial sand. The 
sand of the surface of the shoal is light in color ; the sand which came 
from a depth of between 40' and 80' below the surface of the shoal is 
light gray in color, and clean. The sample which came from a depth 
of between 80' and 105' below the surface of the bottom is dark gray 
in color, very fine, and mixed with small shells and black mud. The 
structure was then cleared of all unnecessary planks and timbers ; the 
moorings of the vessel were taken up, and at 11 a.m. on Monday, May 

28, the party left for Norfolk, Va., where they arrived at 3 a.m. on May 

29, without having had a single accident during the undertaking." 



136 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER V. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



Organization of Office. — The construction of the public buildings 
under the Treasury Department is in the charge of the Supervising 
Architect of the Treasury, whose position as well as that of his assist- 
ant is provided for in Sec. 235, R. S. The duties of the Supervising 
Architect comprise the preparation of all plans and estimates for 
public buildings, the acquisition of land for their sites, and the super- 
vision of their construction, repair, and custody. By the Act of 
February 20, 1893, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized, in 
his discretion, to obtain plans, drawings, and specifications for the 
erection of the public buildings, and the local supervision of the con- 
struction thereof, by competition among architects under such condi- 
tions as he may prescribe. In such case the general supervision of 
the work is to continue in the office of the Supervising Architect of 
the Treasury Department, whose duties, with the exception of the 
work specified, remain the same as in other cases. The Secretary of 
the Treasury is authorized to employ as many skilled assistants for 
the Supervising Architect as may be necessary, to be paid from the 
appropriation for the various public buildings. 

The following recent order describes the division of duties in this 
office as at present organized : 

"The office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Depart- 
ment is reorganized in the following manner, and its business will be 
conducted in accordance with this order, subject to such changes and 
additional regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may hereafter 
make : 

" In the office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury De- 
partment there shall be a supervising architect, whose duties shall be 
those which are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law and the 



orders of the Secretary. To the Supervising Architect six divisions 
are assigned, as herein below set forth, the architectural and technical 
work of which, together with the discipline of the force employed in 
such work, shall be entirely under his direction and control, subject 
to such orders and regulations as may be made by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. The divisions assigned to the Supervising Architect 
and the work to be performed in each are as follows : 

" 1. The engineering and draughting division, the chief of which 
shall be known as the chief constructor. In this division will be pre- 
pared designs and working drawings for public buildings, which are 
not opened to competition under the present or future legislation, and 
the draughting work required by the repairs division. 

" 2. The tracing division, which will trace the working drawings 
for photographic duplication. 

" 3. The photograph gallery, which will make photographic 
duplications of the plans aforesaid. 

" 4. The computing division, which will prepare estimates of 
cost for public buildings, specifications for the same, and will pass, 
under instructions from the Supervising Architect, upon all questions 
of material submitted for work under contract, and carry on all work 
similar in character to that now performed in this division. 

" 5. The repairs division, which is charged with the repair and 
preservation of all public buildings under the control of the Treasury 
Department, the heating, hoisting, and ventilating apparatus in said 
buildings, and the purchase of vaults, safes, and locks. 

" 6. The inspection and material division, which will have 
charge of the office corps of inspectors, writing their letters of instruc- 
tion and receiving their reports. This division is also charged with 



TREASURY DEPARMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



137 



the active inspection and supervision of all work provided for or 
prosecuted under any contracts, drawings, or specifications prepared 
in the office of the Supervising Architect. It will be the duty of the 
chief of this division to receive all material-men who visit the office 
for the purpose of securing the use of their goods in public buildings, 
and he will take the data necessary to enable him to present intelli- 
gently the merits of any article which, in his opinion, should be 
brought to the notice of the Supervising Architect. 

"The Supervising Architect will keep his office either in the 
engineering or draughting division, or in direct connection therewith, 
and will not be required to receive visitors except those who desire 
information with reference to matters of construction pertaining to 
work in actual progress. He will sign the mail which originates in 
his divisions or which arises from the necessities of the public service 
in connection therewith ; but all mail heretofore signed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, or an assistant secretary of the Treasury, will 
continue to be so signed. 

" All business of an executive or administrative nature not 
within the jurisdiction and control of the Supervising Architect will 
be conducted by a chief executive officer, who will act as supervising 
architect in the absence of that official, and whose duties, in general 
terms, shall be as follows : 

" The chief executive officer will receive all visitors on public 
business, except material-men and those who may desire to confer 
with the Supervising Architect concerning matters of an architectural 
and technical nature pertaining to the work of construction in actual 
progress, and he will receive and have distributed to the proper 
divisions all mail matter addressed to the Supervising Architect or 
other officials in the office, and check all letters and other papers 
originating in the divisions of the Supervising Architect as to proper 
official form. 

" He is charged also with all questions of discipline arising in the 
divisions assigned to him, and all messengers and mailing-clerks will 
be directly under his control ; all correspondence of the office not 



originating in the office of the Supervising Architect, or in the divis- 
ions assigned to him, and which does not require the signatures of the 
Secretary or an assistant secretary, will be signed by the Chief Execu- 
tive officer, such as transmission of checks payable out of the annual 
office appropriations for the repair and preservation of public build- 
ings, heating, hoisting, and ventilating apparatus and vaults, safes, and 
locks ; all the correspondence with the disbursing agents, superin- 
tendents, and others, concerning requests for funds and notifications 
that moneys have been asked for and will be transmitted ; all ques - 
tions relating to matters of final payment, and generally all other 
correspondence which does not arise in the work performed by the 
six divisions strictly under the control of the Supervising Architect. 
He will also be the custodian of the bids and open them, in conjunc- 
tion with the Supervising Architect and chief computer. Under his 
immediate supervision and control there shall be two divisions, as 
follows : 

" 1. The law and records division, the chief of which will be the 
law officer of the entire office, and his opinion upon matters of law 
originating therein shall be binding, subject to the right of reference, 
through the assistant secretary of the Treasury in charge, to the 
Secretary of the Treasury, or the law officers of the Department. 
This division will begin and carry forward the work of putting into 
permanent record form all deeds and other papers relating to titles 
for sites of public buildings, marine hospitals, quarantine stations, and 
all other real estate belonging to, or hereafter acquired by, the United 
States and under the control of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

" 2. The division of accounts, which will keep a complete sys- 
tem of books, showing all appropriations made by Congress for the 
purchase of sites and construction of public buildings to be erected by 
the Secretary of the Treasury ; the annual office appropriations, and 
the charges against each and every appropriation. This division will 
also prepare all the correspondence with disbursing officers, together 
with all other correspondence relating to payments out of the various 
appropriations made by Congress. 



138 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



" A Board of Award, for the awarding of contracts in the office 
of the Supervising Architect, is hereby created, consisting of the 
Supervising Architect, the chief executive officer, and the assistant 
secretary of the Treasury in charge. This Board will prepare recom- 
mendations to the Secretary of the Treasury for the award of all con- 
tracts arising in the office for the construction of public buildings and 
repairs to the same, and all contracts for repairs to heating, hoisting, 
and ventilating apparatus and the purchase of vaults, safes, and locks. 
A majority of the Board must concur before any recommendation is 
sent to the Secretary of the Treasury, and in case any member of the 
Board shall dissent, the majority and minority shall each file a brief 
statement in writing setting forth the reasons for concurrence and 
non-concurrence. 

" The copying division and the division of records and files are 
abolished. The work now performed by the copyist division is in- 
definitely suspended, and the force now employed in the above-named 
divisions is transferred to the law and record divisions. 

" This order shall take effect on the 1st day of January, 1895. 

" J. G. Carlisle, Secretary.'''' 

Purchase of Land for Site for Public Building — " In the selec- 
tion of any site for any public building not yet commenced, reference 
shall be had to the interest and convenience of the public, as well as 
to the best interests of the Government ; and the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall have power, and it shall be his duty, to set aside any 
selection which in his opinion has not been made solely with refer- 
ence thereto. 

" No expenditure shall be made upon any building, a site for 
which has been selected, and work upon which has not been com- 
menced, until such of the persons who acted as commissioners in se- 
lecting such site shall make and file with the Secretary of the Treasury 
an oath or affirmation that he is not, at the time of making the affi- 
davit, and was not at the date of making the selection of such site, 
directly or indirectly interested in the property selected for the same, 



and a similar affidavit shall be made and filed by each and every per- 
son hereafter appointed as such commissioner, before any site shall 
be finally adopted. In either case a failure on the part of any com- 
missioner to make and file such an affidavit shall render the selection 
void." (Act June 23, 1874.) 

Expenditures on Public Buildings. — " And hereafter no money shall 
be paid nor contracts made for payment for any site for a public 
building in excess of the amount specially appropriated therefor ; and 
no money shall be expended upon any public building on which 
work has not yet been actually begun, until after drawings and speci- 
fications, together with detailed estimates of the cost thereof, shall 
have been made by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury De- 
partment,* and said plans and estimates shall have been ap- 
proved by the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior, 
and the Paymaster-General ; and all Appropriations made for the 
construction of such buildings shall be expended within the limita-. 
tions of the Act authorizing the same or limiting the cost thereof ; 
and no change of said plan involving an increase of expense exceed- 
ing ten per centum of the amount to which said building was limited 
shall be allowed or paid by any officer of the Government without 
the special authority of Congress. 1 ' (Act March 3, 1875.) 

" That no Act passed authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury 
to purchase a site and erect a public building thereon shall be held or 
construed to appropriate money unless the Act in express language 
makes such appropriations." (Act August 7, 1882.) 

"... The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to acquire, by 
private purchase or by condemnation, the necessary lands for public 
buildings and light-houses to be constructed, and for which money is 
appropriated, . . . ; and there may be expended by the Secretary of 
the Treasury, from the several amounts appropriated for the con- 
struction of public buildings, the expenses incident to the procuring of 
sites for said buildings respectively." (Act March 3, 1883.) 

* Modified by Act of February 20, 1893. See p. 136. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



139 



The Act of August 1, 1888, describes the methods to be followed 
in acquiring real estate by condemnation. (See p. 2.) 

The Act of March 2, 1889, forbids the Secretary of the Treasury 
to approve the plan of any public building, the erection of which has 
been authorized by Congress, until the site has been finally selected • 
he is further forbidden to approve of any plan for any such building 
which involves a greater expenditure for the completion of the build- 
ing, including all heating apparatus, elevators, and approaches, than 
the amount remaining from the sum specified in the law after deduct- 
ing the cost of the site. 

The Act further provides that all legal services connected with 
the procurement of titles to site for public buildings, other than for 
life-saving stations and for pier-head lights, shall be rendered by 
United States district attorneys. It is further made the duty of the 
Attorney-General to lequire the grantors in each case to furnish to the 
United States, free of all expenses to the Government, all requisite 
abstracts, official certificates, and evidences of title that he may deem 
necessary. 

BUSINESS METHODS. 

Chapter I gives the general laws and regulations governing the 
care and disbursement of public funds. The laws relating to dis- 
bursements are on page 1 ; to labor, page 1 ; for protection of per- 
sons furnishing materials or labor for use on public works, page 1 ; 
to purchase of land, page 2 ; to legal holidays, page 2 ; to purchases 
and contracts, page 2 ; to payments, page 5 ; to method of obtaining 
duplicate of lost check, page 7 ; to form of check, page 8 ; to pay- 
ments to corporations, page 9. 

Appropriations. — In general, it may be stated that there are five 
(5) classes of appropriations under the control of this bureau, i.e., 
what is known as a construction appropriation, available immediately 
upon the approval of the act containing it (there being one for each 
designated building to be erected or to be repaired under a special 
appropriation, and which has no limitation as to time), and four (4) 



appropriations under the limitation of the fiscal years, and for the cur- 
rent fiscal year. They will be found in the " Digest of Appropria- 
tions " on pages 44, 45, and 74, as follows : 

"Repairs and Preservation of Public Buildings." This is for 
repair and preservation of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, 
Marine Hospitals, Quarantine Stations, and other public buildings 
under the control of this Department. 

"Heating Apparatus for Public Buildings." For heating, hoist- 
ing, and ventilating apparatus, and repairs to the same, for all public 
buildings under the control of the Treasury Department, including 
Marine Hospitals and Quarantine Stations. 

" Vaults, Safes, and Locks for Public Buildings." For vaults, 
safes, and locks, and repairs to same, for all public buildings under the 
control of the Treasury Department. 

"Plans for Public Buildings." For books, photographic ma- 
terials, and use in duplicating plans required for public buildings. 

In connection with appropriations for the construction of public 
buildings, Congress, with the approval of the President of the United 
States, the language being similar in nearly all cases, legislates " that 
the Secretary of the Treasury be and he is hereby authorized and 
directed to purchase, acquire by condemnation, and otherwise provide 
a site and cause to be erected thereon a substantial and commodious 
building, etc., etc." This act must limit the cost of site and building. 
The appropriations may be made either under this act, or through the 
Appropriations Committee at a later date, either in one amount or in 
smaller sums at intervals until the aggregate amount is reached. 

A general statute requires that the limit placed by Congress, un- 
less otherwise stated, is to embrace the cost of site, building, heating, 
elevators, if required, and approaches. (Sec. 3663, R. S.) 

Expenditures. — No money must be expended until title to the 
site is vested in the Government. The mode of selecting the site is 
within the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, and excepting 
where specially controlled by legislation indicating what land must be 
taken, it has been the custom of the Department to adopt a method 



140 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



as follows : First, to invite proposals by public advertisement, stating 
the area required, location, etc.; the proposals when opened are then 
reported upon to the Secretary of the Treasury, with recommendation 
as to the selection which should be made, either by an appointed 
commission made up of non-Federal officers or by an agent of this 
Department. After the details in this connection have been com- 
pleted, if there is no general State act covering such matter, the State 
is requested to cede jurisdiction over the land, and upon this action 
being taken by the State legislature, the payment is made, and the 
property vested in the Federal Government. 

When all transactions in regard to the selection of site are com- 
pleted and purchase-money paid, then sketch plans and estimates are 
prepared, and submitted, as required by law, for approval by the Hon. 
Secretary of the Treasury, Hon. Secretary of the Interior, and the 
Hon. Postmaster-General, (Sec. 3734, R. S., and Act Mar. 3, 1875.) 

Office Methods. — Upon this approval being given, the working 
drawings, amplified by full-sized details and specifications, are pre- 
pared either for the entire building, or subdivided in accordance with 
what is deemed most expedient, under the limit fixed by the appro- 
priation made. As it must be clearly understood that while the limit 
of cost of the building is a stated amount, the appropriations are often 
made at intervals, and an amount smaller than the larger sum indi- 
cated by the limit is available at any one time, and no liability must be 
incurred in excess of money available, under the law, excepting in con- 
nection with the erection of the Post-office building in the city of Wash- 
ington, which provides that contracts may be entered into to an amount 
not exceeding the limit and not circumscribed by appropriations. 

Proposals and Contracts. — At this point the method adopted is 
that which obtains in private enterprises. Proposals (based upon the 
specifications and drawings, which can be seen at designated points) 
are invited by public advertisement in local papers and in several 
technical journals, the bids to be opened at a designated time and to 
be accompanied by a certified check, payable to the order of the 
Treasurer of the United States, in an amount sufficient to indicate the 



commercial standing of the bidders, and also to guarantee the enter- 
ing into of a contract in the event of the proposal being accepted. 
(Usually 2% of the total consideration of the proposal.) 

Upon the approval of the contract the check is returned, the 
checks of the unsuccessful bidders having been returned after the 
award was made. 

Formal contracts are required in amounts involving an expen- 
diture of $5000 and over, and simple bonds, on the official form 
(see Chap. VIII), in sums contemplating from $2000 to $5000. In 
less than $2000 it is usual to retain a certified check in amount ap- 
proximately 25 per cent of the bid. The penalty bond on the con- 
tract is usually 40 per cent of the amount involved. 

It may be stated that special items of work, such as heating and 
hoisting systems, are generally the subject of separate invitation and 
contract. 

After giving consideration to the various bids before this office a 
conclusion is reached, and they are all submitted with a synopsis to 
the Hon. Secretary of the Treasury, with the recommendation for 
acceptance. Upon the approval being signified, a letter of acceptance 
is written to the successful bidder accepting the proposal and stipulat- 
ing the time within which the work shall be completed, and intimat- 
ing that time consumed in the execution of the contract will not affect 
the time for completion stated in the letter. 

A contract is then prepared upon a regular form (see forms), and 
having attached the " General Instructions and Conditions," and is 
supplemented by copies of the proposal, letter of acceptance, specifica- 
tions, and drawings referred to. 

This office is represented at the building by a Superintendent of 
Construction, under bond, competent to exact a strict compliance 
with the terms of the agreement, and officers with the title " Inspector 
of Public Buildings," technically qualified, are detailed from time to 
time to make an examination for the information of this office as to 
whether satisfactory progress of work is being made and suitable 
materials and workmanship are being supplied. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



141 



The contract, as reference to the " General Instructions and Con- 
ditions " will show, provides for payment at stated times of the full 
value of work supplied in place complete, less 10 per cent retained 
for reasons which are apparent. 

There is remitted to the Disbursing Agent, who is under bond 
and located in the city where the building is being erected, an amount 
sufficient to enable him to make payment of the monthly expendi- 
tures, which payments are made upon the certificate of the Superin- 
tendent of Construction. When work is completed the Superintend- 
ent of Construction must certify that fact to this office, accompanied 
by a statement of the account, and reciting any circumstances which 
may have prevented the completion of the work within the stipulated 
time, in order that all matters may be laid before the Hon. Secretary 
of the Treasury in connection with inflicting or waiving the penalty 
forfeiture for failure to complete as agreed. At this point it is the 
custom of the office to detail an Inspector of Public Buildings to gather 
all facts, not for the purpose of relieving the Superintendent of his 
responsibility, but in order that the office may be in possession of all 
information relating to the matter. 

This in brief is the history of any building under construction, 
and the same applies to all other buildings of like character under 
this office. 

Payments. — Each month the Superintendent of Construction 
must submit what is known as " Estimate of Funds " upon which is 
based the remittance to the Disbursing Agent ; twice each month, at 
the 15th and last day, he transmits a brief letter of advice showing 
the point of advancement reached, and intimating whether the con- 
tractor is making a sufficient delivery of materials and employing a 
force adequate to secure the completion of the work within the con- 
tract time. On the last day of each month he forwards what is 
known as a " Monthly Report " enumerating the various vouchers 
certified by him during the month, the total amount certified to date, 
what branches of work are complete, the value of the various 
branches of work being executed, the amount expended for what is 



known as machinery (being office furniture, etc.), the amount for 
contingencies, including the Superintendent's expenses, office fuel, ice, 
foreman, clerk and watchman, if allowed, and an inventory of all 
machinery on hand. 

It may be noted that custom has made the rule that work on 
public buildings shall be done under contract, after due competition, 
but there is no mandatory enactment which bars the Department 
from purchasing the material and employing labor by the day, except 
possibly in the case of the post-office in the city of Washington, in 
which it may be noted that it is provided that contracts may be made 
up to the full limit of cost, by implication indicating that the work 
must be done under contract. 

Repair Work. — Work under the appropriation for " Repairs and 
Preservation of Public Buildings " is of the character indicated by the 
act, being for the repair and preservation of buildings which are com- 
pleted and occupied. The custodian (or caretaker in charge) of any 
designated building, who is appointed by the Hon. Secretary of the 
Treasury, makes representation to the Department that certain repairs 
are necessary. If of considerable amount, it is usual to instruct an 
Inspector of Public Buildings to make an examination, and in cases 
prepare drawings and specifications as a basis for the invitation of 
proposals for the work, at which point the method of securing bids 
is similar to that adopted in the construction of public buildings. If 
of a minor character the custodian is requested to submit an estimate, 
or alternatively, to submit proposals for the work, competitive in 
nearly all cases. The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury then 
grants or declines the authority to make such expenditure. Upon 
completion of the work vouchers are forwarded to this office and are 
paid at this Department by the disbursing clerk, charged against the 
appropriation named. 

" Heating Apparatus for Public Buildings " contemplates the 
repairs of all the heating, hoisting, and ventilating systems in com- 
pleted and occupied buildings, or modifications to same, and the 
supply of new heating, hoisting, and ventilating apparatus in occupied 



142 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC IVORKS. 



and completed buildings, and the same action is adopted as that indi- 
cated under the appropriation for "Repairs and Preservation of 
Public Buildings." 

" Vaults, Safes, and Locks for Public Buildings. 1 ' As the title 
indicates, this appropriation is chargeable with all the expenditures in 
connection with vaults, safes, and locks for completed and occupied 
buildings, and in addition is chargeable with any expense on account 
of lock-boxes [post-office] for new buildings, and the action taken 
thereunder is in character similar to that in the last two preceding 
statements. 

" Plans for Public Buildings." As indicated by the act, this ap- 
propriation is available for books, photographic materials, and for use 
in the photographic duplication of plans required for all public build- 
ings under the control of this Department. From this appropriation is 
paid all liabilities for technical journals, and architectural and building 
reference-books, and in the purchase of photographic materials in 
making sun-prints of drawings to be sent to the various prospective 
bidders. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR BIDDERS. 

General Instructions and Conditions.* — "Blank Form. — Each 
bidder must obtain a blank form of proposal and prepare and submit 
his proposal thereon. 

" The original drawings named in the specification will be re- 
tained on the files of the office of the Supervising Architect, and 
tracings or photographic copies of the same will be prepared for the 
use of bidders. 

" Return of Drawings. — Parties obtaining copies of the drawings 
must return them within days from the date of receipt. 

" Requirements. — Proposals received from parties who are not 
known to be regularly and practically engaged in the class of work 
called for by the drawings and specification, and to possess ample 
facilities for doing the same, will not be considered. 

* These " General Instructions and Conditions " are attached to and form 
a part of, proposals, specifications, and contracts. 



" Before submitting a proposal, each bidder should make careful 
examination of the drawings and specification, and fully inform him- 
self as to quality of materials and character of workmanship required, 
and make a careful examination of the place where the materials are 
to be delivered and the work performed ; and should his proposal be 
accepted, he will be responsible for any and every error in his pro- 
posal resulting from his failure to do so. 

" Amount of Bid and Time to Complete. — Each bidder must state 
in his proposal (in writing and in figures, without interlineations, 
alterations, or erasures) the sum of money for which he will supply 
the materials and perform the work required by the drawings and 
specification, and state the number of days in which he will complete 
the work from date of letter of acceptance of proposal, should his 
proposal be accepted ; and must sign his proposal with his full name, 
and give his address. 

" In case where a firm, or corporation, submits a proposal, the 
proposal must be signed with the full name of each member of the 
firm, or the full name of each officer of the corporation, in addition to 
the firm or corporation signature, with official corporate seal thereto, 
and their addresses must be given. 

" Forfeiture for Delay. — Each bidder must understand that, 
should his proposal be accepted, he is to forfeit to the Supervising 
Architect, acting for and in behalf of the United States, the sum of 
dollars ( ), as liquidated damages, for each and 

every day's delay not caused by the Government that may occur be- 
yond the time stipulated in his proposal for the supply of all the 
materials and the performance and completion of the work ; subject, 
however, to the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury ; and that 
he is to be entitled to one day, in addition to said stipulated time, for 
each and every day's delay that may be caused by the Government. 

" Samples and Proposals. — Each bidder must submit with his 
proposal, at his expense, samples of the materials which he proposes 
to use ; the samples to have the name of the bidder, the title and 
location of the building, and date of proposal plainly marked thereon. 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



143 



(Each sample of stone must be six inches by six inches by six 
inches, one face showing natural fracture and the other faces showing- 
different styles of finish, with the name and location of its quarry 
distinctly marked upon it.) 

" Each proposal, and the samples of materials, must be delivered 
at this office prior to the time named in the advertisement for opening 
the proposals, and those received after such time will not be con- 
sidered. The samples submitted with the proposal of the successful 
bidder will be retained ; and Avhen required, he must, at his expense, 
furnish duplicates of the samples. 

" Quality and Time to Complete. — Each bidder must understand 
that the quality of the materials proposed to be used, and the time 
stated for the supply of the materials and completion of the work, 
will be considered in the matter of acceptance of proposal. 

" Measurements. — The successful bidder, at the proper time, to 
be determined by him, must make all measurements necessary for 
the proper prosecution of the work called for by the drawings and 
specification ; and, during the prosecution ot the work, he must make 
all necessary measurements to prevent misfitting in said work ; and 
he will be responsible therefor. 

" Building Regulations. — The successful bidder must fully com- 
ply with all municipal building ordinances and regulations, and obtain 
all required licenses and permits, and pay all charges and expenses 
connected therewith, and be responsible for all damage to person or 
property which may occur in connection with the prosecution of the 
work. 

" Alterations and Additions. — The successful bidder must under- 
stand that it is a reserved right and privilege of the Supervising Archi 
tect to make any additions to, omissions from, changes or alterations 
in, the materials and work called for by the drawings and specifica- 
tion, and contemplated by and embraced in his proposal ; and that any 
addition to, or omission from, said materials and work are to be made 
on the basis of the contract unit of value of the materials and work 
referred to ; and that any change in the quality of materials or altera- 



tions in work are to be made on the basis of market rates prevailing 
at the time that such changes or alterations may be desired, and that 
no claim for compensation for any extra materials or work is to be 
made, or allowed, without the same being first agreed upon and spe- 
cifically authorized in writing by the Supervising Architect, under the 
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

" Skilled Labor. — The successful bidder is to employ only skilled 
and reliable workmen in the performance of the work, and must 
accord to the Supervising Architect the right to decide upon and dis- 
continue the services of any workman employed by him on the work 
who does not possess satisfactory skill and qualifications, or is other- 
wise objectionable. 

" Inspection and Acceptance of Work. — Each bidder must under- 
stand that, should his proposal be accepted, the materials delivered, 
and the work performed by him, at any and all times during the prog- 
ress of the work, and prior to the final acceptance of, and payment 
for, the same, shall be subject to the inspection of the Supervising 
Architect, or his authorized agent, with the full right to accept or re- 
ject any part thereof that, in the opinion of the Supervising Architect, 
or his authorized agent, is not strictly in accordance with the draw- 
ings and specification ; and that he must, at his expense, within a 
reasonable time, to be specified by the Supervising Architect, remedy 
any defective or unsatisfactory material or work ; and that in the 
event of his failure to do so, after notice, the Supervising Architect 
will have the full right to have the same done, and to charge the cost 
thereof to his account. 

" Each bidder should understand that, should his proposal be 
accepted, inspection of or payment for any portion of the work em- 
braced therein by the Supervising Architect, or his authorized agent, 
will not relieve him of responsibility to remedy any defective materials 
or workmanship at his expense, at any time before final inspection 
and acceptance of, and final payment for, all of the material and work 
contemplated by, and embraced in, his proposal. 

" Patent Rights. — Each bidder must understand that he is to 



144 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



protect and indemnify all persons acting for and in behalf of the 
United States for any liability which may be claimed by any party on 
account of any patent rights connected with any of the materials or 
articles used in the performance of the work contemplated by, and 
embraced in, his proposal. 

" Certified Check. — Each bidder must submit with his proposal 
a certified check for a sum not less than 2 per cent of the amount of 
proposal, drawn to the order of the Treasurer of the United States, as 
a guaranty that he will fully and faithfully comply with the terms of 
his proposal should the same be accepted, and that, within two weeks 
after the form is sent to him, he will execute either a formal bond or 
contract in accordance therewith, to be approved by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

" The certified check of the successful bidder will be retained 
until the execution of a formal bond, or contract, and the approval of 
the same by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the certified checks of 
the unsuccessful bidders will be returned immediately after the pro- 
posal of the successful bidder shall have been accepted. 

" Each bidder is hereby notified that a copy of the advertisement, 
' General Instructions and Conditions,' specification, accepted proposal, 
and letter of acceptance of proposal, will be attached to, and form a 
part of, and the drawings properly signed, will form a part of, the 
formal bond, or contract, to be executed and approved. 

" Forfeiture of Check. — Should the successful bidder fail to exe- 
cute a formal bond, or contract, within two weeks after the same is 
sent to him, his certified check may be declared forfeited, and the 
letter of acceptance of his proposal may be revoked, and all obligations 
on the part of all persons acting for and in behalf of the United States 
in connection therewith will be released and annulled. 

" Payments. — After the acceptance of a proposal, and execution 
and approval of a formal bond, or contract, monthly payment will be 
made on account of the work actually executed and in place in the 
building ; and such payments will be made by the authorized agent of 
the Treasury Department, based upon the estimated value of the 



quantity of such wotk computed from the contract unit of value, less 
10 per cent, to be retained until the entire and satisfactory comple- 
tion, final inspection, and acceptance of all the materials and work 
embraced in the contract, at which time final payment of the balance 
due will be made ; but no payment will be made for any materials 
delivered and not actually put in place. 

" Payments for Heating Apparatus. — After the acceptance of a 
proposal, and execution and approval of a formal bond, or contract, 
monthly payment of 80 per cent will be made on account of the work 
actually executed and in place in the building ; an additional payment 
of 10 per cent will be made upon completion of a test of the heating 
apparatus, at the contractor's expense ; and the final payment of 10 
per cent will be made after the heating apparatus shall have been 
operated for one heating season ; all to the satisfaction of the Super- 
vising Architect or his authorized agent. 

" Protection of Work and Materials. — The successful bidder 
will be responsible for the proper care and protection of all materials 
delivered and work performed by him until the completion and ac- 
ceptance of, and final payment for, all of the work embraced in his 
proposal ; and part payments, on account of such materials and work, 
will not in any way relieve him of such responsibility. 

" Rights Reserved. — The Supervising Architect reserves the 
right to waive any informalities in any proposal that may be received, 
and to reject any or all proposals submitted in response to the adver- 
tisement. 

" Eight-hour Law." (See p. 1.) 

" Subcontractors. — Each bidder is hereby notified that if his pro- 
posal is accepted, and he is required to execute a formal bond, or con- 
tract, that the Supervising Architect and the Secretary of the Treasury 
will only recognize him, and will not recognize any subcontractors, 
party furnishing material, or workmen engaged by him in connection 
with the work embraced in his proposal in any manner pertaining to the 
transaction of any business, or the adjustment of any accounts, or of 
any payments, on account of the work, except as provided for in the 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE SUPERVISING ARCHITECT: LAIVS AND REGULATIONS. 



145 



following Act of Congress, approved August 13, 1894." (Here follows 
the act; see p. 1.) 

" Indorsement. — Each proposal must be inclosed in an envelope, 
sealed, and indorsed : 

" Proposals for the 
and addressed to 

" The Supervising Architect, 

" Treasury Department, 

" Washington, D. C. 

" Notice to Bidders. — Bidders who send their bids to this office 
through the mails are requested to register same, and to place their 
name, address, and title of bid on the outside of the envelope for 
identification ; and to mail such proposal sufficiently early to reach its 
destination by the time required, as it is a frequent occurrence that 
proposals reach this office after the hour required. All proposals 
received after the time stated in the advertisement will be returned 
unopened to the bidder if the proper name and address is known, 
but if not, it will be necessary to open same for such name and 
address. 11 

BONDS. 

Instructions for Preparation of Bonds to accompany Contracts. — 
" 1. The Christian name must be written in the body of the bond in 
full, and so signed to the bond. 

" 2. A seal of wax or wafer must be attached to each signature 
on the bond. No seals required for signatures to contract except 
contract seals. 

" 3. Each signature must be made in the presence of two per- 
sons, who must sign their names as witnesses. 

" 4. Each surety must make and sign an affidavit of the amount 
he is worth after paying his just debts and deducting all exemptions 
by the laws of the State in which he resides, and liabilities of what- 
ever nature, as per form herewith. (See form, Chap. VIII.) 

" 5. A district judge or attorney of the United States or clerk of 



a United States court must certify that the sureties are sufficient to 
pay the penalty of the bond. 

" 6. The affidavits of the sureties must be taken and signed be- 
fore an officer authorized to administer oaths generally. The officer 
must certify that he administered the oaths. If the magistrate is not 
a judge of the United States court, his authority to administer oaths 
must be certified by the clerk of a court of record having official 
knowledge of that fact. 

"7. Bond must be dated. 

" 8. Besidence of principal and sureties must be distinctly stated. 

" 9. The sureties must justify in amounts the aggregate of which 
will be equal to twice the penal sum of the bond. 

" 10. When the contracting party is a partnership concern the 
contract must be signed with the firm name without seal, and the 
bond must be signed by each member of the firm with seal to each 
signature ; when a corporate body, there should be attached to the 
contract duly authenticated evidence that the officer or officers exe- 
cuting the contract and bond have authority to do so, and the corpo- 
rate seal must be affixed to each instrument. 11 

" {Circular 1891, Department No. 178. Supervising Architect's Office) 

" instructions to public officers appointed to disburse moneys 
appropriated for the construction of public buildings. 

"Treasury Department, Office of the Secretary, 
" Washington, D. C, November 17, 1891. 

"I. In accordance with the regulations of the Department, issued 
under sections 3620 and 5488 of the Bevised Statutes, all remittances 
to a disbursing agent must, immediately upon receipt thereof, be de- 
posited to his credit with the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer of 
the United States or a designated depositary, unless specially author- 
ized by the Secretary of the Treasury. 

" II. Funds required for the prosecution of work will be advanced 
upon the estimates of the superintendent in charge, which estimates 



146 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



are required to be placed in the hands of the disbursing agent on or 
before the first day of the month for which made, for record and 
transmission to this Department. Upon this paper the disbursing 
agent will note, in the marginal blank prepared for that purpose, the 
total amount of funds received, the amount paid for site, the amount 
paid on superintendent's certificates, the amount of repayments to 
the Treasury, the amount retained as commissions on disbursements, 
and the balance on hand. 

" III. Moneys advanced to the disbursing agent will be paid out 
only upon vouchers properly certified by the superintendent, except 
in the case of the disbursing agent's commissions, unless otherwise 
specially instructed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Disbursing 
agents are accountable under their bonds for the safe custody and 
proper disbursement of the moneys advanced to them. In no case 
will moneys be placed in the hands of a superintendent for disburse- 
ment." 

" V. Vouchers are prepared in favor of the person, firm or cor- 
poration with whom the obligation has been contracted ; the receipt 
for the amount must strictly correspond therewith, and be made by 
the person or one of the persons, to whom the money is due. 
Vouchers drawn in favor of a firm should be receipted by a member 
of the firm in the firm's name, and if he adds thereto his own name, 
he should also add the words ' of the firm.' In case payment is 
directed to be made to an attorney, a duly executed power of attorney, 
or properly attested copy, must be furnished, to accompany the 
voucher which it covers when the accounts are rendered. As powers 
of attorney are strictly construed they should be so explicit in terms 
as to leave no room for doubt as to the extent of authority intended 
by the principal to be delegated. When the public creditor is a cor- 
porate body supplying materials or services under contract, the first 
voucher should be accompanied by a properly authenticated copy, 
under seal, of the vote or order of the corporation authorizing the per- 
son signing to so make the corporate signature and receive the money. 



Subsequent vouchers under the same contract will bear upon their 
face a reference to this authority already furnished. When the payee 
is unable to write he will make his signature by mark, and such sig- 
nature must be properly attested. 

" VI. Payment will not be made to heirs, executors, administra- 
tors, receivers, assignees, or other successors or legal representatives 
(except in the case of attorneys referred to in the preceding section), 
until the account has been passed upon by the proper accounting 
officers of the Treasury. To enable these officers to acquire a full 
understanding of the subject, and to take such action as the laws and 
regulations prescribe in such cases, the account, covered by full 
letter of explanation, must be sent to this Department, accompanied 
by the original letters of administration (if any are issued), or properly 
authenticated order of the court, as the case may be, when, after con- 
sideration, instructions as to payment will be given. 

" VII. The disbursing agent should attend personally, wherever 
practicable, to the paying out of all moneys. Receipts to the pay- 
ments, as well as other vouchers, except in the case of nonresident 
creditors, should be made in his presence, or in that of some trusty 
person whom he may deputize for that purpose. Immediate pay- 
ment should be made to all mechanics and laborers at the time of 
signing the rolls. 

"X. The disbursing agent will not regard processes of attach- 
ment against public funds, nor under any circumstances pay into 
the hands' of a creditor of an employee in the public service any 
moneys due such employee except upon a duly executed power of 
attorney. 

" XL Before making payment of any voucher, the disbursing 
agent should give it careful scrutiny to see that it is in proper form, 
that its computations are correct, that the expenditures are incurred 
under proper authority, and that the prices are charged in accordance 
with contract rates ; and when any fact comes to the knowledge of 
the disbursing agent tending to show that the services or supplies 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



147 



charged for have not been actually rendered or delivered, or are not 
at fair or contract prices, or that the expenditure is extravagant or 
unauthorized, it will be his duty, notwithstanding the voucher there- 
for may bear the certificate of the superintendent, to withhold pay- 
ment and report the case to the Department for Instructions." . . . 
" XV. The attention of disbursing agents is specially directed to 
the following-named sections of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States : 3618, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3633, 3733, 5488, 5491, 
5496, and 5503, and to Department Circular No. 107, August 24, 1876. 

" 0. L. Spaulding, 

" Acting Secretary.''' 1 

FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 

Federal buildings differ materially in size and arrangement. All 
are of the best materials, and built so as to be strong, and generally 
of fire-proof or slow-burning construction. Specifications are like 
those used by the best architects generally, and the construction 
methods are those in general use throughout the country. The fol- 
lowing extracts from the specifications for the United States Custom- 
house and Post-office Building at Houlton, Maine, are given as fairly 
typical, and will show the general character of the work required. 
The limit of cost was fixed at $66,000 in the Act of March 3, 1893. 
The site cost $6000. 

EXTRACTS FROM SPECIFICATIONS. 

Engineer. — " The contractor must employ a competent engineer 
or surveyor to establish benches at corners of lot, and to verify all 
lines and levels shown on the drawings, and properly locate all build- 
ing-lines and pay all charges for same ; also furnish the engineer's 
certificate to the superintendent that the lines and levels are accurate 
and in accordance with the drawings, and municipal regulations, also 
to test the levels of the work at the bottom of the general excavation, 



and the several floor and main cornice lines as the walls are built., 
and furnish certificates of such tests, stating the levels to be correct.'" 

Masonry. — Where the bed is rock it is to be properly prepared, 
and the walls are to be built on it without footing-courses. In other 
cases a concrete bed is to be made, with one part cement, two sand, 
and five broken stone. The footing-course is to be of through-stones,, 
roughly cut to even bed and vertical joints. The remainder of the 
foundations is of rubble in 2' courses, f " joints, with two through- 
stones in each superficial yard of wall. All of the stone in the walls 
of the building is of granite. After the foundation-walls are built, 
3" drain-pipes are to be laid around the exterior of the building on a 
6" bed of concrete, and connected with the sewer. Dwarf-Avails are 
to butt into chases, 2" deep, in the main walls, and are not to be 
bonded to them. 

The walls are of brick, trimmed with cut granite. The exposed 
walls are of approved quality, red pressed brick, laid as stretchers, 
and clip-bonded with the backing at every fifth course. All facing- 
brick is required to be laid from a scaffold in front, with \" joints, 
neatly V-pointed as the work progresses. The exterior walls of the 
first and second stories are hollow, one and one-half bricks thick 
(1' 10") in exterior portion, and one brick thick (8") in interior por- 
tion, with a 2" air-space. The backing is of best quality common 
brick, square, sound, uniformly hard-burned, firm in texture, even in 
size, and free from limestone pebbles. All of the backing is laid in a 
first-class manner, bonded throughout with headers every fifth 
course, and with solid joints of mortar all around, not more than 4/' 
thick. The exterior and interior walls are tied together with brick 
withes (headers), 2' high, every two feet, arranged in the various courses 
in quincunx order. The arches for interior reveals of openings in 
exterior walls, and the arches of openings in interior walls, are of full 
depth of reveals and thickness of walls, and in half-brick rings. 
Small openings into heating and ventilating flues and vent-shaft have 
fiat arch headers. The arches of the first floor over the boiler-room, 
and the trimmer arches, are of half-brick rings. The arches of the 



148 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



floors and ceilings of vaults and lookouts are of two half-brick rings. 
The arches of the first floor have purpose-made skewbacks, fitting 
the flanges of the beams. The centres for the arches are not to be 
struck until the mortar is thoroughly set. The centres of arches of 
openings in interior walls, where the openings are to have square 
finish, are left in place, as grounds for joiner-work. 

The mortar for all stone, brick, and terra-cotta work, except for 
pressed-brick facings, is of one third cement and two thirds clean, 
sharp sand. Pressed brick is laid in best quality, red pulp mortar. 

All cement, except for top-coat work of basement and area 
floors, and pointing of face-joints of stonework, is of best quality of 
American hydraulic cement, having a tensile strength of not less than 
150 lbs. per square inch, when tested in neat briquettes, after exposure 
of one day in air and six in water. Cement for other work is of the 
best quality of American Portland cement, having a tensile strength 
of not less than 300 lbs. per square inch tested in the same manner. 

Window and door openings have beam lintels of stated dimen- 
sions, with the ends resting on 1" thick bearing-plates. Where the 
lintels consist of more than one beam, iron separators must be used. 
Wood filling-pieces are bolted to the lintels, for grounds for joiner- 
work. 

Some of the columns in the building are covered with porous 
terra-cotta. All of the terra-cotta is required to be of best quality, 
moulded fair and true, thoroughly and evenly burned, and free from 
cracks and defects. 

Floors. — The basement is floored with concrete. The other 
floors are of wood, except in a portion of the first floor. The floor- 
girders, beams, and joists are supported on the walls and on cast-iron 
columns. The cast-iron columns are required to be plumb and true, 
and of uniform thickness. The bearing surfaces, heads, base-plates, 
etc., are turned smooth and at right angles to the axis. Bases and 
heads are finished true and smooth, to fit into the core of the 
columns. The columns rest on cast-iron bearing plates, set true and 
level in cement on footing or cap stones. 



Girders are built of I-beams and have cast-iron separators, of 
standard shapes, 1" thick, fitting the profiles of the beams, and not 
more than 6' apart. The beams are bolted together through the 
separators, with f " bolts. Beams and girders, resting on cast-iron 
brackets of columns, are bolted through the webs of the lugs of the 
brackets, and have full bearing. The ends of beams have 8" bear- 
ings on the walls, on cast-iron plates, 12" X 8" X 1". The girders 
bear on the walls on granite bearing-blocks of stated dimensions. 
The ends of all iron girders on walls are anchored with \" iron rods, 
3' long, bent to the required shape. 

The floor and ceiling arches of vaults and lookouts have 1" tie- 
rods, with threaded ends, nuts and washers, and pass through gib- 
plates at the ends, built into the masonry. The floor-beams over the 
boiler-room are tied together with f-" rods, with nuts and washers. 
All framing of steel and iron work is fully described in the drawings. 
Connections are generally made with two angles and rivets. Where 
it is not convenient to rivet, bolts may be used. Rivet-holes are to 
be accurately punched or drilled. Bolts and nuts are to be forged of 
double refined wrought iron. Rivets are of steel, with cup heads. 
All fastenings of ironwork to the masonry are made with expansion 
bolts. 

The beams are of mild steel, best quality, of American manu- 
facture, and must have an ultimate tensile strength of 60,000 to 
68,000 lbs. per square inch, and an elastic limit of not less than one 
half the ultimate tensile strength in pounds. All of the rolled-iron 
beams, channels, angles, etc., are of the best quality of American 
manufacture, straight and true, and with an ultimate tensile strength 
of 46,000 lbs. per square inch. All cast iron is of best quality ; cast- 
ings to be sharp, clean, and free from cracks, bubbles, and other 
defects. 

No wood blocks or wedges are allowed for levelling up iron- 
work. Iron must be used in all cases. 

All lumber for floor-joists, etc., is to be of pine, thoroughly 
seasoned, straight-grained, and free from sap, shakes, and large or 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



149 



loose knots. The floor-joists are cambered \" for each 10' of span, 
and have at least 4" bearing in the walls, with the ends in the wall 
cut to slope 3". The cross-bridging is of 1\" X 3" stuff. Joists 
abutting in walls are tied together with wrought-iron straps, 
2' X 2" X f", secured with two f" bolts. Where required, the ends 
of joists are carried with full bearing, in wrought-iron stirrups, of 
2" X I" strap. Where required, joists are anchored at both ends 
into the brickwork with wrought-iron anchors. Slate is used for 
levelling up under the ends of joists. 

The floors of the first and second stories, except where marble 
tiling is used and over the iron beams and arches, have a rough 
under flooring of f " stuff, 6" wide, laid diagonally, butt-jointed, and 
dressed on the upper side. This is covered with one thickness of 
best quality of two-ply rosin-sized paper, well lapped and tacked 
down. The top flooring of the halls and main rooms is of best 
quality of maple flooring, thoroughly seasoned, kiln-dried, $" thick, 
not more than 2£" face width, dressed, tongued and grooved, bored 
for nails, laid close, and blind-nailed. 

Flues. — All framing is to be kept at least 2" clear of any heating 
flue. Heating and ventilating flues are lined with No. 24, B.W.G., 
galvanized iron, with joints strongly soldered and riveted, carried up 
ahead of the brickwork, and at all times kept free from mortar. The 
interior of smoke flues is kept even and true, with all joints neatly 
trowelled. 

Roof. — The main roof, and sides and roofs of dormers, are cov- 
ered with best quality, straight-grained, clear, pine plank, tongued and 
grooved sheathing, 1\" thick, and free from large knots, sap, and de- 
fects. This sheathing is covered with one layer of best quality fibre 



paper, or red-rosin-sized sheathing-paper, weighing 12 ounces to the 
square yard, well lapped and tacked on. The slate is best quality, 
No. 1, Monson, Maine, of uniform blue or black, fast color, in pieces 
10" X 16" X 4/', split, with surfaces true and out of wind, and edges 
and tails cut square and straight. This is laid 6£" to the weather. 
The flashings are of IX tin, terne plates, of best quality American 
manufacture. 

Plaster. — The furring is of 1" X 2" strips, spaced 12" between 
centres. The lathing is either galvanized-iron wire-cloth lathing, of 
No. 18, B.W.G., wire, f" mesh, and stiffened every 7", or of corru- 
gated sheet iron, perforated for plastering, or " expanded metal " lath- 
ing. The grounds for the plastering must allow for f " thickness of 
plaster. The plastering of all of the walls and ceiling is three-coat 
work, hard finish, with lime putty and clean, white, sharp sand, with- 
out plaster of Paris. King's Windsor cement is allowed for the entire 
work in lieu of lime. 

The mortar for the plaster is composed of best quality, white, 
wood-burned, stone lime, slaked at least 14 days before using, and 
run through a fine sieve. This is thoroughly mixed with the sand in 
the proportion of i lime to f sand. The first coat has 1£ bushels of 
clean, long, cattle hair to 1 barrel of unslaked lime. The hair is well 
wetted and mixed with the mortar just before using. The second 
coat has \ bushel of hair to 1 barrel of lime. 

Miscellaneous. — The plumbing is required to be of the first qual- 
ity and as prescribed in the specifications. The interior finish is also 
fully described. The building is heated by steam, low pressure, 
return circulation. The heating and ventilating apparatus were 
bought and placed under a separate contract. 



150 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc., under Charge of the Treasury Department, Exhibiting the Actual Cost of Construction, Cost of 
Alterations and Repairs, Total Cost of Work, Including Alterations and Repairs, June 30, 1893, Cost of Site, and Date of Purchase of Same, frotn Report of Supervising 
Architect, 1893. 



Location. 



Aberdeen, Miss. . 
Abingdon, Va. . . . 
Albany, N. Y. . . . 
Alexandria, La.. . 

Alexandria, Va . . 

Atlanta, Ga 

Augusta, Ga 

Augusta, Me 

Austin, Tex 

Auburn, N. Y 

Asheville, N. C. . 
Astoria, Oregon. 

Do 

Alaska 

Do 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Akron, Ohio. 



Allegheny, Pa. . . 

Ashland, Wis 

Atchison, Kans. . 

Aurora, 111 

Bath, Me 

Bangor, Me 

Barnstable, Mass. 

Baltimore, Md. . . 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Belfast, Me 

Binghamton, N. Y. 
Birmingham, Ala.. 
Boston, Mass 



Do. 



Do 

Boise City, Idaho. 
Brooklyn, N. Y... 



Nature of Work. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. . 

....do - 

Custom-house and post-office. 
Post-office 



Custom-house and post-office. 
Court-house and post-office... 

...do 

Post-office, court-house, etc.. 
Court-house and post-office . .. 
Post-office, court-house, etc.. 
Court-house and post-office. .. 

Custom-house, etc 

....do 

Building at Juneau 

Seal fisheries 



Buildings at Wrangle 

Buildings at Kodiak 

Buildings at Sitka 

Buildings at Ounalaska 

Custom-house, Mary Island and 

Sand Point 

Post-office 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$74,661.34 

73,600.47 

623,565.21 



57.9r3-64 
273,734-50 
121,354.20 
178,281.20 
185,767.52 
149,620.90 
99,087.92 
67,986.28 



5,212.21 



14,896.85 



Cost of 

Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$162.90 

279-15 

31,705.05 



21,084.64 
148,469.94 

1,944-33 
5,228.46 
6,263.95 
193.46 
13.80 
9,082.03 



2,650.00 
167.46 



1,260.00 

624.00 

27,297.94 

1,000.00 
217.24 



Custom-house and post-office.. 

...do 

...do 



Custom-house. 



Court-house 

Marine hospital 

Appraisers' stores 

Post-office, court-house, etc... 
Custom-house and post-office.. 
Post-office, court-house, etc. . . 
Court-house and post-office. ... 
Custom-house 



Post-office and sub-treasury. 



Chelsea marine hospital. 

Assay office 

Post-office 



84,830.23 
84,512.13 
34,433-71 



205,176.97 
100,844.24 
241,672.61 
1,530,640.09 
30,983.26 
137,681.82 
27r,555-46 
884,346.76 

4,623,122.47 

233.0I5-3* 

77,252.00 
1,496,383.67 



Total Cost of 

Work to 
June 30, 189;. 



36,206.30 

145,526.14 

5,28o.OI 

382,456.24 

42,35I-7I 
4,594-30 

22,973.13 
3,584-38 

22,224.77 
485-40 



322,831.10 

112,927.49 

149,799.09 

1,228.72 

576.63 



$74,824.24 

73,879.62 

655,270.26 

819.58 

78,998.28 
422,204.44 
123,298.53 
183,509.66 
192,033.47 
149,814.36 
99,101.72 
77,068.31 



2,650.00 
5,379-67 



I,26o.OO 

624.OO 

27,297.94 

1,000.00 
15,114.09 

1,152.50 

83.OI 

47,667.03 

47,939-59 

18,929.81 

121,036.53 

230,038.27 

39,713-73 

382,314.51 

247,528.68 
105,438.54 
264,645.74 

1,534-224-47 

53.208.03 

138,167.22 

271,555.46 

1,207,177.86 

4,736,049.96 

382,814.40 

78,551.62 

1,496,960.30 



Cost of Site. 



Date of 
Purchase. 



$4,102.48 

13,210.03 

155,700.90 

3,841.90 

16,000.00 

20.59 

30,329.37 

18,264.49 



50,606.17 

295-35 

7,O00.00 

900.00 



June 30, 1885 
Nov. 24, 1884 
May 11, 1874 
July 31, 1891 



May 

June 

Aug. 

June 

Aug. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

May 

May 



23, 1856 
1, 1874 

4, 1887 
27, 1885 

1, 1887 

5, 1887 
9, 1889 
7, 1868 

27, 1856 



Remarks. 



10,179.56 

175,249.87 

6,059.37 

14,606.89 

20,312.26 

15,000.00 

I5,O0O.00 

1,500.00 

*IO,000.00 

170,000.00 

200,002.00 

5,000.00 

21,238.00 

30,000.00 

553,500.00 

5,000.00 

15,202.53 

53,569.75 

180,000.00 

1,329,095.84 

50,000.00 



May 10, 1892 



413,594.12 



Feb. 

Jan. 

Mar. 

Sept. 

Jan. 

June 

Apr. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

May 

June 

May 

June 

July 

Oct. 

Dec. 

Feb. 

Aug. 

Apr. 

Dec. 

July 

Dec. 

Nov. 

Apr. 



1, 1893 

23, 1891 
19, 1891 
14, 1891 

3, 1853 

5, 1851 

24, 1855 
16, 1817 
10, 1853 

27, 1857 

6, 1849 
24, 1884 

10, 1823 
26, 1880 

4, 1852 
31, 1887 

11, 1889 
29, 1837 

14, 1868 
24, 1874 
31, 1875 

8, 1858 
6, 1869 

15, 1884 



Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings not yet begun. 

Site donated; extension completed. 



Site donated. 

Do. 

Old site. 

Acquired from Russia. 

Acquired from Russia ; one building on St. Paul 

Island, and one on St. George Island for special 

agent of Treasury. 
Acquired from Russia. 

Transferred from War Department, Aug. 3, 1875. 
Acquired from Russia, 27 buildings. 
Acquired from Russia. 
Government reservation. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings not yet begun. 
No sketch plans or other drawings made. 
In course of construction. 

Do. 

Do. 



[•Merchants' Bank property. 
Authorized to be sold, Act July 9, 1890. 

Building in course of construction. 

Do. 



Laundry apparatus in course of construction. 

Site donated, 

Building in course of construction. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



151 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Bristol, R. I 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Do 

Burlington, Iowa. 
Burlington, Vt. . . . 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Bay City, Mich 

Brownsville, Tex., 

Baton Rouge, La.. 



Beatrice, Nebr. . . 
Beaver Falls, Pa. 
Bloomington, 111. 



Cairo, 111 , 

Do 

Castine, Me 

Carson City, Nev. 
Do 

Charleston, S. C. . 
Do 



Do. 



Do. 



Charleston, W. Va, 

Charlotte, N. C... 

Do 



Chicago, 111. 
Do 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Do 

Cleveland, Ohio. . 

Do 

Columbus, Ga. . . 
Columbus, Ohio. . 
Council Bluffs, la 
Columbia, S. C . 
Covington, Ky. . . 



Nature of Work. 



Custom-house and post-office.... 

....do 

Post-office 

....do 

Custom-house and post-office. . . . 

Post-office 

Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Court-house, custom-house, and 
post-office. 

Post-office 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Custom-house and post-office.... 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house and post-office... . 

Branch mint 

Custom-house, post-office, etc. . . 

Custom-house 

Old post-office 



Club-house. 



Post-office, court-house, etc. 



...do 

Assay office 

Court-house and post-office. 



Custom-house and sub-treasury. 

Marine hospital 

Appraisers' stores 

Barge office 

Government buildings, World's 

Columbian Exposition. 
Custom-house and post-office.. . . 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house, etc 

Marine hospital 

Post-office 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

Post-office, etc 

Court-house and post-office 

....do 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$22,135.75 
150,839.09 



44,714.91 
124,729.92 
125,446.48 

54,7ri-96 



Cost of 

Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$11,148.67 
349,087.42 



34,905.11 
157.84 



45,9I9-89 



281,044.14 

76,205.73 

1,950.00 

426,787.66 

128,904.45 

2,696,592.34 



80,879.40 
31.572.97 

9 1 - 797-39 

4.553.2I5-9I 
417,560.57 
334,060.11 



398,960.90 

5,088,382.35 

49,488.79 

138,236.30 

86,703.66 



3I.923-94 

7.375-50 

16,490.08 

7,582.72 

T 37-72 

257,811.11 

25,572.56 



3.059-19 



55,022,64 

27,637.58 

205.55 

566,588.97 

105,120.34 

1,280.96 
1,667.34 



264,588.96 
232,437.94 
407,189.17 
264,231.01 



42,824.01 

9,922.50 

390,958.56 

23,227.37 



i,45o.93 

1,847.02 

9,172.36 

16,591.87 



Total Cost 
of Work to 
June 30, 1893. 



$33,284.42 
499,926.51 



Cost of Site. 



14,823.22 

79,620.02 

124,887.76 

125,446.48 

54,711.96 

2,081.75 

45,919.89; 

78.75 
3,064.19 

312,968.08 

83,581.23 

18,440.08 

434,370.38 

129,012.17 

2,954,403.45 

25,572.56 



3.059.19 



216,089.93 

135,902.04 

59-210.55 
92,002.94 

5,119,804.88 

522,680.91 

335.341.07 

1,667.34 

398,960.90 

5,131,206.36 

58,911.29 

529,194.86 

109,931.03 

I5,309-95 
266,039.89 
234,284.96 
416,361.53 
280,822. 



$4,400.00 
45,000.00 
477,884.45 
20,176.73 
7,750.00 
25.I54-05 
40,442.81 

55-20 

15,442.31 

15,041.74 

11,072.77 

8,180.86 



15,031.40 
1,800.00 



11,118.13 
130,000.00 
*6o, 000.00 



46,000.00 



99,997-25 

8,100.00 
15,000.00 



i,259,385-65 
10,000.00 
70,939.89 



708,026.00 
50,500.00 
30,000.00 
12,000.00 
14,205.47 
59,326.74 
15,294.56 
5,000.00 
30,660.48 



Date of 
Purchase. 



Mar. 12, 1856 
Jan. 22, 1855 
Dec. 8, 1891 
Feb. 21, 1891 
Mar. 5, 1855 
Dec. 20, 1888 
Nov. 23, 1889 

1889 



Oct. 10, 1891 

July 27, 1891 
Sept. 1, 1892 
Sept. 7, 1891 

Apr. 28, 1866 

Oct. 4, 1883 

Apr. 6, 1833 

May 3, 1865 

Mar. 1, 1886 

July 10, 1849 

Feb. 14, 1818 



.1869 



Jan. 2, 1887 
May 25, 1888 
Dec. 14, 1888 
Jan. 5, 1881 
Nov. 2, 1835 



Aug. 26, 1872 
Jan. 10, 1855 
Jan. 22, 1867 
Nov. 27, 1886 



Nov. 8, 1873 
Nov. 9, 1882 
Apr. 9, 1856 
Oct. 11, 1837 
Mar. 5, 1892 
Oct. 1, 1882 

....do 

Mar. 31, 1869 
Oct. 6, 1873 



Remarks. 



No sketch plans or other drawings made. 
In course of erection. 



Building in course of construction. 

Site donated; completed since last report. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings not yet begun. 
Building in course of construction. 
No sketch plans or other drawings made. 
Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings not yet begun. 
Site donated. 



Site donated; total cost includes machinery. 

Wharf completed. 

Damaged by earthquake, Aug. 31, 1886; author- 
ized to be sold on completion of new building. 
(Vol. 24, p. 394, Act Feb. 7, 1887.) 

Transferred from War Department; building de- 
stroyed by earthquake Aug. 31, 1886. 

>- Building in course of construction. 



Government reservation; completed since last 

report. 
Extension and repairs in progress. 



Transferred from War Department. 
Use of site granted by city; completed since last 
report. 



Alterations and repairs completed. 
Leased to private parties until 1895. 
Building in course of construction. 



* Building and site. 



152 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, Etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Concord, N. H. . . . 
Clarksburg, W. Va. 
Clarksville, Tenn. 
Canandaigua.N.Y. 



Camden, Ark. 
Camden, N. J. 



Chattanooga, Ten. 

Canton, Ohio 

Cedar Rapids, la.. 

Chester, Pa 

Dallas, Tex 



Danville, 111 

Danville, Va 

Dayton, Ohio 

Des Moines, Iowa. 

Denver, Col 

Do 



Detroit, Mich. 

Do 

Do 



Dover, Del 

Dubuque, Iowa. 
Duluth, Minn.. . 



Davenport, Iowa. 

Eastport, Me 

Erie, Pa 

Do 



Evansville, Ind. . 

Do 

El Paso, Tex 



Ellsworth, Me. . . . 

Ellis Island, New 

York Harbor.. . . 

Emporia, Kans.... 

Fall River, Mass. . 

Frankfort, Ky. . . . 



Nature of Work. 



Post-office, court-house, etc. 
Court-house, post-office, etc. 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office.. 



Post-office 

Post-office, custom-house, etc. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 

Post-office 

....do 

Post-office 

Court-house, post-office, etc. 



Post-office 

Court-house, post-office, etc. 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office.. 
Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Branch mint 



Custom-house, etc. 



Court-house and post-office. 
Marine hospital 



Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office.. . . 
Court-house, custom-house and 
post-office. 

Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office... . 

...do 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

Custom-house and post-office... . 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house, post-office, and 

court-house 

Custom-house and post-office. . . . 
See New York 



Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office... 
Court-house and post-office 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$174,465.79 
79,838.51 



274.606.26 



129,205.64 



97,799-56 
117,894.94 
217,023.24 
565,952.54 

68,377.69 

182,733.00 



78,258.64 

51,320.87 
174,687.50 



108,021.19 



217,019.35 

235,461.52 

91,006.48 
188,641.12 

20,060.77 



360,135.54 
113,407.43 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$2,338.87 
410.OO 



71-35 



45-75 



56,303.96 



5.182.25 
238.91 

345,593-99 

174.10 

1,870.00 

51,832.32 



27,087.63 

7,247.89 
32,483.20 



Total Cost 

of Work to 

June 30, i8q3. 



12,882.12 
261.34 

10,117.64 

877.53 
48.55 

16,156.25 



I4,345-38 
974.OO 



5176,804.66 
80,248.51 



71-35 

866.74 
3,600.66 



274,652.01 
59,016.39 

39,845-47 

8,128.65 

185,509.60 

35,157-85 
102,981.81 
118,133.85 
562,617.23 
566,126.64 

70,247.69 

234,565.32 

412,089.00 
105,346.27 

58,568.76 
207,170.70 
163,264.11 

17,782.73 
108,021.19 

12,882.12 
217,280.69 

245,579-16 

91,884.01 
188,689.67 

36,217.02 



374,480.92 
114,381.43 



Cost of Site. 



52,675.63 

3,628.67 

163.19 



4,I37-48 
30,803.12 



210.23 
22,344.58 
24,185.94 
15,400.10 
11,346.95 

16,655.28 
14,500.00 
42,626.09 
15,000.00 
65,825.17 
25,000.00 
24,000.00 
88,546.42 

401,258.38 \ 

23,000.00 

10,498.55 
20,000.00 
18,583.40 

6,397.17 

9,884.28 

*29,O0O.OO 

36,488.60 
98,916.15 1 

8,901.45 

10,375.94 
3,000.00 



9,698.84 

163,392.17! 

17,828.72 



Date of 
Purchase. 



July 31, 1883 
July 1, 1885 



May 28, 1892 
May 18, 1888 



Sept. 13, 1887 
Mar. 19, 1891 
Feb. ri, 1891 
Oct. 23, 1891 
Apr. 23, 1883 



Jan. 
Apr. 
Jan. 
Oct. 

May 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Mar. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Mar. 



2, 1892 
21, 1880 

9, 1888 

6, 1866 
25, 1883 
25, 1862 
13, 1855 
19, 1883 

2, 1885 
25, 1887 
19, 1885 



July 3, 1878 
Feb. 14, 1857 
Dec. 5, 1888 



Sept. 

May 

July 

Apr. 

Mar. 

Feb. 

July 

Feb. 



22, 1891 

27, 1887 

2, 1849 

9, 1883 

14, 1873 

26, 1874 

2, 1889 

18, 1887 



Apr. 11, 1855 



Feb. 25, 1893 
June 20, 1873 
Jan. 12, 1884 
Dec. 6, 1882 



Remarks. 



Site not yet purchased. 

Perpetual lease granted the United States of a 
portion of the county court-house for use as a 
court-house and post-office in consideration of 
$30,000. (Vol. 11, p. 84; Vol. 17, p. 419; Stat- 
utes at Large.) 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings not yet begun. 

Working drawings finished two years ago. Work 
suspended at request of members of Congress 
and citizens, for extension of limit. 

Site donated. 

Building in course of construction. 
Do. 

Building in course of construction. 

$2,000 of cost of site donated by citizens. Exten- 
sion in course of construction. 

Building in course of construction. 



(Authorized to be sold on completion of new 
\ building. (Stat. L., Vol. 23, p. 338.) 

> Building in course of construction. 

Enlargement, etc.; authorized Act Aug. 5, 1892; 
drawings not yet made. 

Building in course of construction. 
Do. 






Completed since last report. 



Building in course of construction. 



Site purchased. 



* Building- and site. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BU1LDIKGS. 



153 



Tabular Statement of Custo?n-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, Etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Fargo, N. Dak... 

Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Fort Scott, Kans. 
Fort Smith, Ark.. 

Do 

Fort Monroe, Va. 
Fort Dodge, Iowa 
Fort Worth, Tex. 
Fremont, Nebr. . . 

Galena, 111 

Galesburg, 111. • ■ • 
Galveston, Tex. . . 



Nature of Work. 



Do. 



Gr'd Rapids, Mich, 
Greensboro, N. C. 
Gloucester, Mass. . 
Georgetown, D. C 
Greenville, S. C. . . 
Hartford, Conn. . . 
Harrisburg, Pa. . . 
Harrisonburg, Va. 

Hannibal, Mo 

Haverhill, Mass.. 

Helena, Ark 

Helena, Mont. . . . 
Huntsville, Ala. . 
Houston, Tex. . . . 
Hoboken, N. J. . . 
Houlton, Me 



Indianapolis, Ind. 



Jackson, Miss 

Jackson, Mich. . . . 
Jackson, Tenn. . . . 
Jacksonville, Fla. . 
Jersey City, N. J. . 

Jefferson, Tex 

Jefferson City, Mo. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. 
Kansas City, Mo. . 

Do 

Kennebec, Me 

Key West, Fla 

Do 

Do 

Keokuk, Iowa 



Post-office and custom-house. 



Court-house and post-office... 

...do 

Court-house, post-office, etc... 

United States jail 

Post-office 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Custom, house and post-office.. 

Post-office 

Old custom-house 

Custom-house, etc 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$196,373.51 

109,454.39 

115,933.23 

54-998.15 



Court-house and post-office 
Court-house, post-office, etc... 
Custom-house and post-office. 

...do 

Court-house and post-office.. . 
Custom-house and post-office. 

Post-office, etc 

Court-house, post-office, etc.. 

Post-office 

....do 

Court-house and post-office... 

Assay office 

Court-house and post-office.. 

Post-office, etc 

Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office. 



Court-house and post-office. 



....do 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office. . . . 
Post-office, custom-house, etc. 
Court-house and post-office. . . 

....do 

do 

Post-office 

Custom-house, post-office, etc. 
Post-office and court-house... . 
Custom-house and post-office. . 

Court-house 

Court-house, post-office, etc... 

Marine hospital 

Court-house, post-office, etc... 



61,372.44 



108,359.82 
239,651.98 

141,413.03 

52,688.23 

40,858.32 

55,368.i5 

86,703.98 

846,802.21 

290,056.44 

100,057.74 

122,689.28 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



63,878.45 
58,506.18 
89,726.35 

82,550.73 
42,240.53 



166,240.00 

110,492.08 

60,976.87 



52,607.21 
143,162.68 

68,848.47 
364,609.12 



107,955-96 

25,100 OO 

155,274.91 



$495.16 

170.68 

5,886.07 

1,156.64 

197.50 



12,297.34 



60,155-55 
92.05 

5,943-86 

4,943-98 

10,333.61 

17,932.68 

12.00 

6,465.23 

17,680.26 

151-30 

1,916.53 



1,279.20 

738.50 

22.78 

53-30 



229,626.01 
979.82 



4,819.08 



72,794.41 

51-58 

922.60 

172.00 

12,025.64 



i,3i5-76 



Total Cost 

of Work to 

June 30, 1893. 



II.40 

23,839-45 
256.75 



$2,489.01 

196,868.67 
109,625.07 
121,819.30 

56,I54-79 

I97-50 

23,348.30 

38,463.20 

8,733-37 

73,669.78 

12,010.79 

168,515.37 

239,744.03 

147,356.89 
57,632.21 

5i,i9i-93 

73,300.83 

86,715.98 

853,267.44 

307,736.70 

100,209.04 

124,605.81 

4,861.82 

63,878.45 

59,785-38 

90,464.85 

82,573-51 

42,293.83 

2,966.77 

395,866.01 

111,471.90 

50,844.36 
65,795-95 

159,964-29 
72,794.41 
52,658.79 

144,085.28 
69,020.47 

376,634.76 

53,232.39 
2,890.76 



Cost of Site. 



107,067 36 

48,939.45 

155,531-66 



$4,107.94 

34,322.12 
22.99 



3.650.58 
10,694.50 

6,063.81 
16,500.00 

9,778.54 
6,000.00 

30,606 



Date of 
Purchase. 



Feb. 4, 1892 

May 13, 1883 
June 11, 1885 



■A 



69,996.00 
13,350.00 
9,000.00 
5,500.00 
12,147.40 



110,927.88 
12,329.60 
13,302.50 
20,363.59 
3,928.84 
1,540.00 
10,103.12 

7,383-39 
31,071.55 
6,207.50 
17,160.00 
30,000.00 
149,935.03 
4,475-00 
13,435-30 
6,813.07 

40,599-53 

*7i, 383-05 

270.09 

10,310.55 

6,117.20 

9,io5-93 

451,578.33 

1,575-00 

3,09i-74 
135-95 
500.00 

6,906.20 



June 

May 

July 

Mar. 

June 

Sept. 

Nov. 

July 

Aug. 

Apr. 

June 

Oct. 

Feb. 

Oct. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

June 

May 

July 

Nov. 

June 

July 

Feb. 

May 

Nov. 

Mar. 

May 

July 

Sept. 

Mar. 

July 

Aug. 

June 

Nov. 

Oct. 

Apr. 

July 

Nov. 

Apr. 



10, 

15, 

24, 

24, 

29, 

1, 

7, 

6, 

6, 

26, 

6, 

23, 

14, 

3, 

7, 

11, 

20, 

25, 
2, 

6, 

27, 

29, 

6, 
25, 

5, 
14, 
16, 
18, 

9. 
31, 
12, 
15, 
29, 
26, 

2, 

7, 
18, 

9, 

28, 



Nov. 
Aug. 



30, 
15, 



Remarks. 



891 
891 
891 

859 
891 

855 
883 
885 
874 
883 

853 
856 
889 
872 
887 
884 
883 
892 
889 

874 
887 
887 
889 
891 
858 

875 
889 
882 
889 



875 
887 
883 
889 

879 
891 
832 
858 
886 
884 
885 



Working drawings for foundation and basement 
finished, and work advertised. 

Site donated. 
Government reservation. 

Do. 

Do. 
Building in course of construction. 

Do. 

Do. 



Do. 



Do. 



Site donated. 



Building in course of construction. 
Do. 



Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Site donated. 



Building in course of construction. 
Total cost includes site. 

Site old custom-house. 



* Building and site. 



154 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses , Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 




Location. 



Knoxville, Tenn. 

Lacrosse, Wis 

Lafayette, Ind. . . 
Lansing, Mich. . . 
Lancaster, Pa.. . . 
Lexington, Ky. . . 
Lincoln, Nebr. . . . 

Louisville, Ky. . . 

Do 



Do 

Little Rock, Ark. . 
Leaven worth, Kan, 
Lynchburg, Va.... 
Los Angeles, CaL. 

Lowell, Mass 

Lewiston, Me 

Lima, Ohio 



Lynn, Mass 

Macon, Ga 

Machias, Me 

Madison, Wis 

Madison, Ind 

Mankato, Minn. . . 
Martinsb'g, W. Va. 
Memphis, Tenn... 



Do 

Middletown, Conn. 
Milwaukee, Wis. . . 



Do. 



Mobile, Ala. 
Do 



Montgomery, Ala. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

Manchester, N. H. 

Montpelier, Vt 

Marquette, Mich. . 

Monroe, La 

Meridian, Miss... 

Nashvillle, Tenn.. 



Nature of Work. 



Court-house and post-office. 

Court-house, post-office, etc. 

Post-office 

...do 

...do 

Post-office, etc 

Court-house and post-office. 

Custom-house, etc 

Marine hospital 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Post-office 

...do 

...do 



.do. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Custom-house and post-office 

Court-house and post-office 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office 

...do 

Custom-house, court-house, and 

post-office 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house and post-office... . 
...do 



Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 
Custom-house and post-office 

Marine hospital 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

Post-office 



Post-office, court-house, etc. 

....do 

Court-house, post-office, etc. 

....do 

Post-office 



Custom-house and post-office... 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$388,293.12 
134,822.94 



84,013.24 
124,927.67 
198,243.98 

246,640.75 

61,924.61 

1,100,767.95 
221,390.93 
168,870.92 
120,288.65 
123,890.11 



115,109.33 

24,766.00 

339,082.74 



520,500.00 

69,501.84 

12,176.64 

161,779.61 



379,564.93 

41,400.00 

147,410.99 

548,678.21 

212,934.99 

144,670.61 

92,273.05 

69,626.72 



404,684.44 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$18,060.21 
1,564.30 



202.50 

2,739-65 

15,896.67 

131,817.13 

46,914.62 



6,602.32 

10,051.11 

2,635.69 

21.95 



8,561.02 

10,201.55 

8,039.36 



61,670.11 

20,328.80 
24,627.72 
79,736.42 



72,224.98 
22,180.40 
18,051.25 
12,305.64 

381.91 

250.53 

271.45 

7- 5o 



21,044.38 



Total Cost 

of Work to 

June 30, 1893. 



$406,353.33 

136,387.24 

42,143.93 

56,601.67 

84,215.74 

127,667.32 

214,140.65 

378,457-88 
108,839.23 

1,100,767.95 

227,993.25 

178,922.03 

122,924.34 

123,911.86 

77,312.25 

7,556.09 

3,192.62 



123,670.35 

34,967.55 

347,122.10 

1,123.70 

9,687.47 

19,045.75 

582,170.11 

89,830.64 

36,804.36 

241,516.03 



116,517.15 

451,789.91 

63,580.40 

165,462.24 

560,983.85 

213,316.90 

144,921.14 

92,544.50 

69,634.22 

1,773-15 

425,728.82 



Cost of Site. 



$10,300.00 

12,160.20 
I5,I44-48 
18,798.67 
15,860.74 
20,330.47 

436.35 

16,000.00 

6,500.00 

6,000.00 

141,001.75 
29,729.25 
10,412.45 
14,119.70 
28,634.33 
199.07 
16,472.19 
10,152.33 

26,405.48 
12,716.00 
1,000.00 
10,885.94 
8,786.26 
6,372.15 
9,460.22 



5,7i9-i7 

3,500.00 

12,500.00 



394,897.73 

15,000.00 

10,000.00 - 

13,000.00 

92,514.56-! 

38,964.03 

15,178.76 

7,276.60 

4,600.25 

6,151.22 

38,500.00 



Date of 
Purchase. 



Sept. 

Mar. 

July 

Mar. 

Oct. 

Aug. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Nov. 



30, 1870 

3, 1871 
14, 1885 
11, 1891 
18, 1890 
18, 18: 
13, 1886 

1,1873 

2, 1851 
8, 1875 

3, 1842 



Jan. 29, 1883 
May 25, 1873 
May 31, 1883 

....do 

July 7, 1887 
Apr. 18, 1889 
Sept. 22, 1891 
Aug. 2i, 1891 

Nov. 14, 1892 
Aug. 14, 1885 
May 7, 1870 
May 17, 1873 
Nov. 12, 1891 
Sept. 29, 1891 
June 8, 1891 
June 26, 1876 

Aug. 10, 1882 
Feb. 6, 1863 
Feb. 16, 1855 



Oct. 31, 1890 



Oct. 

June 

Aug. 

Nov. 

Mar. 

Aug. 

May 

Sept. 

May 

Apr. 

Dec. 

Feb. 
Apr. 
June 



3, 1 

20, 1 

25, 1 

8, 1 

31- 1 

24, 1 

8, 1 

21, 1 

9, 1 

16, 1 

30, 1 

14, 1 

29, 1 

7, 1 



851 
838 
856 
880 
883 
884 
886 
885 
883 
889 
891 

870 
876 
877 



Remarks. 



Building in course of construction. 
Do. 



Site donated. 



Deadhouse, authorized Act Mar. 3, 1891; noth- 
ing done. 
Completed since last report. 



Site donated; in course of erection. 

Building in course of construction. 

Drawings for the building under roof completed 

and specification in hand. 
Title to site not perfected; no sketch plans made. 



No sketch plans or other drawing made. 
Building in course of construction. 

Do. 
Site donated. 



Authorized to be sold, Act. Jan. 21, 1889. Sold 
Dec. 16, 1891, for $256,000; rented by Govern- 
ment until completion of new building. 

Building in course of construction. 



Laundry machinery authorized, Act Mar. 3, 1891; 
nothing done. 






Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings in hand; half done. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



155 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Newark, N. J. 



New Albany, Ind.. 
New Bedf'd, Mass. 

Do 

Newburyp't, Mass. 

New Haven, Conn. 

NewLondon.Conn. 
Do 

Nebr. City, Nebr. . 
New Orleans, La.. 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Do 

Do 

Newport, R. I 

New York, N. Y.. 

Do 



Do. 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Norfolk, Va. 
Do 



Newburg, N. Y. . . 

Newberne, N. C. . . 

Ocrocoke, N. C. . . 
Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

Omaha, Nebr 

Do 



Oswego, N. Y.. . 
Oxford, Miss.. . 
Oshkosh, Wis.. . 
Owensboro, Ky. 
Ottumwa, Iowa. 
Opelousas, La. . 



Nature of Work. 



Custom-house and post-office. 



Court-house and post-office. 
Custom-house, etc 



Custom-house and post-office. 
....do 



.do. 
.do. 



Post-office and custom-house. 
Court-house, post-office, etc.. 
Custom-house and post-office. 



Branch mint 

Old marine hospital.. 
New marine hospital. 



Quarantine warehouse 

The "Jump" 

Custom-house and post-office. 

Custom-house 

Custom-house site 

Subtreasury 



Assay office 

Court-house and post-office 

Revenue dock and barge office. . 

No. 23 Pine street 

Ellis Island immigrant station.. 
Surgeon's house and dispensary. 

Appraisers' warehouse 

Custom-house and post-office. . . . 
Court-house and post-office 



Post-office. 



Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house and post-office .... 

...do 

Court-house, custom-house, and 
post-office. 

Custom-house and post-office.. . . 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

...do 

Post-office, etc 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$89,816.56 
25,500.00 

104,937.01 
20,188.50 

158,143.50 
14,600.00 



4. 



105,652.87 
221,824.40 

327,548.55 

498,118.55 

64,409.79 

40,044.12 

9,100.00 



929,301.75 

i83.358.75 

5,549,832.63 

320,902.40 



623,910.91 
767.21 



203,903.75 



7,827.07 
220,650.58 
325,006.96 



113,977.98 
60,610.94 
92,218.22 

49.525-77 
42,263.43 
44.327.29 



Cost of 

Alterations 

and Repairs. 



$119.43 
19,736.21 



12,340.69 

113,421.64 

14,062.53 



46-30 
390,767.82 

386,652.09 
19,972.20 
51,117.24 

12,698.03 

17.235-75 

40,799-35 

460,751.15 



266,476.29 

50,621.87 

436,218.41 

252,082.14 

4,440.26 



124.50 
60,155.88 



30O.00 

17,333-85 
19,074.69 



30,126.51 

215-25 

65.OO 

1,766.05 

134.60 

90.75 



Total G.st 

of Work to 

June 30, 1893. 



$182,207.22 

89,935.99 
45,236.21 

104,937.01 

32,529.19 

271,565.14 

28,662.53 

33.OO 

105,699.17 

4,612,592.22 

714,200.64 
518,090.84 
115,527.03 

52,742.15 

17.235-75 

49.899-35 

1,460,751.15 



1,195,778.04 

233,980.62 
8,986,091.04 

573,984-54 

14,803.66 

623,910.91 

891.71 

107,091.65 

264,059.63 

2,I33-96 

292.OO 

2,168.34 

8,127.07 
237,984.43 
371,081.65 
133,067.76 

144,104.49 
60,826.19 
92,283.22 
51,291.82 
42,398.03 
44,418.04 



Cost of Site. 



$50,026.10 
61,111.88 

i4,i5i-77 
4,900.00 

43,921-35- 

3,000.00 
25,500.00 
23,032.32 

3,400.00 
25,043.10 

5,102.50 



12,000.00 
35,097.00 



1,400.00 

1,000,000.00 

39,138.28 

270,000.00- 

530,000.00 

508,585.25 

10,000.00 

10,363.40 



505,022.48 
13,500.00 
45,398-42 

36,635.59 
6,253.40 

1,100.00 
8,100.00 



400,000.00 

12,000.00 

6,126.90 

10,145.79 

215.30 

213.44 

3,021.81 



Date of 

Purchase. 



May 30, 1855 
Aug. 31, 1888 



Sept. 

Apr. 

Nov. 

Feb. 

Aug. 

June 

Feb. 

May 

Mar. 

June 



25, 1885 
9, 1883 
5, 1885 
7, 1889 
9. 1833 
1, 1855 

10, 1891 
18, 1833 
13, 1893 

26, 1885 
— , 1807 



July 18, 1878 
Aug. 7, 1835 
Aug. 5, 1883 

-, 1827 



Apr. 30, 1833 
Apr. 16, 1839 
Apr. 29, 1865 



Jan. 13, 1833 
Dec. 16, 1846 
Aug. 14, 1854 
Apr. 11, 1867 
Mar. 30, 1867 
, 1859 



Mar. 9, 1891 
Feb. 28, 1852 
Dec. 4, 1891 

May 17, 1892 

May 8, 1891 

May 15, 1843 
Feb. 14, 1857 
May 19, 1870 
May 14, 1890 

Dec. 15, 1854 
Feb. 18, 1884 
Nov. 23, 1886 
June 27, 1887 
Dec. 24, 1888 
June 21, 1889 



Remarks. 



\ Land additional to old site; old church on site 
\ fitted up for use as post-office; new building 
) in course of erection. 



) Land additional to old site purchased and new 
f building in course of erection. 

[Extension authorized, Act Mar. 3, 1891. Work- 
s' ing drawings completed ; specification in hand. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Site acquired from Spain and France. Extensive 

repairs in progress. 
Site granted by city. 

New ward water-main, and cisterns in course of 

construction. 
Use of Site granted by State of Louisiana. 
Do. 



Site not purchased. 
[• Old custom-house. 

Extensive repairs in progress. 

Total cost includes site. 
Government reservation. 
Built on Barge Office site. 
In course of construction. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings not yet begun. 
Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings begun. 
Sketch plans in hand, nearly ready for estimates. 



Site donated. 

In course of construction. 



Site donated. 
Do. 



156 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Parkersb'g, W. Va. 

Paris, Tex 

Puducah, Ky 

Paterson, N. J. . . . 
Pawtucket, R. I... 
Plattsburg, N. Y. . 
Pensacola, Fla. . . 
Perth Amboy, N.J 

Peoria, 111 

Petersburg, Va... . 
Pittsburg, Pa 

Do 

Do 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



Do. 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Poughk'psie, N. Y 
Portsmouth, N. H 
Portsmouth, Ohio 

Portland, Me 

Do 



Nature of Work. 



Do. 



Portland, Oregon. 

Do 

Port Huron, Mich. 
Port Townsend 
Wash. 



Do 

Providence, R. I. 

Do 

Pueblo, Colo 



Quincy, 111 

Racine, Wis 

Raleigh, N. C. . . 
Richmond, Ky. . 
Richmond, Va. . . 
Rockland, Me.. . 
Rochester, N. Y. 

Rutland, Vt 

Reading, Pa. . . . 



Court-house and post-office 

...do 

Post-office, court-house, etc 

Post-office 

...do 

Custom-house and post-office. . . . 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

Custom-house 

Post-office, court-house, etc 

Custom-house and post-office 

Custom-house 

Court-house and post-office 

Appraisers' stores 

Custom-house, etc 



Post-office and court-house... 

United States mint (old) 

United States mint (new). . . . 

Appraisers' stores 

Lazaretto 

Marine hospital 

Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office. 
Post-office 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$223,059.03 
128,032.13 



66,425.17 

187,284.34 

1,374.06 

266,833.86 

84.664.88 

68,666.87 

1,610,462.15 



,623,943.49 

249-475-93 
379,675.04 



Cost of 

Alterations 

and Repairs. 



513,320.31 
2,975.80 



12,952.59 

755-15 



957.86 

23,624.15 

67,780.60 

7,375-62 

499.46 

157,818.39 

42,816.54 

205,903.32 



Custom-house 

Court-house and post-office 

Marine hospital 

Custom-house and post-office. . . . 

Custom-house 

Custom-house and post-office.. . . 
Marine hospital 



Custom-house, post-office, etc. 
Custom-house and post-office.. 

Appraisers' stores 

Post-office 



Post-office, court-house, etc. . 
Custom-house and post-office. 
Court-house and post-office . . . 

Post-office 

Custom-house, etc 

....do 

Court-house, post-office, etc.. 

Court-house and post-office . . . 

Post-office 



1,000.00 

72,801.40 

145,116.91 

62,495.02 

494,981.03 

392,214.64 

83,511-35 
365,332.20 



240,703.34 



230,430.67 

209,723.32 

7,504.00 



164,325.15 
341,496.87 



193,757-35 
132,828.11 

513,440.41 

70,324.43 

132,578.15 



51,880.04 
9,048.60 
1,250.70 
6,474.12 

57,847.81 
210.55 

18,266.07 

32,675-3i 
59,249.88 
15,920.59 



Total Cost 

of Work to 

June 30, 1893. 



$236,379.34 

33,673.60 

131,007.93 

25.90 

10.00 

79,377-76 

188,039.49 

1,374.06 

267,791.72 
108,289.03 

136,447.47 

1,617,837.77 

499.46 

383,818.39 

4,666,760.03 
455,379-25 



8,252.35 
2,722.53 



85-25 

68,473-38 

6,238.08 



234.92 



12,782.57 



254,311.09 

12,140.88 

5,042.10 

18,906.86 
971-37 



431,555.08 

38,287.53 

2,250.70 

79,275-52 

202,964.72 
62,705.57 

513,247.10 

424,889.95 

142,761.23 

381,252.79 

702.33 

248,955.69 

20,722.53 



230,515-92 

278,196.70 

13,742.08 

1,437.86 



164,560.07 

713-43 

354,279.44 
8,684.44 
448,068.44 
144,968.99 
518,482.51 

89,231.29 

133,549-52 



Cost of Site. 



$17,841.40 
1,596.35 

7,477-30 
22,260.32 

24,355-84 

5,000.00 

19,507.60 

2,060.00 

37,443.00 

15,000.00 

41,000.00 

347,301.30 



225,000.00 

1,491,200.90 

31,666.67 

6,303-59 
250,000.00 



37,540.17 
19,500.00 
12,391.85 

40,500.00 \ 



Date of 
Purchase. 



Remarks. 



June 

May 

July 

Dec. 

Sept. 

June 

Mar. 

July 

Oct. 

Feb. 

May 

Apr. 



23, 1873 
2, 1891 

31, 1880 

31, 1892 
9, 1892 

10, 1856 

12, 1883 
30, 1857 

13, 1882 

5, 1856 

8, 1856 

— , 1887 



Aug. 24, 1844 
Apr. 4, 1873 
Mar. 12, 1875 
Apr. 29, 1857 



Mar. 2, 1857 
■ — , 1802 



5,500.00 

12,446.15 

15,000.00 

160,405.80 

5,250.00 

18,000.00 



9,177.19 

40,000.00 

3,000.00 

1,009.86 



15,633.20 
25,214.56 
8,120.53 
15,010.40 
61,000.00 
12,000.00 
75,769.68 

1,900.00- 

47,413-55 



Sept. 

June 

Mar. 

Oct. 

Dec. 

July 

Mar. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

June 

Jan. 

Oct. 



1, 1883 
28, 1857 
16, 1889 

4, 1828 

21, 1866 

5, 1849 

22, 1852 
25, 1869 

6, 1868 
3, 1892 

16, 1873 
11, 1892 



Dec. 31, 1885 
Oct. 9, 1854 
Nov. 16, 1817 
May 24, 1892 



Mar. 

Dec. 

Aug. 

Dec. 

June 

Oct. 

May 

July 

May 

Nov. 



28, 1883 

21, 1891 

7, i860 

8, 1891 

22, 1853 
4, 1872 
1, 1883 
1, 1857 

17, 1859 
15, 1886 



Building in course of construction. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 
Do. 



Sold Feb. 27, 1893, for $433,500. 
$46,176.30 of cost of site donated by citizens. 
Transferred from War Department May 26, 1878. 
Total cost includes site (U. S. Bank). 



Expense incident to securing site. 

Total cost includes site and building. 

Surgeon's office erected on custom-house lot, 1877. 



Site old custom-house. 
Electric-light plant authorized Act March 3, 
1891 ; drawings finished ; specifications in hand. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Total cost includes site and building; new wards 
authorized Act March 3, 1893 ; no drawings 
made. 

Building in course of construction. 



Site donated ; sketch plans made and approved, 
including estimates; working drawings not yet 
begun. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Building in course of construction. 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



157 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals , etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Reidsville, N. C... 

Rock Island, 111.. . 

Rockford, 111 

Roanoke, Va 



Rome, Ga 

Santa Fe, N. Mex. 
Sag Harbor, N. Y. 

St. Augustine, Fla. 
St. Louis, Mo 

Do 

Do 

St. Paul, Minn 

Do 



St. Joseph, Mo 

San Francisco, Cal 
Do 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Sacramento, Cal. 
Salem, Mass 

Savannah, Ga.. . . 



Do. 
Do. 



Sandusky, Ohio.. . 

Springfield, 111. . . . 

Springfield, Ohio.. 
Springfield, Mass.. 
Springfield, Mo.. . . 
Suspension Br'ge. 

N. Y. 
Syracuse, N. Y.. . . 

Scranton, Pa 

Shreveport, La. . . . 
San Antonio, Tex. 

Sedalia, Mo 

Statesville, N. C. . 
St. Albans, Vt. . . . 
Saginaw, Mich 



'Nature of Work. 



Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office 

....do 

....do 



....do 

Court-house, etc. 
Custom-house.. . , 



Court-house and post-office.... 
Custom-house and post-office.. . . 

Old custom-house 

Marine hospital , 

Custom-house, etc 

Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office 

Custom-house, etc , 

Marine hospital 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$64,402.91 



Old appraisers' stores 

New appraisers' stores 

Branch mint 

Subtreasury 

Post-office, court-house, etc... 

Post-office, etc 

Custom-house and post-office. 

...do 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Court-house, post-office, etc. 



Custom-house and post-office. . , 

Court-house and post-office.. . . 

Post-office 

...do 

Court-house and post-office. . . . 
Custom-house and post-office. . . 



etc. 



Post-office, court-house, 

Post-office, etc 

Post-office, court-house, etc.. 
Court-house, post-office, etc.. 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office.. . 
Custom-house and post-office. 
Post-office 



i4,5i5-43 

5,686,854.68 

321,987.08 

86,288.40 

429,299.38 



349,450.00 

628,581.40 

74,316.64 

93.566.75 

840,000.00 

2,130,512.15 



14,271.77 

149,879.56 



63,987.16 

287,803.85 

124,659.59 
130,860.66 



330,793-49 

163,895.93 

99,434.41 

185,219.25 

49.58i.33 

72,339-77 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



!J>I, 293. IO 
175.00 

29,975.04 

28,265.25 
220,894.07 
363,164.81 

34,877-85 



3.9 OI -36 

96,248.83 
38,868.45 

17,606.77 

33,645.76 

8,056.98 

I33.79I-5I 



26,432.77 
32,729-95 



23,776.04 

43,631.68 

38.90 
893-93 



31,348.21 



5,733-24 



5,361.69 

3,353-03 

12.75 

64.13 



Total Cost 

of Work to 

June 30, 1893. 



$6,834.41 

1,892.24 

5,916.44 

15.00 

6,696.74 

65,696.01 

175.OO 

44.490.47 

5,715,119.93 

542,881.15 

449,453.21 

464,177.23 

28,250.11 

353,351-30 
724,830.23 
113,185.09 

111,173.52 

873,645.76 

2,138,569.13 

I33,79I-5r 

1,923.47 

187,262.43 

40,704.54 

188,609.51 

19,624.04 
2,572.48 

87,763.20 

331,435.26 

124,698.49 

131,754-59 

8l,373-36 

31,348.21 

336,526.73 

163,895.93 

104,796.10 

188,572.28 

49,594.08 

72,403.90 

9,734-30 

3,106.68 



Cost of Site. 



$4,047.84 

9,349-96 
17,822.10 
13,233.80 

9,178.55 



368,882.65 
37,000.00 



16,056.13 
1,058.81 

11,750.00 
150,000.00 



100,000. 

283,929. 

1,054,232, 

40,695. 

5,000. 



00 
10 
7i 
97 
00 



20,725.00 



35,7io. 
55.782 



04 
.04 



11,000.00 
9,000.00 
20,001.00 
19,850.00 
18,715.00 
20,338.90 
*6,ooo.oo 

70,276.61 

35,484-77 

10,037.15 

24,734.32 

115.58 

4,165.52 

8,788.40 

415-54 



Date of 
Purchase. 



Oct. 30, 1891 

Apr. 21, 1892 
Nov. 16, 1891 
Aug. 1, 1892 

Mar. 31, 1892 



— , 1820 

May 23, 1874 
Oct. 1, 1851 
Mar. 7, 1850 
Apr. 10, 1867 
June 12, 18 

Jan. 6, 1883 
Sept. 5, 1854 



Jan. 1, 1867 
May 2, 1854 
Dec. 18, 18 
Apr. 30, 1887 
June 13, 1818 
July 26, 1842 
Dec. 16, 1845 
May 31, 1888 
Feb. 3, 1889 
Aug. 5, 1891 

Dec. 28, 1854 
Mar. 2, 1857 
Mar. 10, 1885 
Nov. 13, 1885 
Sept. 3, 1887 
Nov. 29, 1889 
May 25, 1867 

May 21, 1883 

Apr. 14, 1883 

Apr. 12, 1884 

July 17, 1886 

June 22, 1889 

May 4, 1889 

Apr. 12, 1892 

Sept. 14, 1891 



Remarks. 



Building in course of construction. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Building in course of construction. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 

working drawings not begun. 
Do. 
Site acquired from Mexico. 
Transferred from War Department, old arsenal 

building torn down. 
Site acquired from Spain. 

Used as appraiser stores. 
Ceded by War Department. 

Site donated; in course of erection. 



Government reservation, new wards, etc., in 
course of construction. 
Do. 
Do. 

Remodeled old branch mint. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Building in course of construction. 



(Authorized to be sold, Act Jan. 21, 1891, and 
) new site selected. 

Sketch plans finished; ready for estimates; work- 
ing drawings not yet made. 

{■ Additional land. 



Building in course of construction. 



Do. 



Site donated; completed since last report. 

Building in course of construction. 
Site donated ; sketch plans and estimates made 
and approved ; working drawings not yet begun. 



* Building and site. 



158 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Tabular Statement of Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Salina, Kans. 



San Jose, Cal 

Sioux City, Iowa.. 

Sioux Falls, S. Dak, 

Staunton, Va 

Stockton, Cal 

Sheboygan, Wis. . . 

South Bend, Ind. . 

Tallahassee, Fla. . , 
Terre Haute, Ind.. 
Texarkana, Ark., 
and Tex. 

Toledo, Ohio 



Troy, N. Y 

Tyler, Tex 

Trenton, N. J.. . 
Topeka, Kans. . 
Taunton, Mass. 



Utica, N. Y 

Vanceboro, Me.... 

Vineyard Haven. 

Mass. 
Vicksburg, Miss. . . 



Waco, Tex 

Waldoboro, Me... 
Washington, D.C. 



Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



Do 

Watertown, N. Y. 
Wheeling, W. Va. 



Nature of Work. 



Post-office. 



Post-office, etc 

Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 
Custom-house and post-office.... 

Post-office 

...do 

Custom-house and post-office... . 



Post-office. 



Court-house and post-office. 

Post-office, etc 

Court-house and post-office . 



Custom-house, court-house, etc. 

Post-office, court-house, etc 

Court-house and post-office 

....do 

...do 

Post-office 



Court-house and post-office. 
Customs office 



Marine hospital. 



Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Court-house, post-office, etc 

Custom-house and post-office... . 
Treasury building 



Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
ing. 

Winder Building 

Building for Supervising Archi- 
tect. 

Building southwest corner B and 
New Jersey avenue SE. 

Building adjoining building 
southwest corner B and New 
Jersey avenue SE. 

Building northwest corner B and 
New Jersey avenue NW. 

Post-office 

....do 

Custom-house, etc 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$164,966.41 
101,433.96 

375,641.17 



50,008.47 
326,382.26 
286,058.24 



252,307-30 
4,942.29 



99,936.50 

98,414.17 

22,424.68 

6,166,141.40 



330,493.00 



24,774-51 



59,823.67 
96,618.64 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$558.10 
2I.OO 

1,508.95 



1,069.84 

14,104.68 

9,618.18 



7,861.78 
1,055.41 

6,431.52 

71-25 

474.20 

3,997-57 
727,579.26 

89,687.28 



4,560.25 



I57-40 
57,9i9-33 



Total Cost of 

Work to 
June 30, 1893. 



$4,209.79 

88,518.15 
584.29 

49,792.60 
2,153.64 



2,577.66 

1,724.18 

26,021.91 
165,524.51 
101,454.96 

377,150.12 

245,877-37 

51,078.31 

340,486.94 

295,676.42 

684.OO 

260,169.08 
5,996.70 

6,431.52 

100,007.75 

98,888.37 

26,422.25 

,893,720.66 

420,180.28 

100.00 

24,774-51 
4,560.25 



138,258.31 
59,981.07 

154,537-97 



Cost of Site. 



$12,065.08 

39,454-67 
21,464.53 

8,282.54 
12,587.04 

I7,6l7-55 
10,307.67 

15,194.82 

4,116.40 

20,172.33 

8,175-80 

j 12,000.00 

{ 53,251.70 

g'9,98i.54 

6.781.63 

82,375-93 

10,000.00 

243.86 

161,192.25 



1,220.75 

9,190.08 

10,272.00 
2,000.00 



r 

54,357-25^1 
I 



275,000.00 
155,000.00 

138,000.00 

655,490.77 
15,042.81 
20,500.00 



Date of 
Purchase. 



June 18, 1891 

Nov. 5, 1890 
Aug. 31, 1892 

July 22, 1891 
Jan. 1, 1892 
Mar. 19, 1892 
Oct. 12, 1891 

Oct. 24, 1891 

Jan. 17, 1891 
Sept. 14, 1883 
Mar. 31, 1889 

Feb. 10, 1855 
Jan. 15, 1881 
Jan. 9, 1886 
Sept. 1, 1885 
May 14, 1872 
Aug. 16, 1875 
July 8, 1891 

Feb. 10, 1874 
May 1, 1884 

June 7, 1892 

Mar. 20, 1889 

Mar. 30, 1885 
Nov. 29, 1852 



June 25, 1878 
July 1, 1880 
Apr. 22, 1886 
July 13, 1891 



Mar. 5, 1891 
Aug. n, 1891 

Apr. 20, 1891 

July 11, 1891 
Apr. 15, 1890 
Sept. 7, 1855 



Remarks. 



Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings not yet begun. 

Building in course of construction. 

Working drawings finished; work to be adver- 
tised. 

Building in course of construction. 
Do. 

No sketch plans or other drawings made. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved ; 
drawings for building half done. 

Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings not yet begun. 

Building in course of construction. 

Completed since last report. 



Building in course of construction 



Site donated; sketch plans and estimates made 
and approved; working drawings not yet begun. 

Site leased from Maine Central Railroad at $1,200 
per annum. 

Work advertised; bids rejected; modified draw- 
ings necessary. 

Building in course of construction. 



Government reservation. 

Boiler plant in course of construction. 

J 

Transferred from War Department. 

In south court-yard of Treasury building. 

Butler house, occupied by Coast Survey and 

Marine Hospital Service. 
Richards property, occupied by Coast Survey. 



Maltby House, for use of Congress and the 

executive departments. 
Building in course of construction. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



153 



Tabular Statement op Custom-houses, Court-houses, Post-offices, Marine Hospitals, etc. — Continued. 



Location. 



Wilmington, Del. 
Do 



Wilmington, N. C, 
Do 



Do 

Do 

Windsor, Vt 

Williamsport, Pa. 



Winona, Minn. . . 
Wichita, Kans. . 
Wiscasset, Me. . 
Worcester, Mass 

York, Pa 

Youngstown, Ohio 



Nature of Work. 



Custom-house and post-office. 
Court-house and post-office... 

Custom-house and post-office. 

Marine hospital 



Wharf and warehouse 

Post-office, custom-house, etc. 
Court-house and post-office . . . 

Court-house, post-office, etc... 



....do 

Post-office, court-house, etc.. 
Custom-house and post-office. 

Post-office, etc 

Post-office 

....do 



Actual 

Cost of 

Construction. 



$39,569.34 



40,000.00 
37,397-44 



156,510.36 
71,347.32 

176,383.08 

144,580.72 

206,208.27 

30,457-25 



Cost of 
Alterations 
and Repairs. 



$27,227.35 



10,266.63 
13,268.94 

I,9I5-00 

390.6I 

22,708.70 

IO2.97 

132.50 

545-96 
9,089.48 



Total Cost 
of Work to 
June 30, 1893. 



$66,796.69 
58,877.90 

50,266.63 

50,666.38 

1,915.00 

156,900.97 

94,056.02 

176,486.05 

144,713.22 
206,754.23 

39,546.73 

68,556.98 

14,856.50 

923.02 



I 



Cost of Site. 



$3,500.00 
30,660.35 

15,000.00- 

6,500.00 



*25,Il8.25 

40,399.80 

4,700.00 

45,774-07' ( 

15,350.98 
1,560.98 
I,800.0O 

75,377-35 
24,024.20 
13,203.92 



Date of 
Purchase. 



May 29, 
Mar. 2, 
Mar. 19, 
May 17, 
Mar. 17, 

Feb. 28, 
July 8, 
Mar. 14, 
Sept. 25, 
June 1, 
Apr. 6, 
Mar. 14, 
June 20, 
Sept. 1, 
Apr. 17, 
Nov. 28, 



1853 
1889 
1819 
1845 
1857 

1885 
1887 

1857 

1884 

1887 

18 

1886 

1868 

18 

1891 

1891 



Remarks 



Building in course of construction. 



Act Mar. 3, 1893, authorizing sewer connections 

and water tanks; no drawings made. 
For use of Revenue Marine and Customs Service. 



Building in course of construction. 

Do. 
Sketch plans and estimates made and approved; 
working drawings begun. 



* Building and site. 



List of Contracts Existing in the Office of the Supervising Architect, September 30, 1893. 



Location. 



Angel Island, San 
Francisco, Cal. 
Do 



Ashland, Wis. 



Atchison, Kans. 

Do 

Augusta, Ga. . . . 
Aurora, 111 



Bay City, Mich. 

Do 

Do 

Beatrice, Nebr. 



Birmingham, Ala. 
Do 



Do. 



'Designation. 



Quarantine station. 

...do 

Post-office 



.do. 
.do. 



Court-house and post-office. 
Post-office 



Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office 



Court-house and post-office. 
...do 



.do. 



No. 



306 A 

307A 

245A 

358A 
234A 
I26A 
3I3A 

279A 

287A 

349A 

214A 

261A 
222A 

2IlA 



Date. 



Apr. 3, 

do... 

Aug. 15, 

Sept. 28, 
June 24, 
Mar. 24, 
Apr. 19, 

Jan. 7, 

Feb. 2, 

Aug, 24, 

Apr. 15, 



1893 



Name of Contractor. 



J. H. McKay and R. 

McCann. 
Edward Owens 



Foster & Smith. 



1892 

1893 Saml. I. Pope & Co. 

1892 Geo. H. Evans & Co.. 
1891 1 Blake & Williams 

1893 Chas. W. Gindele 



1893 
1893 

1893 

1892 
1892 



Henry Shenk. 



Sproul & McGurrin. . 

Henry Fox 

John A. Dahlgren. . . 



Oct. 29, 1892 Robert Clark 
Apr. 14, 1892! Buena Vista Plumbing 
& House Heating Co 
Mar. 19, 1892 Michael P. Scully 



Nature of Work. 



Erection and completion hospital and attendant's build- 
ings. 

Erection and completion laundry building and ma- 
chinery. 

Erection and completion, except plumbing and heating 
apparatus. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Erection and completion, except heating apparatus. . . . 

Steam-heating and ventilating apparatus 

Basement and area walls, first-floor beams, iron 
columns, etc. 

Interior finish 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Approaches 

Erection and completion, except general excavation and 
heating apparatus. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus, etc 

Plumbing and gas-piping, etc 

Interior finish, etc 



Price. 



$10,200.00 

5,243-70 

72,730.00 

6,150.00 

60,878.17 

7,290.00 

8,668.00 

34,436.00 
5,717.00 
6,428.62 

37,497.00 

10,200.00 
7,735-00 

54,175.00 



160 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



List of Contracts Existing in the Office of the Supervising Architect, September 30, 1893 — Continued. 



Location. 



Burlington, Iowa. 
Do 



Boston, Mass 

Cairo, 111 

Camp Low, Sandy 

Hook, N. J. 
Canton, Ohio 



Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 
Charleston, S. C. . . . 



Do 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Chester, Pa 



Chicago, 111. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 



Do 

Do 

Columbus, Ga. 



Dallas, Tex. 



Danville, 111. 



Denver, Colo 

Do 

Detroit, Mich 

Do 

Diamond Point, Port 

Townsend, Wash. 
Duluth, Minn 



Do. 



Designation. 



Post-office. 
Post-office. 



Post-office and sub-treasury. 

Marine hospital 

Quarantine station 



Post-office. 



.do. 



Post-office, court-house, etc. 

Post-office, court-house, etc. 
Court-house and post-office.. 
Post-office 



Custom-house and sub-treasury. 

....do 

...do 

....do 

Custom-house and sub-treasury 

(extension). 
Government building, World's 

Columbian Exposition. 

....do 

....dp 

World's Columbian Exposition, 

Indian Industrial School. 
World's Columbian Exposition, 

Government building. 

Marine hospital 

Appraisers' stores 

Post-office 



Court-house and post-office. 



Post-office, etc. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Court-house, post-office, etc. 

....do 

Quarantine station 



Court-house, custom-house, and 

post-office. 
....do 



No. 



295A 
2 70 A 



360A 
332A 
3I6A 

I81A 



292A 

I52A 

23A 
277A 
322A 

343A 
3I7A 
3I2A 
336A 
323A 

I75A 

29IA 
20IA 

28IA 
278A 

343*A 

29A 

296A 

275A 

290A 

217A 
168A 
223A 
185A 
329A 

318A 

355A 



Date. 



Name of Contractor. 



Mar. 3, 1893 Chas. W. Gindele. 



Dec. 5, 1892 



Minnesota Stone Co. 



Sept. 29, 1893 Lynch & Woodward. 

June 24, 1893 John Madden 

May 10, 1893 Danl. Cary 



Oct. 31, li 



Feb. 27, 1893 

July 11, 1891 

Jan. 13, 1890 
Dec. 22, 1892 
June 12, 1893 

Aug. 16, 1893 
May 11, 1893 
Apr. 15, 1893 
July 21, 1893 
June 19, 1893 

Oct. 8, 1891 

Feb. 16, 1893 
Jan. 29, 1892 
Jan. 11, 1893 

Jan. 13, 1893 

Aug. 18, 1893 
Dec. 18, 1889 
Mar. 6, 1893 

Dec. 15, 1892 

Feb. 3, 1893 

Apr. 16, 1892 
Oct. 1, 1891 
May 21, 1892 
Oct. 31, 1891 
June 24, 1893 

May 15, 1893 

Sept. 30, 1893 



Jacob J. Brumbaugh.. 

A. H. Connor & Co. . . 
John J. Harrington... 

D. A. J. Sullivan 

Blake & Williams 

Asher Bassford 

Farrell & Merker 

E. F. Gobel 

Benj. Hyde 

....do 

L. L. Leach & Sons.. . 

Northwestern Con- 
tracting Co. 

John F. Reese 

Edward Johnson 

John Waline 

Phillipson Brothers. . . 

Geo. F. Bodwell 

Clark, Bennett & Co.. 
Frank Baldwin 

Brown & Dabney . . , . . 

Chas. F. Schultz & Co. 

Saml. I. Pope & Co. . . 

John Moore & Co 

Benj. Hyde 

E. F. Gobel 

Chas. Sayre 

Allan Black & Co.... 

L. L. Leach & Sons. . . 



Nature of Work. 



Iron and wood floor, ceiling and roof construction, and 

roof covering for the superstructure. 
Trench excavation, foundations, cut-stone work and 

brickwork of basement and area walls, basement 

columns, first-floor beams, etc. 

New steam boilers 

Miscellaneous repairs, painting, etc 

Steam disinfecting plant 

Trench excavation, concrete foundation, cut-stone work 
and brickwork, iron and wood floor, roof construc- 
tion, etc. 

Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floor, ceiling 
and roof construction, roof covering, etc. 

Iron floor, ceiling and roof construction, copper work, 
etc. 

Stone and brickwork, etc 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Trench excavation, foundation, basement, and area 
walls, basement columns, first-floor beams, etc. 

Heating apparatus 

Certain repairs, new mail elevator 

Erection and completion (extension) 

Changes and additions 

Post-office screen, and miscellaneous repairs 

Roof covering, tin work, galvanized-iron work, etc . . . 

Partitions 

Fifty-three plaster models 

Erection and completion, including plumbing and front 

porch. 
Decorative painting 

Miscellaneous repairs 

Steel shutters 

Excavation, foundations, basement and area walls, 

basement columns, and first-floor construction. 
Erection and completion, except heating apparatus and 

plumbing. 
Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floor, ceiling 

and roof construction, roof covering, etc. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Joinery, wood floor, etc 

Iron columns, iron floor, ceiling, etc 

Stone and brick masonry of the superstructure 

Wharf, buildings, etc., including cast-iron pile casings. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Interior finish, plumbing, etc 



Price. 



$31,060,00 
10,239.00 



17,545.00 
7.374-00 
9,985.00 

43,319.00 



27,750.00 

50,490.00 

134,000.00 

6,598.00 

10,699.00 

6,975.00 
5.437-00 
60,980.00 
5,640.00 
9,997.00 

104,000.00 

7,000.00 
6,437.00 
7,300.00 

14,944.00 

8,936.00 

5,040.00 

13,644.00 

97,750.00 

29,500.00 

21,740.00 
44,450.00 
51,980.00 
247,311.00 
28,546.00 

12,745.00 

51,890.00 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC WORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



161 



List of Contracts Existing in the Of/ice of the Supervising Architect, September 30, 1893 — Continued. 



Location. 



El Paso, Tex. 



Erie, Pa 

Fargo, N. Dak 

Fishermans Isl'd, near 
Cape Charles, Va. 

Do 

Fort Dodge, Iowa 



Fort Worth, Tex. 
Fremont, Nebr. .. 
Galesburg, 111.. .. 



Greenville, S. C. 
Do 



Helena, Ark. 



Hoboken, N.J. 
Houlton, Me. . 



Huntsville, Ala. 
Jackson, Mich . . 



Jacksonville, Fla. 



Do 

Kansas City, Mo. 



Do. 



Do 

Knoxville, Tenn . 
Lafayette, Ind . . . 
Lansing, Mich . . . 
Lewiston, Me. . . . 



Louisville, Ky. 
Lowell, Mass... 
Mankato, Minn. 



Mary Island and Sand 

Point, Alaska 

Martinsburg, W. Va. 



Designation. 



Post-office and court-house. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Post-office and court-house.. 
Quarantine station 



Milwaukee, Wis. 



...do 

Post-office. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
....do 



Court-house and post-office. 



Post-office 

Custom-house and post-office. 



Court-house, post-office, etc. 
Post-office.. 



Post-office, custom-house, etc. 



.do. 



Post-office and court-house. 
Post-office and court-house. 



.do. 



Court-house and post-office. 

Post-office 

....do 

....do 



Court-house and post-office. 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office. 

Custom-house 

Court-house and post-office. 



Post-office, court-house, and cus 
tom-house. 



No. 



259A 

283A 
353A 
335A 

348A 
243A 



325A 

276A 

299A 

50A 
253A 

105A 

1 80 A 
324A 

1 00 A 
1 96 A 

213A 

220A 
298A 

338A 

274A 
328A 
215A 
194A 
303A 

230A 
225A 
265A 

148A 

271A 

319A 



Date. 



Name of Contractor. 



Sept. 19, 1893 

Feb. 10, 1893 
Sept. 9, 1893 
July 17, 1893 

Aug. 21, 1893 
Sept. 5, 1892 



June 23, 1893 

Dec. 17, 1892 

Mar. 9, 1893 

June 16, 1890 
Oct. 1, 1892 

Dec. 9, 1890 

Oct. 19, 1893 
June 20, 1893 

Dec. 2, 1890 
Jan. 11, 18' 

Apr. 29, 1892 

Apr. 8, 1892 
Mar. 9, 1893 

July 25, 1893 

Dec. 20, 1892 
June 26, 1893 
Apr. 23, 1892 
Dec. 22, 1891 
Mar. 30, 1893 



June 3, 1892 
May 28, 1892 
Nov. 19, 1892 



Chafer & Becker 

Eaton & Prince Co. . . 
Chas. W. Gindele.... 
I. H. Hathaway & Co. 

Wm. H. Virden 

Groves & Hackett. . . . 

Geo. H. Evans 

Wm. P.White 

Valentine Jobst 

Jas. R. Lawrence 

Blake & Williams 

James E. Tinsley 

Johnson & Byrens. . . . 
M. C. Foster & Son... 

John Lyon 

Robert M. Jack & Son 

Miles & Bradt 

W. C. Green Co. . . . 
Orlando J. King 

Brown-Ketchum Iron 

Works. 
Patrick Keating.... 
Eaton & Prince Co.. 
Boseker & Maellering 

Nelson M. Bassett 

M. C. Foster & Son... 



Crane Elevator Co.. 

Staples Brothers 

W. B. Craig 



June 17, 1891 Daniel McFee. 



Dec. 9, 1892 R. M. Jack & Co 

May 15, 1893 Wm. Bayley & Sons. 



Nature of Work. 



Low-pressure, return circulation, steam-heating and 
ventilating apparatus. 

Passenger elevator 

Excavation, foundations, etc 

Kitchen, laundry, etc., building, gangway, wharf and 
building, etc. 

Detention barracks, cholera suspects 

Excavation, foundation, stone and brickwork, iron and 
wood flo^r, roof construction, roof covering, etc., 
approaches, etc., plaster models. 

Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floor, ceiling 
and roof construction, roof covering, skylight, etc. 

Trench excavation, foundation, cut-stone work and 
brickwork. 

Erection and completion, except heating apparatus and 
approaches. 

Erecting and completing 

Low-pressure, return-circulation, steam-heating appa- 
ratus. 

Erection and completion, except heating and ap- 
proaches. 

Erection and completion, except heating apparatus. . . - 

Erection and completion, except heating apparatus, and 
including approaches. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Excavation, concrete foundations, stone and brickwork, 
iron and wood floor, roof construction, roof covering, 
etc. 

Wood and iron floor and roof construction and roof 
covering, etc. 

Erection and completion, ready for interior finish. . . . 

Trench and pit excavation, cut-stone and brickwork of 
basement walls, etc. 

Basement columns, first-floor ironwork, I beams, lin- 
tels, stone bearing-blocks. 

Excavation, sewer connection, etc 

Passenger elevator, etc 

Erection and completion, except heating apparatus. . . . 

Erection and completion 

Excavation, stone and brick masonry, cut-stone and 
brickwork, wood floor, ceiling and roof construction 
and roof covering. 

Passenger elevator and mail lift 

Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floor, etc 

Trench excavation, foundations, basement and area 
walls, basement columns, first-floor beams. 

Erection and completion 

Erection and completion, except plumbing, heating 

apparatus, and approaches. 
Basement columns, first-floor beams, girders, etc. . . . 



Price. 



88, 910.00 

6,800.00 
12,500.00 
13,995.00 

7,700.00 
38,492.00 



58,356.00 

26,883.00 

41,277.00 

76,290.00 
5,984.00 

45,795.00 

37,900.00 
45,000.00 

5,927.00 
40,300.00 

14,584.00 

134,821.00 
14,557-00 

10,878.85 

6,480.00 

9,220.00 

48,874.00 

68,356.00 

36,000.00 

14,597-00 
79,396.00 
10,999.00 

14,600.00 

46,000.00 

13,750.00 



162 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



List of Contracts Existing in the Office of the Supervising Architect, September 30, 1893 — Continued. 



Location. 



Milwaukee, Wis. 



Newark, N. J. 
Do 



New York, N. Y. 



Do 

Omaha, Nebr. 



Do. 



Paris, Tex. 



Pittsburg, Pa 

Port Townsend, Wash, 
Reidsville, N. C 



Richmond, Ky. . . 
Sacramento, Cal. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

San Diego, Cal.. . 



Scranton, Pa 

Do 

Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 



Sitka, Alaska. . . 
Springfield, 111. . 
Springfield, Mo. 

Do 

Do 



Statesville, N. C. 
St. Albans, Vt... 
St. Louis, Mo 

Do 

St. Paul, Minn... 

Do 



Designation. 



Post-office, court-house, and cus 

tom-house. 
Custom-house and post-office 
...do 



Appraisers' warehouse. 



Court-house and post-office 

Court-house, custom-house, and 
post-office. 
...do 



Court-house and post-office. 



.do. 



Custom-house, post-office, etc... 

Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office, etc 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Quarantine station 



Post-office, etc 

...do 

Court-house and post-office. 



Baranoff Castle and Barracks. 
Court-house and post-office... . 

...do 

...do 

...do 



.do. 



Custom-house and post-office... 

...do 

Appraisers' stores 



Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 
...do 



No. 



284A 

228A 
216A 

267A 



252A 

2 24 A 

206 
269A 

99A 

260A 

3I5A 

346A 

356A 

3I0A 
1 44 A 

337A 
246A 

354A 
300A 
258A 

304A 
33iA 
334A 

3 20 A 
197A 

249A 

301 A 

311A 

122A 

288A 
309A 



Date. 



Feb. 1, 1893 

June 4, 1892 
Apr. 11, 1892 

Nov. 19, 1892 



Sept. 7, 1892 
May 28, 1892 

Feb. 18, 1892 

Dec. 2, 1892 

Nov. 24, 1890 

Sept. 9, 1892 

Apr. 26, 1893 

Aug. 19, 1893 
Sept. 27, 1893 
Apr. 8, 1893 
June 11, 1891 
July 22, 1893 
Aug. 22, 1892 

Sept. 20, 1893 
Mar. 11, 1893 
Sept. 15, 1892 

Mar. 30, 1893 
June 30, 1893 
July 18, 1893 
May 19, 1893 
Jan. 16, 1892 

Sept. 9, 1892 

Mar. 11, 1893 

Apr. 8, 1893 

Feb. 26, 1891 

Feb. 2, 1893 

Apr. 4, 1893 



Name of Contractor. 



Thomas P. Bentley. . . 

Johnson & Byrens.. . . 
Tacony Iron and Metal 

Co 

Michael Giblin 

Gillis & Geoghegan. . 
Paxton & Vierling 

Iron Works. 
Orlando J. King. . . . 

Anderson Brothers. 



Saml. I. Pope & Co. . . 

The Bailey Steam 

Heating Co. 
Brown & Garber 

Chas. W. Gindele.... 

John Lyon 

Silas Carl 

Kreuzberger& Harvie 

Frank Lyman 

Coronado Foundry & 
Machine Co 

B. E. Leonard 

A. M. Walkup 

C. W. Hubbard & Co. 

Chas. W. Young 

Robert Clark'. 

J. E. Shover 

Robert Clark 

Wm. H. Sternberg.... 

Robert Clark 

D. & J. Betts 

The Macneale & Ur- 
ban Safe & Lock Co. 
John F. Dalton 

J. D. Moran M'f'g & 
Construction Co. 

Hennessey Brothers 
& Cox. 



Nature of Work. 



Price. 



Trench excavation, concrete and stone footings, cut 

stone and brickwork, basement and area walls. 

Cut-stone work and brickwork, etc 

Cast-iron columns, steel and iron floor, ceiling, roof 

construction, skylight roof, etc. 
Erection and completion, except plumbing and gas-pip 

ing, heating apparatus, etc., electric-light wiring, and 

approaches. 

New steam and return risers, removal of radiators 

Iron beams and girders in basement and first floor, etc. 

Trench excavation, concrete and stone foundations, cut- 
stone and brickwork of basement and area walls, etc 

Trench excavation, foundations, cut-stone work and 
brickwork, iron and wood floor, ceiling and roof con- 
struction, roof covering, etc. 

Heating and ventilating apparatus and temporary 
heating. 

Low-pressure, return-circulation, steam-heating, and 
ventilating apparatus. 

Erection and completion 



Stone and brickwork of first story.. 
Heating and ventilating apparatus. 

Interior finish 

Superstructure 

Plumbing and gas-piping 

Erection and completion 



Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Interior finish and plumbing, etc 

Trench excavation, concrete foundations, cut-stone and 
brickwork, iron and wood floor and roof construction, 
roof covering, etc. 

Repairs 

Heating apparatus, etc 

Interior finish and plumbing 

Heating and ventilating apparatus 

Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floors, roof 
construction, and roof covering. 

Return circulation, steam-heating and ventilating appa- 
ratus. 

Excavation, foundations, stone and brickwork, floor 
and roof construction and roof covering, etc. 

Lining silver vault 



Steam-heating apparatus, steam-boiler, boiler-house, 
coal vault, etc. 

Excavation and stone masonry of sub-basement and 
coal vault. 

Cut-stone and brickwork of basement and super- 
structure. 



^114,505.00 

114,500.00 
20,985.00 

589,502.00 



14,397.00 
11,370.00 

91,046.00 

43,979.00 

46,850.00 
10,384.00 
12,195.76 

11,512.00 
8,889.35 

45,410.00 

115,090.00 

6,858.00 

21,699.11 

10,795.00 
44,083.74 
96,264.00 

12,675.00 
7,400.00 

27,927.00 
5,900.00 

55,913.00 

6,000.00 
12,375.00 

6,820.00 

18,541.00 

20,188.00 

287,800.00 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC IVORKS: FEDERAL BUILDINGS. 



163 



List of Contracts Existing in the Office of the Supervising Architect, September 30, 1893 — Continued. 



Location. 



St. Paul, Minn. 



Staunton, Va. . . . 
Tallahassee, Fla. 



Trenton, N. J. 
Troy, N. Y.... 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Do 

Various cities. 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Vicksburg, Miss. 



Washington, D. C. 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Watertown, N. Y. 
Wilmington, Del. 



Do. 



Wilmington, N. C. . . 
Worcester, Mass. . . . 

Do 

World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 
York, Pa 



Designation. 



Post-office, court-house, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office 

Court-house and post-office 



.do. 



Post-office, court-house, etc. 

...do 

...do 

, ...do 

...do 



.do. 



Government buildings. 



United States public buildings. . 

...do 

Public buildings 

Court-house, post-office, and cus- 
tom-house. 

Post-office 

...do 

...do 

Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
ing. 

Post-office 

Court-house, post-office, etc.. . . , 



.do. 



Post-office and custom-house.. . 

Post-office, etc 

...do 

U. S. Army Hospital building.. 



Post-office. 



No. 



35iA 

345A 
286A 

327A 
305A 

326A 

268A 

187A 

350A 

339A 
347A 

158A 

71A 

256A 

248A 

344A 
294A 
236A 
352A 

86A 
242A 

244A 

72A 
272A 
342A 
263A 

333A 



Date. 



Aug. 28, 1893 

Aug. 17, 1893 

Feb. 6, 1893 

June 24, 1893 

Apr. 1, 1893 



Name of Contractor. 



Northwestern Wheel 

and Foundry Co 

Frank Baldwin 

S. S. Leonard 



Otis Brothers & Co. . . 
The Lee Fire-proof 

Construction Co. 
H. & T. Mellon 



June 24, 1893 

Dec. 2, 1892 John J. Harrington... 



Nov. 27, 1891 
Aug. 26, 1893 



July 28, 
Aug. 22, 

July 31. 

Aug. 22, 
Oct. 19, 
Sept. 8, 



1893 
1893 

1891 
1890 
1892 
1892 



Aug. 10, 1893 
Mar. 2, 1893 
June 30, 1892 
Aug. 30, 1893 

Oct. 15, 1890 
Aug. 16, 1892 

Aug. 31, 1892 

Aug. 21, 1890 
Dec. 5, 1892 
Aug. 7, 1893 
Nov. 1, 1892 

July 8, 1893 



Fred J. Myers Manu- 
facturing Co. 
Mulligan & Schermer- 
horn. 

Martin Murray 

Yale & Towne Manu- 
facturing Co. 

do 

....do 

....do 

Robert Clark 



John Peirce 

, ...do 

W. B. Brooks, Jr... 
Campbell & Zell Co. 



Patrick Phillips. . . 
A. S. Reed & Bro. 



Tacony Iron and Metal 

Co. 
P. Linehan & Sons... 
Vermont Marble Co. 
Benner & Opdyke- . . 
John Waline 



Asher Bassford. 



Nature of Work. 



Iron columns, sub-basement, basement, etc. 



Basement, superstructure, etc 

Cut-stone and brickwork of the superstructure; roof 
covering, etc. 

Electric passenger elevator 

Floor arches, concrete filling, etc 



Iron furring, lathing, and plastering, and plaster 

models. 
Roof sheathing, slating, gutter-work, roof skylight, 

down and drain pipes, etc. 
Iron floor, ceiling and roof construction, iron columns, 

etc. 
Plumbing and gas-piping 



Approaches 

Post-office lock-boxes, drawers, etc. 



Post-office lock-boxes 

Post-office lock-boxes, etc. 



Low-pressure, return-circulation, steam-heating and 
ventilating apparatus. 

Steel and iron columns, etc 

Cut-stone and brickwork, etc. , basement and area walls. 
Trench and pit excavation and piling for foundations. . 
New boiler-house 



Erection and completion, except heating apparatus. . . . 

Stone and brickwork, roof covering, etc., of super- 
structure, including approaches. 

Iron columns, steel floor, ceiling and roof construction, 
etc. 

Approaches 

Stone and brickwork of the superstructure 

Constructive steel and iron work 

Hospital building 



Cut-stone and brickwork, iron and wood floor, ceiling 
and roof construction, roof covering, etc., of the 
superstructure. 



Price. 



$10,122.70 

34,229.00 
26,999.00 

6,950.00 
9,966.00 

9,996.00 
10,790.00 
26,000.00 

5,500.00 

5,859.00 
(*) 

(*> 
(*> 

10,000.00 
5,500.00 

57,790.00 
837,000.00 
+39,993.00 

24,849.00 

52,065.00 
111,710.00 

15,686.00 

10,842.00 

130,602.00 

17,983.00 

9,195.00 

21,934.00 



* Specified rates. 



t And rates. 




164 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER VI. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, LIFE-SAVING SERVICE: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



Organization — General Superintendent — The life-saving service of 
the United States derives its present form of organization from a series 
of laws practically completed in the Act of June 18, 1878. It is a 
bureau of the Treasury Department, and is under the control of the 
Secretary of the Treasury. The immediate head is entitled General 
Superintendent. He is appointed by the President. Subject to the 
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, he prepares and revises 
the regulations necessary for the control of the service, supervises the 
expenditures of all appropriations made for its support and mainte- 
nance ; examines the accounts of the disbursements of the district 
superintendents ; exercises supervision over the selection of sites for 
new stations, the establishment of which may be authorized by law, 
or for established stations, the removal of which may be necessary ; 
prepares and submits to the Secretary of the Treasury estimates for 
the support of the service, etc., etc. 

No expenditure from any appropriations for the service by any 
officer or employee is permitted without authority previously obtained 
from him. In preparing for the erection of new stations, he super- 
vises the acquisition of land, the preparation of plans and specifica- 
tions for the stations, and the obtaining of proposals and making of 
contracts for their construction. 

Superintendents of Construction. — Two superintendents of con- 
struction, detailed by the Secretary of the Treasury from the Captains 
of the Revenue Marine (Sec. 4249, R. S.), have direct charge, under 
the General Superintendent, of all matters pertaining to the erection 
of new stations and the alteration and repair of old ones. Assistants 
are employed by them from time to time as may be necessary, by 
authority from the Secretary of the Treasury. 



Districts. — The stations along the coast are grouped into twelve 
districts, and each district is under the general charge of a District 
Superintendent, who is also the disbursing officer and paymaster of 
the district. He submits from time to time to the General Superin- 
tendent estimates of the funds required for his district, and on the 
recommendation of the Superintendent is supplied with the requisite 
amounts from the several appropriations. These are deposited to his 
credit at a sub-treasury or authorized depositary in the usual manner, 
and are subject to his check, in the manner prescribed in the General 
Treasury Regulations. 

Appropriations. — Authority to erect life-saving stations at given 
points is granted in special acts of Congress. The appropriations for 
the support of the service and for the erection of authorized stations 
are made in the Sundry Civil Bill. Like the appropriations for the 
Light-House Establishment, the appropriations for construction and 
repairs of stations are available until used. The remainder are fiscal- 
year appropriations. 

Purchase of Land. — The acquisition of land for life-saving stations 
by purchase or donation is authorized by the Act of March 3, 1875 
(page 110) ; by condemnation by the Act of August 1, 1888 (page 2). 

The general laws and regulations governing operations under all 
Departments of the Government are given in Chap. I , which see. 
For those relating to disbursements, see page 1 ; to labor, page 1 ; 
for protection of persons furnishing material or labor for use on public 
works, see page 1 ; to purchase of land, page 2 ; to legal holidays, 
page 2 ; to purchases and contracts, page 2 ; to payment of checks, 
page 6 ; to method of obtaining a duplicate of a lost check, page 7 ; 
to form of checks, page 8 ; to payments to corporations, page 9. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT, LIFE-SAVING SERVICE: LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



165 



PURCHASES, PROPOSALS, AND CONTRACTS. 

The following extracts from the Regulations of the Life-Saving 
Service show the prescribed methods : 

" When practicable, all purchases will be made upon proposals 
received after due advertisement." . . . (R. L. S. S. 180.) 

OFFICIAL INFORMATION FOR BIDDERS. 

Proposals for construction work will be made on blank 
forms, which will be furnished with the specifications and draw- 
ings. 

The individual names of a firm must be signed in full to the 
proposal. 

Bidders are required to state the time in which they agree to 
complete the work to be contracted for. 

Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check (varying in 
amount with the value of the contract and fixed in each case by the 
General Superintendent), drawn to the order of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, as security that the bidder will enter into contract without 
delay and give such bonds as security for the faithful performance 
thereof as may be required if his bid be accepted. 

Certified checks will be returned within two weeks to the unsuc- 
cessful bidders, and the check of the successful bidder will be re- 
turned after his contract, together with bond for the faithful perform- 
ance of the terms thereof, shall be approved by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

In case the successful bidder fails to enter into contract, his 
check will be forfeited, in the discretion of the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Proposals must be inclosed in sealed envelopes and indorsed 
" Proposals for . . ." 

The right to reject any and all bids or to waive defects, if it be 
deemed for the interest uf the Government, is reserved. (Informa- 
tion for bidders.) 



CONTRACTS. 

Contracts are made out in the form furnished by the Depart- 
ment. Each is to be accompanied by a bond, in amount fixed by the 
General Superintendent, with good and sufficient sureties, who must 
procure the certificate of some United States official that they are 
well known to him and that he considers them good and sufficient 
sureties. 

EMERGENCY PURCHASES. 

. . . . " When authority has been given to any officer to 
make any purchase in open market, it will be his duty to ascertain, in 
writing, from at least three resyonsible dealers in the articles wanted 
(if there be so many in the place or in the immediate vicinity) the 
lowest price at which they can be furnished. The purchasing officer 
will then select, at the price most advantageous to the Government, 
the required articles of the best quality." . . . (R. L. S. S. 180.) 

" Should the amount of purchases be so small that the dealers 
will not submit competitive bids, the supplies will be purchased at the 
lowest market rates obtainable." (R. L. S. S. 181.) 

" Should there be reason to suspect collusion among the dealers 
to obtain more than a fair market price for the articles, or should the 
prices be exorbitant, they will be procured* elsewhere at fair rates." 
(R. L. S. S. 182.) 

PAYMENTS. 

" Any check drawn by a District Superintendent upon moneys 
deposited to his credit must be in favor of the party by name, and 
payable to order (or bearer.) " (R. L. S. S. 59). 

"A District Superintendent may draw his check in favor of him- 
self (or bearer) for the amount of his own salary, or for the pay- 
ment of small bills not exceeding twenty dollars each." . . . 
(R. L. S. S. 60.) 

" In case of the death .... of any prison having claims 



166 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



against the United States on account of the service, payments are 
duly to be made to his legal representatives, according to the forms 
of law, after being duly authorized at the Department. In the case 
of the death of a person without property having but a small amount 
of pay due him, and where the taking out of letters of administration 
would be attended with expense to the family of the deceased, it will 
be the duty of the District Superintendent to make all the facts known 
to the General Superintendent, and receive instructions before making 
the payment." (R. L. S. S. 66.) 

" In every case in which the Department may see fit to authorize 
the District Superintendent to pay any small claim to the family of a 
deceased person without requiring letters of administration to be 
taken out, it will be the duty of that officer when paying the money 
to take ample security in writing, to the effect that the amount may 
not be claimed thereafter on the ground that it was not paid to the 
parties legally entitled to receive it." (R. L. S. S. 67.) 

" The District Superintendent before making any authorized 
payment to an executor or administrator will require an authenticated 
copy of the last will and testament of the deceased, or of the letters 
of administration, as the case may be, which he will file with his 
account." (R. L. S. S. 68.) 

" In preparing pay-rolls, the date on which the service of each 
employee commenced and the date on which it ended will be specifi- 
cally stated. . . . Rut the wages due an employee who is paid by 
the month, for fractional parts of a month, must be computed upon 
the basis of the actual number of days in the month or months in 
which the service was rendered." (R. L. S. S. 76.) 

LIFE-SAVING STATIONS. 

These structures are of wood, erected under contract, with 
sealed proposals, as stated in the preceding regulations. Each struc- 
ture must be wholly finished in a substantial manner, in strict ac- 
cordance with the specifications and drawings, and be clean and 



ready for occupation before the Government will accept and pay for 
it. The structures which make up a station are a dwelling, look-out, 
boat-house, outbuilding, flagstaff, boat incline, and such fencing or 
shore protection as may be required. The dwelling, boat-house, and 
look-out are usually in one building. The dwelling is usually one 
and one-half or two stories high, and the boat-house one and one- 
half stories high. The look-out is usually in a tower rising from the 
roof of the dwelling or boat-house. 

The station at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, may be considered as 
fairly typical. It is situated at the north end of the narrow tongue of 
land between the south pier of the harbor entrance and the old 
channel of the Milwaukee River. The dwelling, boat-house, and look- 
out are in one |_-shaped structure which faces the lake, with its back 
walls parallel to the river. The width of the face is 45' 8". The 
dwelling, which is in the south half, is 30' deep. The boat-room, in 
the north half, is 24' wide and 49' 6" deep, forming the long arm of 
the L- Its floor is prolonged to the river by an incline 47' long and 
24' wide. The building is one and one half stories high, with two. 
dormer-windows on the face. The look-out tower is over the boat- 
room extension, and rises so that the windows of the look-out room 
are above the roof ridge of the main building. The roof of the main 
building is extended on the face, 8' to the front, and covers, starting 
from the left, a portico 7' wide, and an enclosed space 20' wide, in 
which is a pantry 7' 6" X 7' 8", and a vestibule 7' 6" X 10' 8". 
The ground-floor plan includes in addition to the pantry and vesti- 
bule a hall and three rooms. The hall, 6' wide, passes through the 
middle of the building, from the vestibule to a back porch, 8' wide,. 
in rear of the hall and of the mess-room. On the left of the hall is a 
kitchen 10' 5" x 14' 8", and a mess-room 14' 8" X 15' 11", with 
a four-flue chimney between them at the inside angle. On the right 
of the hall is the boat-room, 22' 10" X 48' 4". For 30' from its. 
rear end the boat-room floor is inclined with a slope of one in ten,, 
and at the back of the boat-room, opening on the outer incline, are 
two double doors, each 9' 6" wide. A 10' double door is at the 






TREASURY DEPARTMENT, LIFE-SAVING STATIONS. 



167 



front of the boat-room. A stairway, 3' wide, leads from the hall to 
the second floor. On the second floor are two rooms over the 
kitchen and mess-room, communicating with each other and with the 
hall. Over the boat-room is a large room used for the crew's 
quarters, 22' 10" X 48' 4", with nine large closets. The look-out 
tower is 7' 2" square, and is entered by a stairway from this room. 
The ceiling height is 9' throughout, but the second-floor rooms are 
cut off around their sides by the pitch of the roof. 

The foundations of the building and of the front incline are of 
white-oak or rock-elm piling. The porches and the rear platform are 
set on cedar posts. The piles are spaced 6' to 8' apart, except under 
the chimney, where they are 3' apart. The piles are 12" in diameter 
and are driven to a depth of 9'. They are sawed off square, V 
above the surface of the ground, and are capped with 10" X 10" 
Norway-pine timbers around the sides and under the middle of the 
building, and with 8" X 10" timbers on two other longitudinal lines 
and one cross line. The floor-joists of the first floor are of 3" X 12" 
white pine, spaced 16" centres, and strongly cross-bridged. The 
floor-joists of the second floor are of 2" X 12" pine. The joists of 
the second floor above the boat-room rest at the middle on a 6" X 8" 
girder, suspended from the roof-trusses by wrought-iron rods. The 
house is framed, braced, and pinned in the best and strongest man- 
ner. The walls are sheathed, with tongued and grooved, second 
quality, white pine, laid diagonally. These boards are covered with 
best quality, resin-sized, water -proof sheathing-paper, held in place 
with strips of pine, 2" wide and \" thick. The facing of the walls is 
bevelled siding, laid 5" to the weather. The gables are covered with 
white-pine shingles, laid <W to the weather. The roofs are sheathed 



with boards, covered with one thickness of pine-tarred felt-paper, 
and with best quality, white pine shingles, laid 4" to the weather. 
The floors throughout are double, except in the boat-room. The 
flooring of the boat-room is of first-quality rock-elm, 2" thick and 
2£" wide, tongued and grooved, and blind-nailed. The rooms are 
lathed and plastered in the best manner, with two coats. The boat- 
room and look-out are sheathed with f " clear white pine. The wood 
finish is of best quality seasoned and selected white pine. The chim- 
neys are of brick, lined with 8" terra-cotta flue-pipe. Lead counter- 
flashings are built into the chimneys. The roof flashings are of zinc. 

The outbuilding is one story, 16' X 20' supported on cedar 
posts, set 4' into the ground. It is divided into a wood and a coal- 
bin, an oil-room, and a closet. 

The incline from, the boat-room to the water is supported on 
three rows of piles, spaced 6' apart longitudinally and 10' 6" across. 
Two 3" X 12" wales are bolted to the piles of each cross row near 
the top. These support ten 2" X 12" floor-joists which run length- 
wise of the incline, and three of which are fastened to each cap with 
straps and spikes. The floor of the incline is of 3" X 4" planks, laid 
with If" joints. The sides of the incline are boxed in, below the 
surface of the ground, with sheet-piles, strengthened by round piles. 
Stone ballast is placed under the floor of the incline for 25' from the 
water. 

The river face of the Station grounds is protected with a crib 
revetment, filled with stone, through which the incline passes in a 
cut. Outside the crib revetment is a row of fender-piles with waling- 
strips. On the lake face of the lot is a riprap sea-wall, with top and 
outer surfaces of ^-ton blocks, and crib-stone hearting. 



168 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CHAPTER VII. 






MUNICIPAL WORKS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 



DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 
Organization of District Government. — The present form of gov- 
ernment of the District of Columbia was established by the Act of 
Congress approved June 11, 1878, and it has been but little modified 
by subsequent legislation. All public work in the District, carried on 
for or by the District, is under the charge of the Commissioners. 
These Commissioners are three in number, one of them being an 
officer of the Corps of Engineers of the Army. No term of service is 
fixed for the Engineer Commissioner. The two civilian Commission- 
ers are appointed by the President of the United States, by and with 
the consent of the Senate, and for a term of three years. One of the 
Commissioners is elected President of the Board of Commissioners. 
Any two of the Commissioners, sitting as a Board, constitute a 
quorum for the transaction of business. The Engineer Commissioner 
is authorized by law to have as assistants three officers of the Corps 
of Engineers, junior to him in rank. In case of the absence of the 
Engineer Commissioner from the district or of his disability, the senior 
of the assistants present performs all of the duties of the Engineer 
Commissioner. 

One of these assistants is charged with the supervision of all 
surface work, including laying out, improving, and repairing streets, 
alleys, and highways ; construction and repair of bridges ; planting 
and care of trees ; location, construction, and repair of telegraph and 
telephone lines not belonging to the District or to the United States ; 
location and construction of railroads authorized in the District. A 
second assistant has charge of the water department, the street-light- 
ing service, and the inspection of gas and meters, and, as far as the 
District control is authorized, is in charge of gas-mains, and electrical 



conduits other than those for trolleys. The third is charged with the 
sewer department, including the operations of the plumbing inspect- 
ing force and of the permit office. This assignment of duties is sub- 
ject to change at the will of the Engineer Commissioner. 

In the office of the Commissioners are the following sub-offices 
among which the public Avork of the District has been divided. Each 
office is charged with the preparation of the plans and specifications 
for its portion of the work, and with the supervision and inspection of 
this work when approved and started. 1. Inspector of Buildings, 
charged with everything relating to the construction, repair, heating, 
lighting, ventilating, and sewering buildings. 2. Computing Engineer, 
charged with street and road improvements. 3. Superintendent of 
Streets, charged with the repair of streets and alleys. 4. Superin- 
tendent of Country Roads. 5. Superintendent of Sewers. 6. Super- 
intendent of the Water Department. 7. Superintendent of Tele- 
graph. 8. Superintendent of Lamps, charged with supply and 
erection of gas and oil lamps for street lighting. 9. Chief Engineer 
of Fire Department, charged with the supply of all plant for the fire 
department. 10. Engineer of Bridges. 11. Property Clerk, charged 
with the purchase of general supplies. 12. Superintendent of Prop- 
erty, charged with the purchase of general engineer supplies. 13. 
Inspector of Asphalt and Cements. 14. Superintendent of Street 
Cleaning. 15. Health Officer, charged with removal of garbage. 16. 
Inspector of Gas and Meters. 

OFFICE METHODS. 

Estimates and Appropriations. — The Commissioners prepare, an- 
nually, a statement showing in detail the work proposed to be under- 






DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



169 



taken by them during the next fiscal year, with the estimated cost. 
This is submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury for his examination 
and approval. After examination, the Secretary returns the estimates 
with his comments to the Commissioners, who forward all to Con- 
gress. Congress then approves all or a portion of the estimates and 
appropriates 50 per cent of the total sum approved. The remaining 
50 per cent is obtained by taxation in the District. 

The Commissioners are forbidden to incur any liabilities other 
than or in excess of those authorized by Congress. Balances of the 
appropriations remaining unexpended at the end of two years from 
the close of the fiscal year for which such appropriations were made 
are covered into the Treasury, one half to the credit of the United 
States and one half to the credit of the general fund of the 
District. 

Advertisements. — A work having been authorized and the funds 
having become available, advertisements for proposals and specifica- 
tions are prepared in the proper sub-office. They are then submitted 
to the Board of Commissioners, and, when approved by them, are 
sent out. The Commissioners are authorized to make separate con- 
tracts for materials and for labor. 

When the total cost of any proposed work does not exceed 
$1000, it must be advertised in one newspaper in Washington. If 
it exceed $5000, the advertisement must be published also for one 
week in one newspaper in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, 
respectively. Advertisements for proposals for buildings need be 
published only in a paper in the District of Columbia for one 
week. 

Proposals. — Proposals are opened in the presence of any one 
desiring to attend, and are publicly read. At least one Commissioner 
is present, and if possible, all. The proposals are then referred to the 
office in which they were prepared, where the bids are examined and 
tabulated. After this they are returned to the Board with remarks 
and recommendations from the chief of the office. The Commission- 
ers then consider the bids and make the award. The law prescribes 



that the lowest responsible proposals shall be accepted, but further 
prescribes that the Commissioners have the right to reject all the 
proposals. It is further prescribed that work which can be clone 
under a single contract shall not be subdivided so as to reduce the 
amount of the contract to less than $1000. Contracts for the con- 
struction, improvement, alteration, or repair of the streets, avenues, 
highways, alleys, gutters, sewers, and for all work of like character, 
must be made and entered into only by and with the official unani- 
mous consent of the Commissioners. 

Contracts. — The contracts are drawn up and submitted to the 
Commissioners and to the District Attorney for the District, for 
approval, and if correct are signed by the Commissioners. The law 
prescribes that the contractors shall keep new pavements or other 
new works in repair for a term of five years from the date of the 
completion of their contracts. Ten per centum of the cost of all new 
works must be retained as an additional security and a guarantee 
fund to keep the same in repair for this term of years. The Treas- 
urer of the United States, as Commissioner of the sinking fund of the 
District, may in his discretion retain such funds without interest, or 
invest them in any class of United States or District of Columbia 
bonds, at the request and at the risk of the contractor, whenever 
the sum retained on any contract shall reach the sum of $100 
or more. Any sum less than $100 shall be retained without in- 
terest. 

Bonds. — Good and sufficient bonds to the United States, in a 
penal sum not less than the amount of the contract, with sureties to 
be approved by the Commissioners of the District, are required from 
all contractors, guaranteeing that the terms of their contracts shall be 
strictly and faithfully performed to the satisfaction of and acceptance 
by said Commissioners. Neither of the said Commissioners nor any 
officer whatsoever of the District can be accepted as surety on any 
bond required to be given to the District. Nor shall any contractor 
be accepted as surety for any officer or other contractor in the 
District. 



170 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOE, BIDDERS. 

LABOR INSTRUCTIONS AND STIPULATIONS. 

" 1. These instructions and stipulations are part of the specifica- 
tions. They will be strictly enforced. 

" 2. Proposals will be placed in a sealed envelope, so marked as 
to indicate its contents without being opened. This envelope will 
be placed in another addressed to the Commissioners of the District 
of Columbia, Washington, D. C. 

" 3. Proposals forwarded otherwise than by mail must be de- 
livered to the Secretary of the Board. 

" 4. Proposals must be signed by the bidder submitting them 
with his signature in full. When a firm is a bidder, the member of 
the firm or agent who signs the firm name to the proposal shall state 
in addition the names of all the individuals composing the firm. Any 
one signing the proposal as the agent of another, or of others, must 
file with it legal evidence of his authority so to do. 

" 5. The place of residence of each bidder, with his post-office 
address, county and State, must be given after his signature, which 
must be written in full. 

" 6. Each bidder will submit a statement indicating what work he 
has done of a similar nature to that proposed in these specifications, 
and will also give references which will enable the Commissioners to 
judge of his skill and business standing. 

"7. All prices must be written in words as well as expressed in 
figures. 

"8. Each bidder will be required to deposit with the Collector 
of Taxes of the District of Columbia, to the credit of the Commis- 
sioners of the District of Columbia, a sum determined as set forth 
below, unless otherwise stated, as a guarantee that he will enter into 
the contract, if awarded to him, according to the terms of his bid, 
within ten days after notification of the award. The receipt of the 
Collector must be enclosed with each bid. The receipts will be for- 
warded to the Collector after the award of the contracts, with instruc- 



tions to refund the money deposited to the unsuccessful bidders, upon 
application, and to each contractor after the execution of the contract. 

" The amount thus required to be deposited is as follows, viz.: 

"With proposals involving a total of $10,000 or less, five hun- 
dred dollars ($500), 

" Between $10,000 and $25,000, one thousand dollars ($1000). 

" Between $25,000 and 50,000, two thousand dollars ($2000). 

" Between $50,000 and $75,000, three thousand dollars ($3000). 

" Between $75,000 and $100,000, four thousand dollars ($4000). 

" $100,000 or more, five thousand dollars ($5000). 

" 9. Alterations by erasures or interlineations must be explained 
or noted in the proposal over the signature of the bidder. 

" 10. If a bidder wishes to withdraw his proposal, he may do so 
before the time fixed for the opening, without prejudice to himself, 
by communicating his purpose in writing to the Commissioners, and 
when his proposal is reached it shall be handed to him or his 
authorized agent unread. 

"11. Reasonable grounds for supposing that any bidder is 
interested in more than one proposal for the same item will cause 
the rejection of all proposals in which he is interested. 

" 12. The Commissioners reserve the right to waive any infor- 
mality in the proposals received, to disregard the proposal of any failing 
bidder or contractor, and to reject any and all proposals or parts of a 
proposal, if bids are requested on separate items. 

" 13. Good and sufficient bonds to the United States in a penal 
sum equal to the estimated amount of the contract, with sureties to 
be approved by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, will 
be required from all contractors guaranteeing that their contract will 
be strictly and faithfully performed to the satisfaction of and accept- 
ance by said Commissioners, and that the contractors will keep new 
pavements or other new works in repair for a term of five years from 
the date of the completion of their contract, and to cover all claims 
for damages that may arise on account of any accident to persons, 
property, or premises after the commencement of the work and prior 



DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



171 



to its completion ; and ten per centum of the cost of all new works 
will be retained as an additional security and a guarantee fund to 
keep the same in repair for said term, and the money so retained will 
be disposed of pursuant to the provisions of an act of Congress en- 
titled ' An act authorizing the Treasurer of the United States to credit 
the District of Columbia with certain moneys in lieu of investing the 
same in bonds,' approved March 3, 1887. It is hereby expressly 
understood and agreed that the retain fund shall be subject to the 
control of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the pur- 
pose of maintaining the work in repair for the period specified, and 
the Commissioners, at their discretion, may require of the contractor 
and his sureties that any portion of the said retain fund which may 
have been expended for the maintenance of the work shall be made 
good by further deposit. 

" 14. When required the contractor will give bond to indemnify 
the District of Columbia against all claims for damages for and on 
account of infringement of patent rights of any kind or nature what- 
soever. 

" 15. All loss or damage due to negligence or arising out of the 
nature of the work to be done, or from any unforeseen or unusual 
obstructions or difficulties which may be encountered in the prosecu- 
tion of the same, or from the action of the elements will be sustained 
by the contractors, who will be required, without cost to the District, 
to remove from the line of the work all surplus material, earth, rub- 
bish, etc., immediately after completion of the work. 

"16. Failure to commence the work at the time specified or to 
prosecute it thereafter in a satisfactory manner and at a rate of prog- 
ress necessary, in the opinion of the District Commissioners, for its 
entire completion within the limits of time fixed by the contract, will 
be authority for the said Commissioners to suspend the contractors 
from the work and employ other parties to complete it, or to employ 
additional labor to assist in its completion, or to annul the contract. 
All money due the contractors at the date of suspension, annulment, 
or when additional labor is employed will be applied to the conduct 



and maintenance of the work, and any excess of cost over and above 
the amount so retained will be charged against the contractor and 
sureties, who will each and severally be held liable therefor. 

" 17. Any interference with, or abusive or threatening conduct 
toward, an inspector or other District employee, on the part of a con- 
tractor, will be authority for the said Commissioners to suspend the 
contractor from the work and employ other parties to complete it, or 
to annul the contract. 

" 18. The contractor must be prepared to do any extra work 
that may be ordered, in writing, by the Engineer Commissioner, aris- 
ing out of any modification of the specifications that may appear 
necessary, and for this he will be paid at the contract rates for work 
of similar character ; or, if the extra work should be of a class for 
which no rate is fixed by the contract, the actual reasonable cost to 
the contractor, as determined by the Engineer Commissioner, plus 10 
per cent of said cost. 

" 19. Delay on the part of the District to furnish materials is not 
to give cause for claims for damages ; but the time for completing the 
work shall be extended as the Engineer shall judge necessary. No 
application for an extension of time on contracts, for any other cause, 
will be granted, except on the condition that all extra expense to the 
District for hire of inspectors, etc., shall be borne by the contractor 
and deducted from any amounts due or to become due him. In 
addition, the Commissioners shall have the option of deducting from 
amounts due or to become due him an amount not to exceed ten 
dollars a day for every day's extension, estimated as liquidated and 
fixed damages to the District arising from failure to complete the work 
:n the time specified. The time of completion of the contract is an 
essential element and consideration. 

" 20. When any work is begun by the contractor it must be 
carried on to completion without any unnecessary delay. If the 
work be delayed by reason of insufficient force of workmen, by 
failure to provide material, or by any other negligence on the part ot 
the contractor, he shall forfeit $4.00 a day for every inspector em- 



172 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



ployed on the work for each day's delay. The amount of this for- 
feiture will be fixed by the Engineer Commissioner. 

"21. Inspectors will be appointed whose duty it shall be to 
point out to the contractors any neglect or disregard of the specifica- 
tions of contracts ; but the right of final acceptance or rejection of the 
work will not be waived at any time during its progress. Contractors 
will be held responsible for the faithful execution of their contracts, 
and upon all technical questions concerning the execution of the 
work in accordance with the specifications and the measurements 
thereof the decision of the Engineer Commissioner of the District of 
Columbia shall be final. Ordinarily, one inspector will be employed 
by the District for each section of work under contract ; but if, on 
account of any apparent disregard of the specifications on the part of 
the contractor, additional inspectors should be required, they will be 
employed by the District at the rate of $4.00 per diem, in such num- 
bers as, in the opinion of the Engineer Commissioner, may be neces- 
sary, and the cost of the same will be charged to the contractor. 
Any employee of the contractor who shall refuse to obey the order or 
orders of the inspector of the District of Columbia, or who shall use 
profane or abusive language to the inspector, or otherwise impede or 
embarrass the inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be im- 
mediately discharged by the contractor and not again employed with- 
out the consent of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 

"22. Any person who may be engaged by the contractor on this 
work, and who, in the opinion of the Engineer in charge, obstructs its 
progress, or disobeys or evades the orders or instructions concerning 
it, given by the Engineer in charge or his agents, shall be instantly 
discharged, and such discharge is not to be made the basis of claim 
for compensation or damages against the District of Columbia or any 
of its officers or agents. 

" 23. The contractor shall promptly discharge, and shall not 
again employ under this contract, any employee who shall be objected 
to by the Engineer Commissioner as careless or incompetent, as hav- 
ing interfered with or impeded an inspector in the performance of his 



duty, or as having been connected with any imperfect or unsatis- 
factory work done under contract with the United States or the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 

" 24. No contract or any interest therein shall be transferred by 
the parties to whom the award is made. It is a condition of all con- 
tracts that such transfers will be null and void, and Avill cause the 
contract to be annulled and the work to be given to other parties 
under the conditions mentioned in these Stipulations. 

" 25. Contractors will punctually pay the workmen who shall be 
employed by them upon the work under their contract in cash cur- 
rent, and not in what is denominated store pay or orders, and will 
from time to time, and as often as may be required by the Commis- 
sioners of the District of Columbia, furnish to said Commissioners 
satisfactory evidence that all persons who have done work or fur- 
nished materials have been paid as herein required. If such evidence 
is not furnished, such sum or sums as may be necessary for such 
payment may, in the discretion of the said Commissioners, be retained 
until such claims shall be fully satisfied. 

" 26. Payments will be made monthly, provided the progress of 
the work is satisfactory, upon estimates approved by the Engineer Com- 
missioner, less ten per cent of each estimate to be withheld until the 
final payment, which will only be made upon the certificate of the 
said Commissioner that the work has been completed and properly 
executed to the satisfaction of a majority of the Board of Commis- 
sioners, but ten per centum of the cost of all new work will be re- 
tained and invested as hereinbefore provided. 

" 27. Any doubt as to the meaning of these specifications, in- 
structions, and stipulations, and any obscurity in the wording of 
them, will be explained by the Engineer, who shall have the right to 
correct any errors or omissions in them when such correction is 
necessary for the proper fulfillment of their intention. 

" 28. Whenever the word ' Commissioners ' is used in these 
specifications, instructions, and stipulations it is understood to desig- 
nate the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 



DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 



173 



" 29. Whenever the word ' Engineer ' is used in these specifi- 
cations, instructions, and stipulations it is understood to designate the 
Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia, or, in his absence, 
his duly appointed assistants, assistant engineers, and inspectors repre- 
senting him, limited by the special duties entrusted to them. 

" 30. These specifications, instructions, and stipulations are 
lereby acknowledged, accepted, and made part of this contract." 

MATERIAL INSTRUCTIONS AND STIPULATIONS. 

The first twelve paragraphs are identical with those for " Labor." 

" 13. Good and sufficient bonds to the United States in a penal 
sum equal to the estimated amount of the contract, with sureties to 
be approved by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, will 
be required from all contractors guaranteeing that their contract will 
be strictly and faithfully performed to the satisfaction of and accept- 
ance by said Commissioners." 

"14. [Same as par. 14, 'Labor.'] 

" 15. Delivery will commence on or before 
and be completed on or before 

Should the contractor fail to commence or complete the deliveries at 
the time mentioned above (which must be named in the proposal), 
and in event the contract shall not have been annulled or cancelled, 
as mentioned in paragraph 16 of these Stipulations, he will be charged 
with the pay of all inspectors whom it may be necessary to employ 
because of such failure, which cost will be deducted from any money 
due or which may become due the contractor, and, in addition, if the 
Commissioners so elect, with a sum not to exceed ten dollars ($10) 
per diem for the same period, estimated as liquidated and fixed dam- 
ages to the District arising from failure to commence or complete the 
work at the time specified — time of beginning and completion being 
an essential element and consideration. 

" 16. Failure to commence the delivery of the material at the 
time specified or to prosecute it thereafter in a satisfactory manner 
and at a rate of progress as specified herein will be authority for the 



Commissioners to suspend the contractors and employ other parties 
to complete it, to wholly annul said contract, or to purchase the ma- 
terial in such quantities as may be necessary in open market, charging 
any increased price to the failing contractor. All money due the 
contractor at the date of suspension, annulment, or when it is decided 
to purchase in open market, will be retained until the delivery is 
completed, and be applied to the payment of any increased cost 
thereof, and any excess of cost over and above the amount so re- 
tained will be charged against the contractor and sureties, who will 
each and severally be held liable therefor. 

" 17. Inspectors will be appointed whose duty it shall be to 
point out to the contractors any neglect or disregard of the specifica- 
tions of the contract ; but the right of final acceptance or rejection of 
the material will not be waived at any time. Upon all technical ques- 
tions and measurements the decision of the Engineer Commissioner 
of the District shall be final. Ordinarily, one inspector will be em- 
ployed by the District for each consignment ; but if, on account of 
any apparent disregard of the specifications on the part of the con- 
tractor, additional inspectors should be required, they will be employed 
by the District at the rate of $4.00 per diem, in such numbers as, in 
the opinion of the Engineer Commissioner, may be necessary, and 
the cost of the same will be charged to the contractor. Any employee 
of the contractor who shall refuse to obey the orders of the inspector 
or who shall use profane or abusive language to the inspector or 
otherwise impede or embarrass the inspector in the discharge of his 
duty shall be immediately discharged by the contractor and not again 
employed without the consent of the Engineer Commissioner." 

"18. [Same as par. 24, ' Labor.'] 

" 19. [Same as par. 25, ' Labor.'] 

" 20. Payments will be made monthly, provided the progress of 
the deliveries is satisfactory." 

Paragraphs 21, 22, 23, and 24 same as paragraphs 27, 28, 29, 
and 30, ' Labor.' 

Payments. — When payments are due, certificates or vouchers 



174 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



showing indebtedness for work done, services rendered, or materials 
delivered are made out by the officer supervising the work and ap- 
proved by at least two Commissioners. The Auditor of the District 
makes payments on these certificates, by checks on the Treasurer 
of the United States, signed by the Auditor and by the President of 
the Board of Commissioners. 

Legal Holidays. — In addition to the laws fixing the legal holidays, 
previously given, it is prescribed that in the District of Columbia, 
when a legally appointed holiday falls on Sunday, the next succeeding 
day shall be a holiday within the District, and for all matters of pres- 
entation for payment and acceptance, maturity of notes, etc., it shall 
be considered as is Sunday. (Act Dec. 20, 1881.) 

The Act of February 18, 1893, prescribes that every Saturday 
which under existing laws shall not become a legal holiday in its en- 
tirety, in the District of Columbia, shall therein be a legal holiday, 
from twelve o'clock at noon, for all purposes respecting the presenta- 
tion for payment or acceptance or the protesting or giving notice of 
the dishonor of bills of exchange, bank checks, drafts, promissory 
notes, and all commercial paper whatever, whether made in or beyond 
said District, and all such paper which otherwise Avould be due and pay- 
able in such District on such, half-holiday Saturday, shall therein be 
due, etc., on the secular or business day next succeeding : provided, 
however, that any acceptance or payment thereof with interest thereon 
to said date when the same bears interest made on such half-holiday 
Saturday, before twelve o'clock noon, shall be lawful. And all such 
paper whatsoever, which, but for existing law, would be due and pay- 
able or presentable for acceptance or payment in said District on any 
day which is a full legal holiday, or on Sunday, shall, therein, be 
payable or presentable for acceptance or payment on the secular or 
business day next succeeding. 

Suits against District. — In suits commenced against the District 
of Columbia, process may be served on any one of the Commissioners. 

Interest when authorized by law, in judgments against the Dis- 
trict, is at the rate of not exceeding four per centum per annum. 



MUNICIPAL WORKS, DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

The public works carried on under the Commissioners may be 
classified as follows : 

1. Purchase of ground for and erection of public buildings, such 
as schoolhouses, police-station houses, etc. 

2. Purchase of ground for and repair of streets and roads. 

3. Construction and repair of sewers. 

4. Construction and repair of water-works and their accessories. 

5. Construction and repair of telegraph and telephone lines re- 
quired for District work, such as fire-signal, police-patrol system, etc. 

6. Purchase and erection of lamp-posts and other accessories for 
street-lighting. 

7. Purchase of fire-engines and apparatus for the fire-depart- 
ment. 

8. Construction and repair of the bridges under the control of 
the District. 

9. Purchase of the general supplies for all departments of the 
District Government. 

10. Cleaning of streets and alleys. 

11. Collection and removal of garbage. 

12. Lighting streets and alleys. 

Street Pavements. — The street pavements of Washington are of 
such a high grade of their several classes that the following details 
from the specifications of 1894, for their construction, are given : 

Sheet Asphalt on a Concrete Base. — The space over which the 
pavement is to be laid is excavated, cleared, trimmed so as to have 
its top surface parallel to the surface of the proposed pavement, and 
thoroughly rolled. On this is laid a hydraulic cement-concrete base, 
4" to 6" thick. The cement used is a high-class natural hydraulic 
cement. The sand is clean, coarse, sharp river-sand, not containing 
more than five per cent of loam. The stone is equal in quality to the 
best Potomac granite, and broken so that 85 per cent shall pass by 
its largest dimension through a 2" ring and the remainder shall have 
no dimension greater than 3£". 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— MUNICIPAL WORKS. 



175 



The concrete contains 300 pounds of cement to 2 barrels of 
sand, and enough broken stone (or half broken stone and half clean 
washed gravel) to yield a slight excess of mortar when rammed. 
This is allowed to set, and then the binding-course is placed on. 

The binding-course is of clean broken stone coated with asphalt 
cement. The stone is broken fine enough to pass 85 per cent 
through a 14/' screen, with no dimension of the remainder greater 
than 2". After being heated, not less than 5 nor more than 15 per 
cent shall pass through a No. 10 screen. The stone is heated to 300 
degrees F., and then thoroughly mixed by machinery with asphalt 
cement, in the proportion of 6 to 7 pints of cement to one cubic foot 
of stone. The cement is made with petroleum residuum, such as is 
acceptable for surface cements, at 300 to 325 degrees F., and should 
show a penetration of 100 to 200 degrees F. The proportions and 
treatment of the binding-course is such that the binder has life and 
gloss without an excess of cement. While hot it is hauled to the site, 
spread upon the base in a layer (about 2" thick) which when com- 
pressed will be \\" thick, and rammed and rolled until it is cold. 

The wearing-surface is at least 1$" thick. The materials of 
which it is made are : 1, asphaltum ; 2, heavy petroleum ; 3, sharp, 
clean, river sand ; and, 4, fine powder of limestone. 

The asphaltum is Trinidad Lake pitch or an equally good one. 
When Trinidad Lake asphalt is used the crude pitch must be bright, 
live, and porous, corresponding in chemical composition and physical 
properties with the best Trinidad pitch. The crude pitch is refined 
so that the resulting product is smooth and free from lumps of ma- 
in elted pitch or organic matter not bituminous, and must not be 
heated at any time to a temperature of over 375 degrees F. 

The heavy petroleum as prepared must have the following char- 
acteristics : Specific gravity, Beaume, 15 to 25 degrees ; flash-point, 
not less than 300 degrees F., taken in a New York State closed oil- 
tester ; distillate at 100 degrees for 30 hours less than 15 per 
cent. 

The melted asphalt is to be brought to a temperature of from 



200 to 350 degrees F., and to this is to be added the oil, at a temper- 
ature of 150 degrees, in proportions such as to produce an asphalt 
cement penetrating from 60 to 130 degrees, as may be directed, on 
the machine in the office of the Inspector of Asphalts and Cements. 
This requires from 15 to 21 pounds of oil per 100 of refined asphalt. 
While mixing the oil with the asphalt the mixture must be kept agi- 
tated until a homogeneous cement is produced. The appliances for 
agitation shall be such that this shall be accomplished in at least 10 
hours, during which time the temperature must be between 200 and 
350 degrees F. 

The sand used is the best sharp, clean river-sand. The lime- 
stone dust must be in an impalpable powder, all of which can pass 
through a 30-mesh screen and 75 per cent through a 100-mesh 
screen. 

The surface is made from a mixture of 9 to 16 parts of asphalt 
cement, 79 to 84 parts of sand, and 3 to 5 parts of limestone dust. 
The exact proportions of the materials depend on their character 
and the traffic on the street, but the percentage of bitumen in any 
mixture, soluble in carbon bisulphide, must not exceed 9 to 13 per 
cent. The sand at a temperature of 300 degrees has the stone-dust, 
cold, added to it, and these are then mixed with the asphalt cement, 
which has been brought to a temperature of 300 degrees, in an appa- 
ratus fitted to insure a thorough and homogeneous mixture. This 
mixture must arrive on the site of the work at a temperature of not 
less than 250 degrees F. It is then spread with hot iron rakes in a 
uniform layer thick enough (2|-") to have when thoroughly com- 
pressed a depth of 1£". It is compressed first with hand-rollers, 
then a small amount of hydraulic cement is swept over it. The ulti- 
mate compression is given with a steam-roller which weighs not less 
than 250 lbs. to the running inch. The rolling must be continued 
for at least five hours for every 1000 sq. yds. of pavement. 

In many cases the gutters of asphalt roadways are paved for an 
average width of 2' with vitrified brick bedded in the concrete base 
in a dry mixture of 2 parts sand and 1 part cement, set at right 



176 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



angles to the curb, toothed into the asphalt surface, and grouted with 
hydraulic cement. 

Sheet Asphalt on old Cobble or Rubble Stone Pavement. — The 
old pavement is thoroughly cleaned and brought to an approximately 
even surface. The binder coat is then placed on in such thickness 
that there shall be at least \" of binder above the tops of the highest 
stones. The wearing-surface is then placed. 

The following special instructions for bidders were attached to 
the specifications for asphalt street work, viz.: 

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS. 

"1. The attention of bidders is invited to the clause of the ap- 
propriation bill, which says : 

" ' That under appropriations contained in this act no contract 
shall be made for making or repairing concrete or asphalt pavement 
at a higher price than two dollars per square yard for a quality equal 
to the best laid in the District of Columbia prior to July first, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-six, and with same depth of base : Provided, 
That these conditions as to price and depth of base shall not apply 
to those streets on which, in the judgment of the Commissioners, by 
reason of heavy traffic, poor foundation, or other causes, a pavement 
of more than ordinary strength is required, in which case the limit of 
price may be increased to two dollars and twenty-five cents per 
square yard.' 

"2. Bidders must present satisfactory evidence that they have 
been regularly engaged in the business of laying asphalt pavements 
which they propose to put down or are reasonably familiar there- 
with, and that they are fully prepared with the necessary capital, 
materials, and machinery to conduct the work to be contracted 
for to the satisfaction of the Commissioners and to begin upon 
July 1, 1893. 

" 3. None but the best material of the several descriptions shall 
be used, and skilled laborers and mechanics shall be employed. 

" 4. The contractor shall suspend all work under this contract 



when notified by the Engineer Commissioner that the weather is 
unsuitable for carrying it on. If work is allowed during cold or freez- 
ing weather the contractor shall take such additional precautions as 
the Engineer Commissioner shall require without additional expense, 
and under no circumstance shall materials which have been affected 
by the weather be used. 

"5. All materials furnished and work done, not in accordance 
with these specifications, shall be removed within twenty-four (24) 
hours after written notice from the Engineer Commissioner, by and 
at the expense of the contractor, or, in case of failure to do so, it shall 
be removed and the cost charged to the contractor and deducted from 
the amount due or which may become due him. 

" 6. The bidder is expected to examine the site before bidding, 
as no allowance will be made for any unusual difficulties which may 
arise, either affecting the original construction or maintenance of the 
finished work. 

" 7. No work shall be done between December 15th and March 
15th without special permission of the Commissioners. 

" 8. Contractors shall be responsible for any work done upon 
any street over plumbers' cuts or other work done by the permission 
of the Commissioners before the concrete or gravel base is laid. 

"9. No materials furnished by the District shall be applied to 
any other use, public or private, than that for which they are issued 
to the contractor. The contractor will be held responsible for all 
materials delivered to him upon requisitions, and shall be charged for 
all materials delivered upon said requisitions. Should the amount of 
materials actually delivered exceed the amount used upon the work, 
the cost to the District of the difference must be made good by the 
contractor, and will be deducted from any moneys which may be due 
him. 

" 10. The Commissioners reserve the right to decide the kind of 
pavement which will be laid upon each street in the schedule of im- 
provement. 

" 11. The awards will be made upon each street separately. 









DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— MUNICIPAL WORKS. 



177 



" 12. If a new asphalt, or one which has not been in use upon 
streets at least five years, is submitted with bids, the Commissioners 
reserve the right to limit its use to such extent as they may deem 
advisable. 

" 13. Certificates of indebtedness against street railway com- 
panies will be given to the contractor for all work done and all ma- 
terials used within the space which must be paved and kept in repair 
by said companies in accordance with existing laws. 

" GUARANTEE. 

" All pavements and other work will be guaranteed and kept in 
repair by the contractor without cost to the District for a period of 
five years from date of its acceptance by the Commissioners. The 
date of acceptance will be the date of the final voucher. Ten per 
centum of the cost of this work will be retained and disposed of as 
otherwise provided for herein. 

" It is further expressly understood and agreed that if any of the 
pavements laid should, for any reason whatsoever, within the period 
of five years prove inferior to the best laid in the District prior 
to July 1, 1893, then the contractor shall, on demand of the Com- 
missioners, remove such defective pavements and relay them with 
new material of approved quality and in accordance with these 
specifications. The Engineer Commissioner shall decide the question 
of inferiority. 

" On expiration of guarantee for maintenance, the work is to be 
inspected, and all imperfections, depressions, and unevenness of sur- 
face, alignment, and level of curbs, sidewalk, etc., on asphalt-block 
pavements ; also cracks, rolls, breaking up of wearing or cushion coat 
or concrete base, curb alignment and level on asphalt pavement or 
sidewalk, must be corrected where and to such an extent as the 
Engineer Commissioner shall direct, upon which the Engineer Com- 
missioner will accept the same in writing, and until such acceptance 
the guarantee shall be in force." 



" Prices which will be Paid for Additional Work. 

i. Removing old curb, including haul to property yard $0.06 per lin. ft. 

2. Removing old rubble, cobble, flagging, stone and brick, 

including haul to property yard 12 per sq. yd. 

3. Grading and hauling earth, not to exceed 2500 feet 30 per cu. yd. 

4. Grading and hauling macadam, not to exceed 2500 feet. . .50 " " " 

5. Hauling earth and macadam per 500 ft. over first 2500 ft. a\ 

6. Hauling and setting standard curb 15 per lin. ft. 

7. Resetting curb 08 " " " 

8. Straightening curb 05 " " " 

9. Hauling and setting special granite curb 32 " " " 

10. Laying and relaying brick sidewalks 25 per sq. yd. 

11. Laying vitrified brick upon 4-inch base 1.00 " " " 

12. Construction granolithic gutter same depth as pavement. 

Same price as surface pavement. 

"All other extra work will be paid for at cost price plus ten per cent." 



Asphalt-block Pavement. — These blocks are 4" X 5" X 12" in 
size, and are composed of 8 to 12 parts of paving cement and 92 to 
88 parts of crushed limestone. The paving cement is similar to that 
in sheet-asphalt pavements. The bids are required to be accom- 
panied by a specimen block for testing. 

The space to be paved is excavated to a depth of 11", cleared, 
trimmed to the required surface and crown, and rolled with a five- 
ton roller. On this is placed a bed of clean gravel, 4" thick when 
compressed. None of the gravel is to have a dimension greater than 
1^", and it must not contain more than 6 per cent of clay. This is 
covered with a 2" layer of clean sand. On this layer the blocks are 
laid, in courses with close joints, diagonally to the line of the street, 
breaking longitudinal joints by a lap of at least 4". The courses are 
driven together by a maul, and the blocks of each course are pressed 
together with a lever. After being placed the blocks are covered 
immediately with clean, dry sand, and are then rammed, by striking 
a plank laid over several courses with a heavy rammer. 

Asphalt Blocks on Concrete Base. — The site is prepared as before. 
On this is placed a 4" or 5" layer of sand. The asphalt blocks are. 



178 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



placed as before. If the concrete base be 4" the asphalt blocks are 
5", and the reverse. 

Granite Blocks on Concrete. — The site is prepared as before. On 
this is placed a 4" or a 6" layer of concrete laid as for the sheet- 
asphalt pavement, except that no gravel must be used. On this is 
placed a %" layer of fine, washed, dry sand. The blocks are laid 
with close joints, directly upon and imbedded in the sand, in courses, 
with the longest dimension at right angles to the line of the street. 
The stones of each course are of uniform width and depth, and are 
so laid that all longitudinal joints are broken by a lap of at least 2". 
The blocks are then covered immediately with clean, fine gravel, hot, 
which is raked in until all of the joints have been filled. The blocks 
are then rammed carefully to a firm unyielding bed, with uniform sur- 
face and proper grade and crown. Paving cement at a temperature of 
300 degrees is then poured into the joints. The cement is to be made 
by the direct distillation of coal-tar, and in quality to meet the approval 
of the Engineer Commissioner. This cement is poured in until the 
sand beneath the blocks and the joints will receive no more, and the 
joints are filled flush with the upper surface. Not less than 3| gallons 
are required for each square yard. Any cement spilled on the surface 
must be covered with a quantity of fine sand sufficient to absorb it. 

The blocks are purchased under a separate contract. They are 
of syenite or granite, in quality equal to Quincy granite, of uniform 
fine grain and texture, without lamination or stratification, and free 
from an excess of mica or feldspar. They are to be not more than 
8" nor less than 6" long, not more than 4" nor less than 3" in width, 
and not more than 6" nor less than 5£" in depth. They must run 
42 to the square yard of pavement. They are dressed to present 
rectangular faces, with straight edges, on top, bottom, and sides. 
They must not vary more than \" from the rectangular shape, nor 
have any projection greater than y . 

Granite-block Pavement on Gravel Base. — The base is prepared as 
for asphalt blocks and the blocks are laid as above. The gravel layer 
is 4" thick, and the sand 3". 



Vitrified-brick Pavements. — The 4" concrete and 2" sand base 
are prepared as before. The bricks are placed on edge upon the 
sand with close joints, and firmly rammed with a double rammer 
working on an iron plate or on plank. The brick are laid end to end 
in courses transverse to the line of the street. Longitudinal joints are 
broken by one half the length of the brick. After placing, the joints 
are filled with cement as described. 

Macadam Roadway. — The road metal is 8" to 12" thick after 
compression, according to the traffic, and is laid in three courses. 
The site is prepared as usual. On this the lower course of stone is 
laid to a thickness of 4" or 6" after compression, and rolled with a 
five-ton roller until the stone ceases to sink or creep. The amount 
of rolling is not less than for ten hours per 1000 sq. yds. of surface. 
The second course is then spread, wet, and rolled as the first course. 
The material of the third course is then spread to a thickness which 
after compression will be £". It is wet and rolled like the second 
course. The stone for the first and second courses is of hard and 
compact texture and of uniform grain, broken so that the dimensions 
of each piece lie between 2£" and 1". The material for the top 
course is fine, clean gravel or stone, £" to f" in the largest dimen- 
sions. This course must contain a given proportion of loam or of 
binding material, if so ordered. 

Telford Roadway. — The site is prepared as before for a thickness 
of metal of 14". The foundation is made of stones 6" to 8" in depth, 
3" to 6" in width, and from 6" to 14" in length, of sufficiently uni- 
form size, laid by hand on their broadest edges, lengthwise across the 
road, in the form of a close, firm pavement. All projections and 
irregularities in the upper surface are broken off with a hammer. 
The spalls and chips, with broken stone or screened gravel, are then 
spread on the base, in quantity sufficient to fill all irregularities and 
present an even surface. This base is then thoroughly rolled. The 
pavement is then completed with a 5" course of broken stone and a 
half-inch course of fine material, as prescribed for Macadam pave- 
ments. 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



179 



Granite Curb, 6" x 20". — This must be of good texture and color, 
dressed straight clown 12" on face and 3" on back, and chiseled 6" 
deep on the joint, with no projection beyond the chiseled portion of 
the joint. The joints must be cut to a true right angle to face and 
top. The top is bevelled \". The face and top are true plane sur- 
faces with the angle between the face and top well defined. The 
length is from 6' to 12' and the depth 20" to 24". The bed must 
not be less than 6". 

To lay this curb, a trench is dug 18" wide and 24" deep. A 4" 
bed of gravel is laid in the bottom and thoroughly rammed. On this 
the curb is set to line and grade, with close joints and even and con- 
tinuous surfaces. The trench is then filled to within 10" from the 
top of the curb, with gravel rammed in 3" to 4" layers. 

Granite Curb, 8" x 8". — This is similar to the other, except that 
the width of bed is not less than 8", and the bed is rough dressed, to 
give a good bearing. The depth is from 8" to 10". 

This curb is laid on a bed of hydraulic cement concrete, 18" 
wide, and with base 14" below the grade of the curb top. The curb 
is set when the bed is 6" thick, with the inside face 6" from the in- 
side face of the base. The concrete is then raised 3" further on the 
inside and 1£" on the outside of the curb. The concrete is similar to 
that in street-pavement foundations. 

The following prices were paid under contracts for material and 
labor in the fiscal year 1893 : 

Sheet-asphalt pavement on 6" concrete base, exclusive of grad- 
ing, per sq. yd $2.25 

Sheet-asphalt pavement on 4" concrete base, exclusive of grad- 
ing, per sq. yd 2.00 

Asphalt-block pavement on gravel base, exclusive of grading, 

per sq. yd '. 2.00 

Granite-block pavement on gravel base, exclusive of grading and 

cost of blocks, per sq. yd $0.90 to 0.95 

Granite blocks delivered at yards, $48 to $52 per M, per sq. yd., 2.02 to 2.18 

Vitrified-brick paving, including grading and cost of materials, 

per sq. yd 1.86 

Ordinary macadam roadway, 12J", exclusive of grading, per sq. yd. 1.05 



Setting 6" x 20" granite curb, exclusive of cost of curb, per lin. ft. .15 to .30 

6" x 20" granite curb, delivered at property yard, per lin. ft $1.08 

Vitrified brick, delivered at property yards, per M $16.68 to $18.00 

Grading earth, per 1000 ft. haul, per cu. yd .32 to .40 

Paving brick, delivered at property yard, per M , $9.00 

Sewer " " " " " " " 8.25, 

Terra-cotta pipe, per lineal foot, 6", 8 cts. ; 8", i2i cts. ; 10", i6£ 
cts. ; 12", 2i£ cts.; 15", 31 J cts. ; 18", 42^ cts.; 21", 65 cts.; 

24". 95- 

Vitrified sewer-bricks, per M $19.00 

Cast-iron pipe, delivered on cars, per ton of 2240 lbs., 3", $28.93 '< 

4" and 6" $26.69, 

BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OP CONGRESS. 

By the Sundry Civil Bill of October 2, 1888, the charge of the 
construction of the new building for the Library of Congress was en- 
trusted to the Chief of Engineers of the Army, and by the bill of 
August 5, 1892, this charge was entrusted to the then and present 
Chief of Engineers, Brigadier-General Thomas L. Casey by name, who 
is to continue in charge until the completion of the building, whether 
on the active or retired list of the Army. 

The building is located 1000' eastward of the Capitol. Bernard 
B. Green is the superintendent and engineer in local charge, assisted 
by Paul J. Pelz, designer of the architectural features. The reading- 
room, 100' in diameter, occupies the rotunda in the centre of the build- 
ing, from which radiate the book-stacks, each nine tiers high, lighted 
from four court-yards. The exterior walls are of granite from Con- 
cord, N. H., and the court walls of a cream-white enamelled brick,, 
trimmed with Maryland granite. The main stair-hall is white marble, 
and the rotunda of colored marble. The length of the building is 
470' ; width, 340' ; height to finial of dome lantern, 190'. The con- 
struction began in 1889. 

The cost of the building is limited, in the Act approved March 2,. 
1889, to $5,500,000, exclusive of appropriations made prior to that 
date, of which a balance of $245,567.94 was available Oct. 2, 1888. 
Appropriations are made in the Sundry Civil Bill annually, and the 



180 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



money is available until expended. The disbursements are made 
under the general laws and regulations (see Chap. I). Materials are 
generally obtained by contract, and the work is done by hired labor. 
The General Instructions and Conditions of Proposals and Guarantees 
are given below. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS AND CONDITIONS. 

1. All bids must be made upon printed forms to be obtained at 
this office. 

2. The guarantee bond attached to each bid must be executed 
according to form by two responsible sureties, to be certified to as 
good and sufficient sureties by a United States judge, district attorney, 
clerk of United States court, collector of customs, or other United 
States officer. 

3. The bond accompanying the contract must be executed and 
certified in a manner similar to the guarantee bond. 

4. Neither firms nor bonded officers of the United States will be 
accepted as sureties, nor will a partner be accepted as surety for a 
copartner or for a firm of which he is a member, nor an officer of a 
corporation as surety for such corporation. 

5. All signatures to the guarantee or contractor's bond must 
have affixed to them seals of wax or wafer. 

6. When firms bid, the individual names of the members must 
be signed in full, giving Christian names ; but the signers may, if they 
choose, describe themselves, in addition, as doing business under a 
given name and style as a firm. 

7. The place of residence of every bidder must be given after his 
signature, which must be written in full. 

8. All prices must be written as well as expressed in figures, and 
any alterations by erasures or interlineations should be explained or 
noted in the proposal over the signature of the bidder. 

9. All bids must be strictly in accordance and conformity with 
the specifications, drawings, samples, or models therefor, supplied by 
this office. 



10. The bidder must, if required, satisfy the Chief of Engineers, 
U. S. Army, of his ability to furnish the materials or perform the 
work for which he bids, or both. 

11. Reasonable grounds for supposing that any bidder is inter- 
ested in more than one bid for the same item will cause the rejection 
of all bids in which he is interested. 

12. The United States reserves the right to reject any and all 
bids, and to waive informalities ; also, to disregard the bid of any fail- 
ing bidder or contractor, known as such to this office. 

13. The contract and contractor's bond, which the successful 
bidder and his sureties under the contract shall enter into, will be in 
the form which can be inspected at this office, and which will be fur- 
nished, if desired, to parties proposing to put in bids. Bidders are to 
be considered as accepting the terms and conditions contained in such 
form of contract. 

14. Transfers of contracts or interests in contracts are prohibited 
by law. 

15. It is unlawful to assist or encourage in any manner whatever 
the importation or migration of foreign labor into the United States, 
its Territories, or the District of Columbia, under contract or agree- 
ment of any kind previous to such importation or migration. (See 
Stat, at Large, vol. 23, page 332, and vol. 24, page 414.) 

16. In awarding contracts preference will be given to articles of 
domestic production and manufacture, conditions of quality and price 
(including in the price of foreign productions or manufactures the 
duties thereon) being equal, and all labor thereon shall be performed 
within the jurisdiction of the United States. (See Stat, at Large, vol. 
18, part 3, page 455, and R. S., par. 3716.) 

17. Any proper information desired by the bidder, and not found 
in the specifications herewith or in the accompanying schedule, draw- 
ings, samples, or models, may be had on application to this office. 

18. Each sample submitted with bids must bear the name of the 
bidder and reference to the bid to which it belongs distinctly and 
permanently marked upon it. It must be delivered at this office at 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



-181 



the bidder's expense before the hour of opening bids, and will be re- 
tained by the Government as long as may be deemed advisable by the 
Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. 

19. Payments will be made only at such times and in such 
amounts, during the progress of the contract, as may be deemed ad- 
visable by the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. 

20. Ten per centum will be retained from each payment until 
the completion of the contract, except where (as in cases in which no 
payment is to be made until a work is completed) such retentions 
may, in the opinion of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, properly 
be dispensed with. 

21. Before final payment and settlement, the contractor must, if 
required, satisfy the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, that all wages 
due by him on account of the contract have been settled. 

22. All materials or services furnished must be delivered or per- 
formed at such places on the site of the Building for the Library of 
Congress and in such order and at such times, as may be directed 
under the terms of the contract. 

23. All materials or work performed under the contract shall be 
entirely to the satisfaction of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, and 
his decisions upon all questions of quality or quantity arising out of 
the contract shall be final. 

24. All materials delivered or work performed under the con- 
tract, that may be rejected, must, upon due notice of such rejection, 
be removed from the premises of the building, or corrected by the 
contractor without delay and at his own cost. 

25. All drawings referred to in the specifications are perma- 
nently on file in this office. Photographic or other copies thereof, 
only, may be sent out to bidders and supplied for use of contractors, 
but in general will not be attached to either specifications or 
contracts. 

26. A copy of the advertisement, general instructions and con- 
ditions, specifications, and proposals will be attached to the contract, 
and form a part of it. 



27. The premises of the contractor shall at all times during the 
progress of the work be open to access by the Superintendent and 
Engineer, or any person authorized by the Chief of Engineers, U. S. 
Army, for the purpose of inspection of the work under the contract. 

28. If the contractor is not present on any part of the work 
wherever or whenever it may be necessary to give directions to him, 
orders will be given by the Superintendent and Engineer, the over- 
seer, or inspectors in the employment of the United States, to, and 
shall be received and obeyed by, the foremen or other employees of 
the contractor who may have immediate charge of the men employed 
on the particular work in relation to which the orders may be given. 

29. The contractor shall, when required to do so by the Super- 
intendent and Engineer, remove from the work any foreman, work- 
man, or other employee of the contractor, who shall refuse or neglect 
to obey the directions of the Superintendent and Engineer, the over- 
seer, or inspector in the employment of the United States, or who 
shall perform his work in a manner contrary to the specifications and 
directions of the Superintendent and Engineer, or who shall be 
deemed by him to be incompetent or unfaithful. 

30. No work will be considered as accepted which may be de- 
fective in its construction, or deficient in any of the requirements of 
these specifications, in consequence of any failure of any inspector or 
subordinate agent of the United States to point out said defect or 
deficiency during construction ; and the contractor will be required to 
correct any imperfect work whenever discovered, before final accept- 
ance of the work. 

31. The contractor's employees upon the site of the Building for 
the Library of Congress shall at all times conform to the police rules 
and discipline established by the Superintendent and Engineer and 
enforced by the overseer. 

32. The contractor shall protect and indemnify the United States 
and all persons acting under it for all liability on account of any 
patent-rights, granted by the United States, which may affect the 
articles or materials or their application required by the specifications. 



182 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



33. All additional expense to the United States, by reason of 
extension of the contract at the request of the contractor, shall be 
deducted from payments due or to become due to the contractor. 

34. Bids will not be received from parties who are not them- 
selves directly and regularly engaged in the manufacture or sale, as 
the case may be, of the articles, or in the performance of the work 
for which they bid. 

35. Bidders are invited to be present at the opening of the bids. 

36. The Superintendent and Engineer will decide when the time 
fixed upon for the opening has arrived, and no proposal for that 
opening will thereafter be received as formal. 

37. All proposals must be enclosed in suitable envelopes, 
securely sealed, indorsed as bids, and addressed to the " Superin- 
tendent and Engineer, Building for Library of Congress," and be 
delivered at this office before or at the time appointed for the open- 
ing ; and no responsibility shall be attached to said office for the 
premature opening of any proposal not so indorsed as to show that 
it is a proposal and the particular purpose for which it is made. 

38. Act approved August 1, 1892. (See Chap. I, page 1.) 
Under date of December 3, 1894, the Engineer in charge reports 

that the last stone of the superstructure was laid on July 7, 1894. 
The building was then under roof, all of the windows glazed, and 
much of the interior work finished. The appearance of the building 
Nov. 20, 1894, is shown in the frontispiece. Plate XXXVI shows 
it during construction. 

The following table gives the formal contracts which were in 
force in 1894 : 



Date. 



Date. 


1889 
July 29 


189 
Nov. 


2 

30 


Dec. 


29 
29 
29 



Name of Contractor. 



New England Granite 
Works. 

Tacony Iron and Metal 

Co. 
Batterson, See & Eisele 
W. H. Evans & Son... 
Vermont Marble Co. . . 



Subject of Contract. 



Cut granite for front 
walls 

Iron door and window 

frames, casings, etc.... 

Marble-work 



Price or 
AmouDt. 



$1,221,600.72 

54,513.00 

279,111.90 

325,700.00 

17,828.00 



Condition, 
Dec. 3, 1894. 



Completed 



In force 



Name of Contractor. 



Dec. 29 

29 
29 
29 
29 
Jan. 27 

Mar. 20 

Apr. 11 

June 8 

24 
Aug. 1 

18 

18 

18 

27 

27 
27 
27 

28 

Oct. 3 
Nov. 9 

14 
1894 
Feb. 1 

21 

21 
21 



Chas. E. Hall & Co. 



Kenesaw Marble Co.. 

W. H. Evans & Son. . . 

Tacony Iron & Metal 
Co 

Pneumatic and Electric 
Tool Co. 

Davidson Sons Marble 
Co 

Washington Brick Ma- 
chine Co 

John B. Lord 

Clark Bros 



Iron 



Apr. 
May 
June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 



Brown - Ketcham 

Works 

Empire Fireproofing 

Co. 
Hallowell Granite 

Works. 
Tacony Iron and Metal 

Co. 

Clarence N. Boyd 

Jackson & Sharp Co. . . 
Brown - Ketcham Iron 

Works. 
Pickel Marble and 

Granite Co 

W. B. Morgan 

Chas. Werner 

Yale & Towne Manu 

facturing Co 

Snead & Co. Iron Works 



Subject of Contract. 



Marble-work. 



Ironwork in dome 

Hire of tools and machin- 
ery (approximate) 



Marble-work. 



Bricks per M. 

Sand per cubic yard. 

Cement J ™bbls.,perbbl. 
j ln.bags.per bag 



Francis Miller 

McDaniel & Harvey 
Co. 

James Clendenin 

L. Schreiber & Sons Co. 

Evans Marble Co 

Phoenix Iron Co 

Church & Stephenson. 

Jas. H. McGill 

Frank M. Lee 

Simplex Electrical Co.. 

Expanded Metal Fire- 
proofing Co 

Builders' Iron Foundry 

Norcross Bros 



16 Chas. Werner 

Nov. 9|Mather Electric Co. . 



Iron roofs, etc 

Roofing tile, per running 

foot 

Cut granite for steps, 

copings, etc 

Iron door and window 

frames 

Glass 

Mahogany sash, etc. . . 



Traveling scaffolds. 



Marble deck flags, etc. 

Pipe covering 

Coal, per ton 



iron, 



Bronze hardware 

Book shelves. . . . 

Iron framework and lath- 
ing 

Glass 

Galvanized sheet 

etc 

Sheet copper 

Iron stairways, etc 

Marble work 

Iron roofs, skylights, etc. 

Lumber, etc. (estimated). 

Plaster and hair " 

Lime, per barrel 

Electric wire 



Iron furring and lathing. 
Iron and marble stair- 



ways 

Cut granite for approach- 
es 

Coal (estimated) 

Dynamos 



Price or 
Amount. 



$2,260.00 
2,26l.OO 
6,690.00 
5,500.00 
3,104.00 

11,050.00 

2,023.00 

33,750.00 

6.23 
I. OO 



.12) 

.88 f 



Condition, 
Dec. 3, 1894. 



Completed 



In force 

Completed 

In force 
ft 

Completed 



35.276.19 

.11 

29,253.40 

8,900.00 
6,573.00 
8,651.00 

2,239.90 

35,890.40 
5,522.00 

4-53 

2,639.01 
67,214.00 

2,407.00 
7,720.00 

1,370.00 

8,437-79 
10,527.70 
38,965.00 
13,281.88 

7.394-50 

1,873.00 
0.48 

3,045-73 

10,100.00 

9,000.00 

47,260.00 
3,121.25 
6,400.00 



In force 
Completed 



In force 
Completed 



In force 



Completed 
In force 







PLATE XXXV I. 




(till ENfr(<J, i 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DURING CONSTRUCTION. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS IN WASHINGTON, D. C. : WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT. 



183 



" In addition to the contracts above enumerated orders are in 
force for the architectural figures, alto-relievos, and bronze doors, re- 
quired for the ornamentation of the building, chiefly in the rotunda 
and stair hall, amounting to $190,200." 

The total amount expended from October 2, 1888, to December 
3, 1894, is $4,337,438.44, and at the latter date the outstanding lia- 
bilities, including uncompleted contracts, was $566,817.55. 

"During the coming year [1895] the marble-work, plastering, 
stucco-work, woodwork, flooring, electric installation, corner-tower 
stairs, shelving for the reading-room alcoves, elevators, machinery for 
transmission, plumbing, painting, approaches to the west front, and 
work on the grading and arrangement of the grounds will be carried 
on and many of these pieces of work finished.' 1 

A tunnel will also be constructed between the Library building 
and the Capitol, with suitable apparatus for the rapid transmission of 
books, papers, and messages. It is expected that the building will be 
finished in 1897, within the limit of cost. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS IN WASHINGTON, D. C. 
WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT. 

" The Chief of Engineers shall have charge of the public build- 
ings and grounds in the District of Columbia, under such regulations 
as shall be prescribed by the President through the War Department, 
except those buildings and grounds which are otherwise provided for 
by law." (Sec. 1797, R. S.) 

" All estimates for public buildings and grounds in charge of the 
Chief of Engineers shall be approved and submitted by the Secretary 
of War, through the Treasury Department, as other estimates, to the 
two Houses of Congress ; and all appropriations which have been or 
may be hereafter made for repairs or improvements of the public 
buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia, and now in charge 
of the Chief of Engineers, shall be expended under the direction of the 
Secretary of War." (Sec. 1798, R. S.) 



" The Chief of Engineers shall have the immediate superintend- 
ence of the Washington Aqueduct, together with all rights, appurte- 
nances, and fixtures connected with the same, and belonging to the 
United States, and of all other public works and improvements in the 
District of Columbia in which the Government has an interest, and 
which are not otherwise specially provided for by law." (Sec. 1800, 
R. S.) 

" He shall obey, in the discharge of the duties mentioned in the 
preceding section, such regulations, pursuant to law, as may be pre- 
scribed by the President, through the Department of War." (Sec. 
1801, R. S.) 

"All moneys appropriated or hereafter appropriated for the 
Washington Aqueduct, and for other public works in the District of 
Columbia, not otherwise expressly provided for by law, shall be ex- 
pended under the direction of the Secretary of War." (Sec. 1802, 
R. S.) 

" Be it enacted, etc., That the lines of telegraph, connecting the 
Capitol with the various Departments in Washington, constructed 
under and by virtue of the act of Congress approved March third, 
eighteen hundred and seventy-three, entitled ' An act making appro- 
priations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal 
year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four, and 
for other purposes,' be, and the same are hereby, placed under the 
supervision of the officer in charge of the public buildings and 
grounds ; and that the said officer be authorized and empowered to 
make rules and regulations for the working of said lines." (Act 
appd. Feb. 4, 1874.) 

Two officers with offices in Washington are detailed for duty 
under the Chief of Engineers in charge of the works enumerated in 
the foregoing paragraphs, one with the rank of Colonel (Act of March 
8, 1873), in charge of public buildings and grounds, and the telegraph 
lines, and one in charge of the Washington Aqueduct. 

The duties of the former officer include the charge of the Execu- 
tive Mansion and grounds ; the charge of all public buildings, rented 



184 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



or otherwise, occupied by the War Department, or any of its bureaus 
or offices in the District of Columbia, so far as their preservation, 
care, and safety are concerned ; the care of the various reservations, 
squares, and circles in the District, including the construction and re- 
pair of the various roads, pavements and walks, fences, seats, foun- 
tains, water-pipes and fire-plugs, lamps, etc., therein ; and the care of 
the telegraph lines connecting the Capitol with the Departments and 
the Government Printing Office. 

The repair of the Government Printing Office and the construc- 
tion of a fire-proof building upon the lot now occupied by the stables 



of the Government Printing Office were provided for and placed in 
the charge of the Chief of Engineers, in the Sundry Civil Acts of 
August 18, 1894, and March 2, 1895, respectively. The work is to 
be carried on by the Officer in Charge of Public Buildings and 
Grounds. The amount appropriated for the new building is 
$121,121.90. 

The duties of the second officer include the charge of the 
Washington Aqueduct, of the project for increasing the water- 
supply of Washington, and the erection of fishways at Great 
Falls. 



ENGINEER DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



185 



CHAPTER VIII. 



FORMS. 



ENGINEER DEPARTMENT FORMS.* 

Form of Proposals, loith Guarantee, Justification of the Guarantors, and 

Certificate. 

[Form 18.] 
PROPOSAL FOR 

To , j8 9 

Sir: In accordance with your advertisement of , 189 

inviting Proposals for and subject to all the con- 

ditions and requirements thereof, and of your dated 

, 189 , copies of both of which are hereto attached, and, so far as 
they relate to this proposal, are made a part of it, we (or) I propose to 
furnish 

We (or) I make this proposal with a full knowledge of the kind, 
quantity, and quality of the articles required, and, if it is accepted, will, 
after receiving written notice of such acceptance, enter into contract 
within the time designated in the advertisement, with good and sufficient 
sureties for the faithful performance thereof. 

[Signature] 

[Address] 

[Signature] 

[Address] 

[Signed in duplicate or in triplicate, as the case may require.] 

Guarantee. 

We, , of , in the State of , and 

of , in the State of , hereby guarantee 

and bind ourselves and each of us, our and each of our heirs, executors, 

and administrators, to the effect that if the bid of , herewith 



accompanying, dated , 189 , for furnishing 

shall be accepted in whole or in part within sixty (60) days from the 
date of the opening of proposals, the said bidder, , will,, 

within days after being notified of such acceptance, enter 

into a contract with the United States in accordance with the terms and 
conditions of the advertisement, and will give bond with good and sufficient 
sureties for the faithful and proper fulfillment of the same. And in case 
the said bidder shall fail to enter into contract within the said 
days with the proper officer of the United States, and furnish good and 
sufficient bond for the faithful performance of the same according to the 
terms of said bid and advertisement, we and each of us hereby stipulate 
and guarantee, and bind ourselves and each of us, our and each of our 
heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay unto the United States the 
difference in money between the amount of the bid of the said bidder 
and the amount for which the proper officer of the United States may 
contract with another party to furnish said 

if the latter amount be in excess of the former, for the whole period cov- 
ered by the proposal. 
Witnesses: 

[seal.] 

[seal.] 

Dated , 189 . 

[Executed in duplicate.] 



ss: 



For regulations and instructions relating to these forms see Chapter II. 



Justification of the Guarantors. 

State of ) 

County of 

I, one of the guarantors named in the within guarantee, 

do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of dollars, over 

and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of guarantor] 

Before me 
Signature of officer administering oath, ) 

with seal, if any. f 



186 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



ss: 



State of 

County of 

I, one of the guarantors named in the within guarantee, 

do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of dollars, over 

and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of guarantor] 

Before me 
Signature of officer administering oath, ) 



with seal, if any, 



Certificate 



I, , do hereby certify that and 

the guarantors above named, are personally known to me, and that, to the 
best of my knowledge and belief, each is pecuniarily worth, over and 
above all his debts and liabilities, the sum stated in the accompanying 
affidavit subscribed by him. 

[Signature of certifying official] 

Note. — The certificate may be given separately as to each guarantor, and 
modified accordingly. 



Form for Contracts. 

[Form 19.] 

Articles of Agreement entered into this day of 

eighteen hundred and ninety- , (189 ,) between 

, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, of the first part, and 
and 
partners, doing business under the firm-name of 
of of the county of , State of 

of the second part : 

This agreement witnesseth that, in conformity with the advertisement 
and specifications hereunto attached, and which form a part of this con- 
tract, the said for and in behalf of the United States 
of America, and the said for , 
heirs, executors, and administrators, have mutually agreed, 
and by these presents do mutually covenant and agree, to and with each 
other, as follows : 

All materials furnished and work done under this contract shall, be- 
fore being accepted, be subject to a rigid inspection by an inspector ap- 
pointed on the part of the Government, and such as 



not conform to the specifications set forth in this contract shall be rejected. 
The decision of the engineer officer in charge as to quality and quantity 
shall be final. 

The said shall commence 

on or before the day of , eighteen 

hundred and ninety- , (189 ,) and shall complete ths 

on or before the day of eighteen 

hundred and ninety , (189 .) 

If, in any event, the party of the second part shall delay or fail to 
commence with the delivery of the material or the performance of the 
work on the day specified herein, or shall, in the judgment of the engineer 
in charge, fail to prosecute faithfully and diligently the work in accordance 
with the specifications and requirements of this contract, then, in either 
case, the party of the first part, or his successor legally appointed, shall 
have power, with the sanction of the Chief of Engineers, to annul this 
contract by giving notice in writing to that effect to the party (or parties, 
or either of them) of the second part ; and, upon the giving of such notice, 
all money or reserved percentage due or to become due to the party or 
parties of the second part by reason of this contract shall be and become 
forfeited to the United States ; and the party of the first part shall be 
thereupon authorized, if an immediate performance of the work or de- 
livery of the materials be in his opinion required by the public exigency, 
to proceed to provide for the same by open purchase or contract, as pre- 
scribed in Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States : 
Provided, however, that if the party (or parties) of the second part shall 
by freshets, ice, or other force or violence of the elements, and by no 
fault of his or their own, be prevented either from commencing or com- 
pleting the work, or delivering the materials at the time agreed upon in 
this contract, such additional time may, in writing, be allowed him or them 
for such commencement or completion as, in the judgment of the party of 
the first part, or his successor, shall be just and reasonable ; but such 
allowance and extension shall in no manner affect the rights or obligations 
of the parties under this contract, but the same shall subsist, take effect, 
and be enforceable precisely as if the new date for such commencement or 
completion had been the date originally herein agreed upon. 

If, at any time during the prosecution of the work, it be found advan- 
tageous or necessary to make any change or modification in the project, 
and this change or modification should involve such change in the speci- 
cations as to character and quantity, whether of labor or material, as 
would either increase or diminish the cost of the work, then such change 



ENGINEER. DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



187 



cr modification must be agreed upon in writing by the contracting par- 
ties, the agreement setting forth fully the reasons for such change, and 
giving clearly the quantities and prices of both material and labor thus 
substituted for those named in the original contract, and before taking 
effect must be approved by the Secretary of War : I'rovided, that no pay- 
ments shall be made unless such supplemental or modified agreement was 
signed and approved before the obligation arising from such modification 
was incurred. 

No claim whatever shall at any time be made upon the United States 
by the party or parties of the second part lor or on account of any extra 
work or material performed or furnished, or alleged to have been per- 
formed or furnished under or by virtue of this contract, and not expressly 
bargained for and specifically included therein, unless such extra work or 
materials shall have been expressly required in writing by the party of the 
first part or his successor, the prices and quantities thereof having been 
first agreed upon by the contracting parties and approved by the Chief of 
Engineers. 

The party of the second part shall be responsible for and pay all 
liabilities incurred in the prosecution of the work for labor and material. 

It is further understood and agreed that in case of failure on the part 
of the party of the second part to complete this contract as specified and 
agreed upon, that all sums due and percentage retained, shall thereby be 
forfeited to the United States, and that the said United States shall also 
have the right to recover any or all damages due to such failure in excess 
of the sums so forfeited, and also to recover from the party of the second 
part, as part of said damages, whatever sums may be expended by the 
party of the first part in completing the said contract, in excess of the 
price herein stipulated to be paid to the party of the second part for 
completing the same. 

Payments shall be made to the said when the 

contracted for shall have been delivered and accepted, 
reserving per cent from each payment until the whole 

shall have been so delivered and accepted. 

Neither this contract nor any interest therein shall be transferred by 
the said to any other party ; and any such transfer 

shall cause the annulment of the contract so far as the United States are 
concerned. All rights of action, however, to recover for any breach of 
this contract by the said are reserved to the United 

States. 

No member of or delegate to Congress, nor any person belonging to, 
or employed in, the military service of the United States, is or shall be 



admitted to any share or part of this contract, or to any benefit which may 
arise herefrom.* 

This contract shall be subject to approval of the Chief of Engineers, 
U. S. A. 

In witness whereof the undersigned have hereunto placed their hands 
and seals the date first hereinbefore written. 

Witnesses : 



I 



[seal, 
[seal, 
[seal, 
[seal/ 



Approved 



(Executed in quintuplicate.) 
, t8 9 

, Brig-Gen., Chief of Engineers. 

f I do solemnly swear that the foregoing is an exact copy of a con- 
tract made by me personally with ; that I made the 
same fairly, without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any 
such benefit or advantage corruptly to the said 

or any other person ; and that the papers accompanying include all those 
relating to the said contract as required by the statute in such case made 
and provided. 

, Corps of Engineers. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of 



[Form 20.] 
CONTRACTOR'S BOND. 



Know all men by these presents, That we, 
, as principal , and 
, and , of 



,of 
,of 

, as sureties, are 



*Note. — Here add to any contract made with an incorporated company for 
its general benefit the following words, viz.: " But this stipulation, so far as it 
relates to members of or delegates to Congress, is not to be construed to extend 
to this contract." — See Sec. 3740, Revised Statutes. 

t Note. — This affidavit is required only on the quintuplicate copy of contract 
intended for the Returns Office, Department of the Interior. — A. R. 669. 

Note. — The copy of contract for the Bureau must be accompanied with an 
abstract of the bids, and copy of each bid and advertisement, unless previously 
furnished. — See also A. R. 655. 

Note.— See Circular No. 18, O. C. of E. ( Oct. 18, 1887. See also Circular No. 
10, O. C. of E., Aug. 3, 1889. 



188 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



iheld and bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum 
of dollars, to the payment of which sum, well and truly to be 

made, we do bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, and administrators, 
jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

Given under our hands and seals this day of , 

189 . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that whereas the 
above-bounden ha , on the day of 

, 189 , entered into a contract with , Corps 

of Engineers, U. S. Army, for 

Now, therefore, if the above-bounden , heirs, 

executors, and administrators, shall and will, in all respects, duly and 
fully observe and perform all and singular the covenants, conditions, and 
agreements, in and by the said contract agreed and covenanted by 
to be observed and performed, and according to the true intent and 
meaning of the said contract, and as well during any period of extension 
of said contract that may be granted on the part of the United States as 
during the original term of the same, including the covenant that the said 

shall be responsible for all liabilities incurred in 
the prosecution of the work for labor and materials, and shall promptly 
make payment to all persons supplying* labor and materials in the 

prosecution of the work provided for in the said contract, then the above 
obligation shall be void and of no effect ; otherwise to remain in full force 
and virtue. 

Witnesses : 

I>s.]f 

[L.S.]f 

[L.S.]f 

(Executed in duplicate.) 

State of ) 

County of ) 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 
dollars, over and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of surety.] 

Before me, 
Signature of officer administering oath, ) 
with seal, if any. f 

* Insert — him or them. 
t Must be sealed with wax or other adhesive substance. 



State of ) 

County of \ 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 
dollars, over and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of surety.] 

Before me, 
Signature of officer administering oath, ) 
with seal, if any. J 

I, , do hereby certify that 

and , the sureties above named, are personally 

known to me, and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, each is 
pecuniarily worth, over and above all his debts and liabilities, the sum 
stated in the accompanying affidavit subscribed by him. 

[Signature of certifying official.] 

Note. — The certificate may be given separately as to each surety, and modi- 
fied accordingly. 



[Form 20 b.~\ 
CONTRACTOR'S BOND. 

FORM WHERE PRINCIPAL IS A CORPORATION AND THE SURETY IS A 

SURETY COMPANY. 

Know all men by these presents, that we, , a 

corporation created under the laws of the State of , and 

doing business at , in the county of , in said 

State, as principal, and , a corporation created under 

the laws of the State of , and doing business at 



in the county of 



and State of 



as surety, 



are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in the just 
and full sum of dollars, lawful money of the United 

States, to be paid to the United States ; for which payment, well and 
truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our and each of our successors and 
assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

The condition of this obligation is such, That whereas the 
above-bounden ha , on the day of , 

189 , entered into a contract with the United States represented by 
for 

Now therefore, If the above-bounden shall and will, in 

all respects, duly and fully observe and perform all and singular the 



ENGINEER DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



189 



covenants, conditions, and agreements in and by the said contract agreed 
and covenanted by said , to be observed and performed, and 

according to the true intent and meaning of the said contract, and as well 
during any period of extension of said contract that may be granted on 
the part of the United States as during the original term of the same, in- 
cluding the covenant that the said shall be responsible for all 
liabilities incurred in the prosecution of the work for labor and materials 
and shall promptly make payment to all persons supplying 1 
labor and materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in the 
said contract, then the obligation shall be void and of no effect ; other- 
wise to remain in full force and virtue. 

In witness whereof, The parties hereto have executed this instru- 
ment this day of , 189 ; the name and corporate 
seal of said principal being hereto affixed and these presents duly signed 
by its 3 , pursuant to a resolution of its 3 

passed on the day of , A. D. 189 , a copy of 

the record of which is hereto attached ; and the name and corporate seal 
of said surety being hereto affixed and these presents duly signed by its 2 
, pursuant to resolution of its 3 passed on 

the day of , A. D. 189 , a copy of the record 

of which is hereto attached. 

In presence of 



In presence of 



by. 



by. 



I, , hereby certify that the above-named 5 

is a corporation doing business in , and in 

my opinion is a good and sufficient surety for the purposes of this bond. 



(Date) 



U.S.. 

(Executed in duplicate.) 



1 Insert — him or them. 

5 The president or officer authorized to sign for the corporation. 

3 The board of directors or other governing body of the corporation. 

4 Here affix the corporate seal. 

6 Name of surety. 



(Form 20 c.) 
CONTRACTOR'S BOND. 

FORM WHERE PRINCIPAL IS AN INDIVIDUAL (OR INDIVIDUALS) OR A PART- 
NERSHIP FIRM, AND THE SURETY IS A SURETY COMPANY. 

Know all men by these presents, That we, , as 

principal , and a corporation created under the 

laws of the State of and doing business at , 

in the county of , and State of , as surety, are 

held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in the just 
and full sum of dollars, lawful money of the United 

States, to be paid to the United States ; for which payment, well and 
truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our and each of our heirs, executors, 
administrators, successors, and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these 
presents. 

The condition of this obligation is such, That whereas the above- 
bounden ha , on the day of , 

189 , entered into a contract with the United States, represented by 

, for 

Now, therefore, if the above-bounden shall 

and will, in all respects, duly and fully observe and perform all and singu- 
lar the covenants, conditions, and agreements in and by the said contract 
agreed and covenanted by said to be observed and 

performed, and according to the true intent and meaning of the said con- 
tract, and as well during any period of extension of said contract that 
may be granted on the part of the United States as during the original 
term of the same, including the covenant that the said 
shall be responsible for all liabilities incurred in the prosecution of the 
work for labor and materials and shall promptly make payment to all per- 
sons supplying* labor and materials in the prosecution of the 
work provided for in the said contract, then the above obligation shall be 
void and of no effect ; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. 

In witness whereof, the parties hereto have executed this instru- 
ment this day of 189 ; the name and corporate seal 
of said surety being hereto affixed and these presents duly signed by its ' 
pursuant to resolution of its" passed 

* Insert — him or them. 

1 The president or officer authorized to sign for the corporation. 

2 The board of directors or other governing bodv of the corporation. 



190 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



on the day of 

which is hereto attached. 
In presence of 



In presence of 



, A. D. 189 , a copy of the record of 



Ordinary Voucher. 
[Form 8.] 



[L.S.]* 
[L.S.]* 



Appropriation for. 
The United States, (For. 



To. 



., Dr. 



by 



I, 



, hereby certify that the above-named 
is a corporation doing business in 
and in my opinion is a good and sufficient surety for the purposes of this 
bond. 



Location : 








Date. 


Designation. 


Application. 


Cost. 


189 . 


Dollars. 


Cts. 















I certify that the above account is correct and just; the articles 
have been expended and applied to the purpose for which purchased, ex- 
cept those marked , which will be (or have been) accounted for 
in my return for the quarter of fiscal year 189 . 



(Date) 



U. S. . . 
(Executed in duplicate.) 



1 Here affix the corporate seal. 

2 Name of surety. 

*Must be sealed with wax or other adhesive substance. 



Received at 
189 , from 

dollars and 
account. 



, Corps of Engineers. 

, this day of ; 

Corps of Engineers, the sum of 

cents, in full payment of the above 



[Signed in Duplicate.] 



Special Voucher. 
[Form No. 8 a.] 
FOR EMERGENCY PURCHASES OF SMALL AMOUNT.* 
Appropriation for 

We, the subscribers, hereby acknowledge to have received of 
opposite our respective names, being in full for supplies for party on 
of , 18 , having signed duplicate receipts. 



, Corps of Engineers, the sums herein specified 

, during the month 



.0 
6 



1 
2 
3 

4 



Date of 

Purchase, 

18 . 



From Whom Purchased. 



Quantity. 



Articles. 



Rate. 



Am't Paid. 



Dolls. Cts. 



Application. 



.0 
E 



Signatures. 



Witnesses. 



I certify that the above account is correct and just. 



, , Ass't Engineer. 



I certify that the above account is correct and just ; the articles to be (or have been) 
accounted for in my return for the quarter of 18 . 



(Put only one item on each line.) 



. , Corps of Engineers. 



* This voucher is used when a number of purchases of small amount are to be made, as for fresh provisions for field parties etc. 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



191 



Pay-Roll. 
[Form No. 12.] 



Appropriation for 

We, the subscribers, hereby acknowledge to have received of 
opposite our respective names, being in full for our services at 
duplicate receipts. 



, Corps of Engineers, the sums herein specified 
, during the month of , 189 , having signed 



u 

V 


Names. 


Occupation. 


Time 
Employed. 


Inclusive 
Dates. 


Rate of 
Pay. 


Amount 
Due. 


V 

E 


Signatures. 


Witnesses. 



v 

.c 
U 



6 
55 



00 

M 


id 

Q 


Name of 
Depositary. 


Amount. 


s 


Months 


Days of 
8 Hrs. 
Each. 


From — 


To— 


Per 

Month. 


Per 

Day of 
8 Hrs. 


Dolls. 


Cts. 


Dolls. 


Cts. 


1 






















I 
2 

3 
etc. 


















































3 

etc. 







































































I certify that the above Pay-roll is correct and just, and the " Days " for which payments have been made were days of eight hours each. 



Corps of Engineers. 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT FORMS.* 

[Form No. 75.] 
CIRCULAR— PROPOSAL. 



Office of Quartermaster . 



18 



Sealed Proposals, in duplicate, subject to the usual conditions, will 
be received at this office until ,18 , at which time and place 

they will be opened in the presence of bidders, for furnishing and deliver- 
ing at or at the post of the articles named below. 

Proposals for delivery at other points will also be entertained. 

Bidders must state the time when, and the place where, they 
propose to make deliveries. 

Proposals for either class of stores mentioned, or for quantities less 
than the whole required, will be received, and the quantities specified may 

* For regulations and instructions relating to these forms see Chapter II. 



be increased or reduced to the extent of 20 per cent, should the interest 
of the public service demand such change. 

Preference will be given to articles of domestic production or manu- 
facture, conditions of quality and price (including in the price of foreign 
productions or manufactures the duty thereon) being equal, and such 
preference will be given to articles of American production and manu- 
facture produced on the Pacific coast to extent of consumption required 
by the public service there. 

The Government reserves the right to reject any or all bids. 

Proposals must be signed by the bidder, inclosed in sealed envelopes, 
addressed to the undersigned, and marked " Proposals for Quartermaster's 
Stores, to be opened , 18 ." 



Quartermaster U. S. Army. 



Sir: In accordance with the above advertisement, inviting proposals 
for Military Supplies, and subject to all the conditions thereof, 
propose to furnish and deliver at the articles below specified, 

at the prices set opposite each article. 



192 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Form of Proposal, zvith Guarantee, Justification of Guarantors, and 

Certificate. 

[Form No. 74.] 



PROPOSAL FOR. 



.189 



To. 



Sir: In accordance with your advertisement of , 189 , 

inviting proposals for and subject to all the 

conditions and requirements thereof, and of your dated 

, 189 , copies of both of which are hereto attached, and, so 
far as they relate to this proposal, are made a part of it, pro- 

pose to 

make this proposal with a full knowledge of the kind, 
quantity, and quality of the articles required, and, if it is accepted, will, 
after receiving written notice of such acceptance, enter into contract 
within the time designated in the advertisement, with good and sufficient 
sureties for the faithful performance thereof. 

Signature, 

Address, 

Signature, 

Address, 

(Signed in triplicate.) 



conditions of the advertisement, and will give bond with good and suffi- 
cient sureties for the faithful and proper fulfillment of the same. And in 
case the said bidder shall fail to enter into contract within the said 
days with the proper officer of the United States, and 
furnish good and sufficient bond for the faithful performance of the same 
according to the terms of said bid and advertisement, we and each of us 
hereby stipulate and guarantee, and bind ourselves and each of us, our 
and each of our heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay unto the 
United States the difference in money between the amount of the bid of 
the said bidder and the amount for which the proper officer of the 
United States may contract with another party to furnish said 

, if the latter amount be in excess of the former, for the whole 
period covered by the proposal. 

Witnesses: 

[seal.] 

[seal.] 

Dated 

(Executed in duplicate.) 

State of ) 

County of ) 

I, one of the guarantors named in the within guarantee, 

do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of dollars over 

and above all my debts and liabilities. 



Before me, 



We, 



Guarantee to the above Bid. 



of 



of 



, in the State of 
in the State of 



and 

hereby 



guarantee and bind ourselves and each of us, our and each of our heirs, 

executors, and administrators, to the effect that if the bid of 

herewith accompanying, dated , 189 , for 

shall be accepted in whole or in part within sixty (60) days from the 

date of the opening of proposals, the said bidder , will, 

within days after being notified of such acceptance, enter 

into a contract with the United States in accordance with the terms and 



I, do hereby certify that , the surety above 

named, is personally known to me, and that, to the best of my knowledge 
and belief, he is pecuniarily worth, over and above all his debts and lia- 
bilities, the sum stated in the accompanying affidavit subscribed by him. 



State of 

County of 

I, 



>■ ss: 



, one of the guarantors named in the within guarantee, 



QUARTERMASTER- S DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



193 



do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 
and above all my debts and liabilities. 



dollars over 



Before me, 



I, do hereby certify that , the surety above 

named, is personally known to me, and that, to the best of my knowledge 
and belief, he is pecuniarily worth, over and above all his debts and lia- 
bilities, the sum stated in the accompanying affidavit subscribed by him. 



Form of Ordinary Contract. 
[Form No. 66.] 

Articles of Agreement entered into this day of , 

eighteen hundred and , between , Quarter- 

master , United States Army, of the first part, and , 

of the county of , of 

of the second part. 

This Agreement witnesseth, That the said , for 

and in behalf of the United States of America, and the said , 

for , heirs, executors, and administrators, have 

mutually agreed, and by these presents do mutually covenant and agree, 
to and with each other, as follows, viz.: 

Article i. That the said 

Article . That deliveries on this contract shall, if required, com- 
mence on the day of , eighteen hundred and , 
provided that the agreement is approved by the proper authorities of the 
War Department ; otherwise, not until such approval is obtained. 

Article . That it is expressly agreed and understood that this 
contract shall be non-effective until an appropriation adequate to its ful- 
fillment is granted by Congress and is available. 

Article . That for and in consideration of the faithful performance 



of the stipulations of this agreement the part 
be paid, at the office of the 



of the second part shall 
at , as follows ; 



Article . That in case of failure of the said part of the second 
part to comply with the stipulations of this contract according to the true 
intent and meaning thereof, then the party of the first part shall have the 
power to 

Article . Neither this contract nor any interest therein shall be 
transferred by the said to any other party or par- 

ties, and any such transfer shall cause the annulment of the contract so 
far as the United States is concerned ; all rights of action, however, for 
any breach of this contract by the said are reserved 

to the United States. 

Article . No member of or delegate to Congress, nor any person 
belonging to or employed in the military service of the United States, is 
or shall be admitted to any share or part of this contract, or to any bene- 
fit which may arise herefrom. 

In witness whereof, the undersigned have hereunto placed their 
hands and seals the date first hereinbefore written. 

Witnesses : 



(Executed in quintuplicate.) 



[>.s.] 

Quartermaster , U. S. A. 

[L-S-] 

[i-s.] 

[l- s.] 

[l. s.] 



Approved : 



[Endorsement.] 

, Quartermaster- General, U. S. A. 



War Department, 

Quartermaster- General's Office, 



J@^~ To be made in quintuplicate, and disposed of as directed in Par. 654, 
A. R.. 1889. 

All contracts must be sealed with wax or other adhesive substance. 

Erasures, interlineations, or other irregularities must be explained over sig- 
natures and seals of the parties to the instrument. 



194 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Form of Contract for Construction Work. 



[Form No. 96.] 



CONSTRUCTION BLANK. 



Articles of Agreement entered into this day of 

eighteen hundred and , between 

master , United States Army, of the first part, and 

, of the county of , , of 

of the second part. 



Quarter- 



for 



This Agreement witnesseth, That the said 
and in behalf of the United States of America, and the said 

, for , heirs, executors, and administra- 

tors, have mutually agreed, and by these presents do mutually covenant 
and agree, to and with each other, as follows, viz. : 

Article i. That the said 

Article . That work on this contract shall commence on or 
before the day of , eighteen hundred and , shall 

be carried forward with reasonable despatch, and be completed on or 
before the day of , eighteen hundred and 

Article . That for and in consideration of the faithful perform- 
ance of the stipulations of this agreement the part of the second part 
shall be paid, at the office of the , at 

as follows : for , the total sum of , 

Payments to be made at such times and in such amounts as the officer in 
charge of the work may elect, based upon estimates to be made by him of 
completed work ; and in all payments twenty (20) per centum of each to 
be retained until the final completion and acceptance by the Government 
of the work under contract. 

Article . That in case of failure of the said part of the second 
part to comply with the stipulations of this contract according to the true 
intent and meaning thereof, then the party of the first part shall have the 
power to complete the work at the expense of the part of the second 
part in such manner as the party of the first part shall deem best for the 
interests of the public service, either by day's labor and open-market pur- 
chase of the necessary material, or by contract, or both, and any excess 
of cost resulting from such failure shall be charged to the part of the 
second part. 



Article . Neither this contract nor any interest therein shall be 
transferred by the said to any other party or par- 

ties, and any such transfer shall cause the annulment of the contract so 
far as the United States is concerned ; all rights of action, however, for 
any breach of this contract by the said are re- 

served to the United States. 

Article . No member of or delegate to Congress, nor any person 
belonging to or employed in the military service of the United States, is 
or shall be admitted to any share or part of this contract, or to any bene- 
fit which may arise herefrom. 

Article . This contract shall be subject to the approval of the 
Quartermaster-General, U. S. Army. 

In witness whereof, the undersigned have hereunto placed their hands 
and seals the date first hereinbefore written. 

Witnesses : 



Approved 



War Department, 

Quartermaster General's Office, 



[us.] 

, Quartermaster , U. S. A. 

[L-S.J 

[i-s.] 

[L.B.] 

[L-S.] 

(Executed in quintuplicate.) 

[Endorsement.] 
, Quartermaster-General, U. S. A. 



y£W To be made in quintuplicate, and disposed of as directed in Par. 654, 
A. R., 1889. 

All contracts must be sealed with wax or other adhesive substance. 

Erasures, interlineations, or other irregularities must be explained over sig- 
natures and seals of the parties to the instrument. 



QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT FORMS. 



195 



Contractor's Bond. 
[Form No. 76.] 

BOND. 

Know all men by these presents, That we, , as 

principal , and of in the county of 

, and of , and 

, of , in the county of and 

of , as sureties, are held and bound 

unto the United States of America in the penal sum of 
($ ) dollars, to the payment of which sum, well and truly to be 

made, we do bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, and administrators, 
jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

Given under our hands and seals this day of , 

eighteen hundred and ninety 

The condition of this obligation is such, that whereas the above- 
bounden ha , on the day of , 

one thousand eight hundred and ninety , entered into a con- 

tract with for 

Now, therefore if the above-bounden heirs, 

executors, and administrators, shall and will, in all respects, duly and 
fully observe and perform all and singular the covenants, conditions, and 
agreements in and by the said contract agreed and covenanted by 

to be observed and performed, and according to 
the true intent and meaning of the said contract, and as well during any 
period of extension of said contract that may be granted on the part of 
the United States as during the original term of the same, including the 
covenant that the said shall be responsible for and 

pay all liabilities incurred for labor and material in fulfillment of said 
contract, then the above obligation shall be void and of no effect; other- 
wise to remain in full force and virtue. 

Witnesses: 

[L.S-] 

[L.S.] 

[L.S.] 

[L.S.] 

[l- s.] 

[L-S.] 

(Executed in duplicate.) 



ss . 



State of j 

County of \ 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 
dollars over and above all my debts and liabilities. 



Before me, 



I, 



, do hereby certify that 



the surety above named, is personally known to me, and that, to the best 
of my knowledge and belief, he is pecuniarily worth, over and above all 
his debts and liabilities, the sum stated in the accompanying affidavit 
subscribed by him. 



ss . 



State of 

County of 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 

dollars over and above all my debts and liabilities. 



Before me, 



I, , do hereby certify that , 

the surety above named, is personally known to me, and that, to the best 
of my knowledge and belief, he is pecuniarily worth, over and above all 
his debts and liabilities, the sum stated in the accompanying affidavit 
subscribed by him. 



[Form No. \o\. — Voucher to Abstract A.] 
The United States, 

To 



, Dr. 



[Place of business or residence.] 



[City or town,] 



[State or Territory.] 



DATE OF 
PURCHASE. 



Under public notice of ten days or more 

and sealed proposals opened , 189 

Copy of public notice filed 
Accepted proposals filed 
Copy of letter accepting proposals filed 




CTS. 



196 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



I certify that the above account is correct and just, and that the 
articles have been accounted for on my property return for the quarter 
ending on the of , 189 ; that they were pur- 

chased after public advertisement by posters and circulars; that the needs 
of the service required the purchase to be made in the manner indicated 
by the public notice, and that the award was made to the lowest respon- 
sible bidder for the best and most suitable article. 



. Quartermaster, 



Received, at 
of 

sum of 
account. 



, the 
, Quartermaster 
dollars and 



of , 189 , 

U. S. Army, the 
cents, in full of the above 



(Signed in duplicate.) 



To be made in duplicate: one copy to be retained by the officer, one to be 
forwarded to the Quartermaster General with Abstract A. 

The authority for making a purchase and a statement of the object and 
necessity for the same must accompany the voucher. If such authority has 
already been filed, it should be referred to in all subsequent vouchers for pur- 
chases under it. 

(See paragraph 717, Army Regulations, 1889.) 



[Form No. 32.— Voucher to Abstract D.] 
The United States, 



To. 



., Dr. 




I certify, on honor, that the above account is correct and just; that 
I purchased the articles above enumerated of the said 



at the price therein charged, amounting to dollars and 

cents, and that I have not paid the account. 

. . . . , Quartermaster. 

(Signed in duplicate.) 



Property Purchased and not Paid for by End of Quarter. 

To be in duplicate: one copy to be retained by the officer, one to be for- 
warded, with Abstract D, within twenty days after the end of the quarter, to the 
Quartermaster General. 



[Form No. 13. — Voucher to Abstract B.] 
The United States, 





To 




.., Dr. 


PLACE AND DATE. 


• 


DOLLARS. 


CTS. 









I certify that the above account is correct and just; that the ser- 
vices were rendered as stated; that they were necessary for the public 
service, and are borne on my report of persons, etc., for the month of 
, 18 . 



Received, at 
18 , of 

Army, the sum of 
the above account. 



, the day of 

Quartermaster 
dollars and 



, United States 
cents, in full of 



(Signed in duplicate.) 



To be in duplicate: one copy to be retained by the officer, the other to be 
forwarded to the Quartermaster-General with Abstract B. 

This form is used for payment of services not entered on the receipt-rolls, for 
rent of buildings, and for other miscellaneous disbursements. 

When a man is discharged without being paid, his account will be stated on 
this form, certified, and given to him. 

(See paragraph 1311, Army Regulations, 1889.) 



LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT FORMS. 



197 



Pay-Roll. 

[Form No. 12. — Voucher to Abstract B.] 
We, the subscribers, do hereby acknowledge to have received of Quartermaster , TJ. S. Army at 

the sums set opposite our names, respectively, being in full of our pay for the period herein expressed, having signed duplicates hereof. 





No. 


Name. 


Rank. 


Occupation. 


Period of Service. 


Rate of Pay. 


Amount 
of Pay. 


Amount 
of Stop- 
pages. 


Amount 
Received. 


Signers' Names. 


Witnesses. 




Date. 


From — 


To— 


C 
O 


en 

Q 


in 

u 


Q 


c 

V 

U 


O rt 

4) O 
Oh 


Q 


w 

a 

V 

U 


w 
u 

"0 

Q 


c 

U 


"o 
Q 


EO 

c 

U 


Remarks.* 




1 

2 

etc. 




















































































































I certify, on honor, that the above Receipt Roll is correct and just, and that the services , 

, 18 ' . 


ire borne on my Form 


for 


the month of 




(Signed 


in duplicate.) 












, Quartermaster 



To be made in duplicate: one copy retained by officer, one transmitted to the Quartermaster-General, with Abstract B, within ten days after the end of the month. 
Civilians and extra-duty men (soldiers) should be paid on separate rolls. 



LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT FORMS .+ 

ADVERTISEMENT.! 

Office of the Light-House Engineer, District, 

• ■ » 1893. 

Sealed proposals will be received at this office until 2 o'clock p.m. 
of , the day of , 189 , for furnishing 

materials and labor of all kinds necessary for 

Plans, specifications, forms of proposal, and other information may 
be obtained on application to this office. 

The right is reserved to reject any or all bids and to waive any 
defects. 



of Engineers, U. S. Army, Light-House Engineer, District. 



(Date:). 



General Form of Proposal. 



BID. 



., 1893. 



I (or we), 
State of 
style of 

and labor necessary to 
with the accompanying advertisement, instructions to bidders, specifi- 



, of the , 

engaged in business under the name and 

hereby agree to furnish all the materials 

, in strict accordance 



*When work is performed on Sundays, or overtime, it should be stated in this column. 
f For regulations and instructions relating to these forms, see Chapter IV. 

% The Advertisement Specifications, Instructions to Bidders, Bid, Contract, Bond with Contract, Bondsmen's Oaths, Certificate of Solvency, and Directions as to 
Execution of Contracts are printed and bound into one pamphlet form. 



198 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



cations, and drawings, for the sum of 

'$ Toov- 

The work to be completed and delivered within 

(Signature:) 

(Address:) 

(Signature:) 

(Address:) 

To 



dollars 



CONTRACT. 



N.B. — In executing this contract the directions on the last page* should be 
carefully followed. 

Articles of Agreement, made and entered into between 

of the first part, and acting for and in 

behalf of the United States of America, of the second part, witnesseth: 

That the party of the first part, in consideration of the matters here- 
inafter referred to and set out, and of the specifications 
attached hereto, and forming a part of this contract, covenants and 
agrees, to and with the party of the second part, 

And the said party of the first part further agrees to forfeit the sum 
of ($ ) per day for each and every day's delay in 

after said date, the said forfeiture to be enforced in the 
discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, and the amount thereof to be 
deducted from any sum which might be due the said party of the first part 
in the hands of the Light-House Establishment, and to conform in every 
particular to the stipulations and conditions stated in this contract, and 
to the specifications hereto annexed, which are to be 

considered as a part of the same, and to be governed in all matters re- 
garding said by the said party of the second part, 
or the authorized agent or agents thereof; and that the said 

shall be subjected to a rigid inspection to be made by the party 
of the second part, or its agents or agents, and that this inspection shall 
be final. 



And the said party of the second part covenants and agrees to pay 
the party of the first part, in full payment for said 
follows : 



as 



See Chap. IV, p. 113. 



And it is expressly understood and agreed that, as each payment 
hereinbefore stipulated is made, possession of the material, labor, and 
articles which are paid for by such payment shall pass to, and the title 
thereto shall be vested in, the United States. 

Provided, however, that in case the party of the second part shall at 
any time be of opinion that this contract is not being duly complied with 
by the party of the first part, or that it is not in due progress of execution, 
or that the said party of the first part is dilatory or negligent, in such case 
he, the said party of the second part, shall be authorized to declare this 
contract forfeited, and thereupon the same shall become null ; but the 
party of the first part shall remain liable to the party of the second part 
for the damages occasioned to him by the said non-compliance, delay, or 
negligence. 

And it is further stipulated and agreed that no member of Congress 
shall be admitted to any share or part of this contract or agreement, or 
to any benefit to arise therefrom ; and this contract shall be in all its 
parts subject to the terms and conditions of sections 3739, 3740, and 3742 
of the Revised Statutes of the United States. 

And it is also expressly understood and provided that nothing herein 
contained shall be so construed as to authorize any officer or agent of the 
United States to bind the United States by contract beyond the amount 
appropriated by Congress. 

And it is further covenanted and agreed that no member of the 
Light-House Board, inspector, light-keeper, or other person in any man- 
ner connected with the Light-House Service, shall be interested, either 
directly or indirectly, in this contract, or be entitled to any benefit to 
arise therefrom ; and for any violation of this covenant and agreement 
the party of the first part shall forfeit all moneys which may become due 
under this contract. 

Provided, also, that it is expressly understood and agreed that this 
contract, or any part thereof, shall not be sublet nor assigned, but that 
it shall be well and truly carried out and fulfilled in good faith by the 
above-recited party of the first part, and that payment on account thereof 
shall be made to the aforesaid party of the first part, successors, 

heirs, executors, or administrators. 

And provided further, that this contract shall not be binding upon 



LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT FORMS. 



199 



the United States until it shall have been approved by the Light-House 
Board. 

And for the true and faithful performance of all and singular the 
covenants, articles, and agreements hereinbefore particularly set forth, the 
subscribers hereunto bind themselves, jointly and severally, their and each 
of their successors, heirs, executors, and administrators. 

Thus covenanted, made, and agreed by the said parties, this 

day of , anno Domini one thousand eight 

hundred and ninety , as witness their hands 

Signed and delivered in presence of — 



Note. — The sureties must not sign the contract. 



BOND WITH CONTRACT. 



Know all men by these presents, That we, , as 

sureties, are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America in 
the sum of dollars ($ ), lawful money of 

the United States, to be paid to the said United States, or its authorized 
agent, as liquidated damages ; for which payment, well and truly to be 
made, we, and each of us, do bind ourselves, and each of our successors, 
heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these 
presents. 

Sealed with our seals, dated this day of 

one thousand eight hundred and ninety 

The condition of the above obligation is such, that if the said 

successors, heirs, executors, or administrators, shall well 
and truly execute the contract hereto annexed, which ha 

entered into with for and in behalf of the United 

States, by which covenant and agree to 

according to all the conditions of the said contract, and shall promptly 
make payments to all persons supplying said labor and 

materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in such contract, 



then this obligation to be void ; otherwise, to remain in full force and 
virtue. 

Signed and sealed in the presence of — 

Witnesses: 
[l.s.] 

[L.S.] 

[L.S.] 

[l- s.] 

[L.S.] 



Notes. — If the contract be made by an incorporated company, the corporate 
seal should be impressed on, or affixed to, each copy of both the contract and the 
bond, and a certificate, under the corporate seal of the company, showing that 
the person who signs in its behalf is, at the time of signing, the officer he pur- 
ports to be, and as such is duly authorized to sign sealed instruments in behalf 
of the company, should be affixed to at least one copy of the contract. 

All signatures of sureties should have affixed to them adhesive seals, and 
their names should be written in full. 

The residence of sureties and witnesses should be given. 
The bondsmen must qualify in the forms following. 
The bondsmen must not sign the contract. 



BONDSMEN'S OATHS. 



> ss. 



State of 

County of 

, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he 
resides at No. street, in the of 

, in the State of ; and that the value 

of his property, over and above all debts and liabilities incurred by him, 
is over dollars ($ ), and that he is fully respon- 

sible for the amount of his obligation in the foregoing bond by him 
executed. 

(Signature of surety.) 

Sworn and subscribed this day of , 189 , be- 

fore me. 

Signature of officer administering oath, | 
with seal, if any. ) 



[L. S.] 



200 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



State of 

County of 



ss. 



, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he 
resides at No. street, in the of 

, in the State of ; and that the value 

of his property, over and above all debts and liabilities incurred by him, 
is over dollars ($ ), and that he is fully respon- 

sible for the amount of his obligation in the foregoing bond by him 
executed. 

(Signature of surety.) 



Sworn and subscribed this 
fore me. 



day of 



, 189 , be- 



Signature of officer administering oath, / 
with seal, if any. ) 



[L. S.] 



Notes. — If the affidavits of the sureties be made before a notary public, his 
seal should be impressed; if made before a justice of the peace, the usual certifi- 
cate attesting the official character of the magistrate should be appended. 

Each surety will qualify in double the amount of the bond. 



CERTIFICATE OF SOLVENCY. 

I certify that I have made due and diligent personal inquiry as to 
the ability of the signers of the foregoing bond, and am satisfied that they 
are good and sufficient and fully responsible for the sum of 
($ ) each. 



Date, 



(Signature of certifying official.). 
, 189 . 



Note. — The sureties' certificate of solvency must be signed by an officer of 
the Government known to the Treasury Department. 



Light-House Board 
Form 4 a. 



'} 



GENERAL VOUCHER. 



ORIGINAL. 



(To be forwarded with accounts to the Light-House Board.) 



U. S. Light-House Establishment, 
(Appropriation for 



To. 



.,Dr. 

) 



Date of Delivery of 

Articles or Completion 

of Service. 


Designation. 


Application. 


Amount. 


Dollars. 


Cts. 


Contract dated 


189 . 









Authorized by Board's letter dated 



189 



I certify that the exigencies of the service required the immediate 
delivery of the articles and the performance of the services above-men- 
tioned, and that it would have been detrimental to the interests of the 
Government to have procured the articles and services enumerated by 
contract. They were therefore purchased in open market upon the best 
terms obtainable, the prices paid being reasonable, and not in excess of 
the current market rates. The articles have been received and the ser- 
vices performed. 



.U.S. 



Light-House 

Received, at , this day of 

189 , of , the sum of 

y-g-o dollars, in full of the above account. 



(Signed in duplicate.). 



N. B. — This receipt must be signed only by the person in whose favor the 
voucher is drawn. 

Details of price, quantity, time, and rates must always be given, and the pur- 
pose to which the articles or labor are applied must be distinctly specified. 



Paid by Check No. , dated 

at , for $ 



, 189 , on 



LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT FORMS. 



201 



Light-House Board 
Form 6. 



•1 



SALARY VOUCHER. 

ORIGINAL. 



(To be forwarded with accounts to the Light-House Board.) 

U. S. Light-House Establishment, 



To. 



.,Dr. 



(Appropriation for. 



Date when Bill 
Rendered. 



189 



For services as 

from the day of to the 

day of , 189 , in- 

clusive, at $ per 



Dollars. 



Cts. 



I hereby certify that the above account is correct and just, and 
that the expenditure was necessary for the service of the Light-House 
Establishment. 



Received, at 
189 , of 
full of the above account. 



, this 
, the sum of 



day of ,. 

•5-5-^ Dollars, iru 



(Signed in Duplicate.). 



N. B. — This receipt must be signed only by the person in whose favor the 
voucher is drawn. 



Paid by Check No. , dated 

at , for $ 



,189 , on 



[Light-house Board, Form 7 a.] 



Pay-roll of Persons Employed 

(Appropriation for .) 

We, the subscribers, hereby acknowledge to have received of 
our respective names, being in full for our services at 



, Light-House District, the sums herein specified opposite 
, during the month of , 189 , having signed duplicate receipts. 





Names. 


Occupation. 


Period of Service. 


Rate of Pay. 


Amount Received. 


In 

O 

B 


Signatures. 


Witnesses. 


No. 

of 

Check 


Date 
189 


Name of 
Deposi- 
tary. 


e 


From — 


To- 


rn 

C 
O 


Q 


GO 

U 

O 


w 
u 

"o 
Q 


a 

V 

U 


Per 

Month, 
Day, or 
Hour. 


Dollars. 


Cents. 


I 

2 

3 
etc. 






















1 
2 

3 
etc. 


















































































































The amount of this roll is yo-o dollars $ 





I hereby certify that the above-named and rated persons have been attached to and performed duty under my charge for the periods of time and rates 
of authorized compensation, respectively, set opposite their names. 



Light-House. 



.District 



202 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



SUPERVISING ARCHITECT'S OFFICE FORMS.* 

Form of Advertisement and Proposals for a Custom-house and Post-office. 

(The full form comprises the Advertisement, General Instructions and Conditions 
(see Chapter V, p. 142), the Specifications, and the Proposal.) 

PROPOSALS FOR THE ERECTION AND COMPLETION (EX- 
CEPT HEATING APPARATUS) OF THE UNITED STATES 
CUSTOM-HOUSE AND POST-OFFICE BUILDING AT 

HOULTON, MAINE. 

Treasury Department, 
Office of the Supervising Architect, Washington, D. C, 

May 22, 1893. 

Sealed Proposals will be received at this office until 2 o'clock p.m. 
on the 14th day of June, 1893, and opened immediately thereafter, for all 
the labor and materials required for the Erection and Completion (except 
heating apparatus) of the U. S. Custom-house and Post-office building at 
Houlton, Maine, in accordance with the drawings and specification, 
copies of which may be had at this office or the office of the Superin- 
tendent at Houlton, Maine. Each bid must be accompanied by a cer- 
tified check for a sum not less than 2$ of the amount of the proposal. 
The right is reserved to reject any or all bids or to waive any defect or 
informality in any bid if it be deemed in the interest of the Government 
to do so. All bids received after the time stated will be returned to the 
bidders. Proposals must be enclosed in envelopes, sealed, and marked 
" Proposal for the Erection and Completion (except heating apparatus) 
of the U. S. Custom-house and Post-office building at Houlton, Maine," 
and addressed to Jeremiah O'Rourke, Supervising Architect. 

N. B. — The regulations of the Department strictly prohibit the con- 
sideration of bids received after the time of opening stated in the adver- 
tisement. Bidders are, therefore, requested to allow ample time for the 
transmission of their bids by mail. Registered letters usually reach this 
office at least 24 hours behind the regular mail. 

Proposal for the Erection and Completion of the United States 
Custom-house and Post-office Building at Houlton, Maine 
(except heating apparatus), including approaches. 

, 1893- 
Mr. Jeremiah O'Rourke, 

Supervising Architect, 

Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 

Sir: hereby propose to furnish all the labor and materials required 

* For the regulations and instructions relating to these forms see Chapter V. 



for the erection and completion of the United States Custom-house and 
Post-office building at Houlton, Maine (except heating apparatus), 
including the approaches, in strict accordance with drawings Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, n, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, miscellaneous drawings 126, 
200, 275, 294, the specification , and such other detail drawings as may 
be furnished, and samples herewith submitted for the sum of $ 

Granite, name and location of quarry, 

Time to complete 

Amount included in bid for general excavation, $ 

Amount included in bid for trench excavation, $ 

Amount included in bid for grading and seeding lot, $ 

Amount included in bid for concrete foundations, $ 

Amount included in bid for stone footings, $ 

Amount included in bid for granite-work, $ 

Amount included in bid for press brick facing, $ 

Amount included in bid for agricultural drain, $ 

Amount included in bid for common brickwork of building, $ 

Amount included in bid for brick arches with concrete filling and 

wood floor-strips over same, and terra-cotta column covering, $ 
Amount included in bid for concrete floors of basement and area, $ 
Amount included in bid for all the ironwork of building, including 

columns, beams, girders, iron railings, lintels, ladders, etc., $ 
Amount included in bid for carpentry-work, including floor and 
ceiling joists, stud partitions, furring, roof construction, rough 
flooring, ladders, roof sheathing, flagstaff, etc., $ 

Amount included in bid for joiner-work, including finished floor- 
ing, skirting, water-closet partitions, post-office screen, 
shelving, etc., $ 

Amount included in bid for hardware, $ 

Amount included in bid for glass, $ 

Amount included in bid for slate-work of roofs, $ 

Amount included in bid for galvanized-iron and tin work, $ 

Amount included in bid for plaster-work, including iron furring 

and lathing, cornices, architraves, column finish, etc., $ 

Amount to be added to bid if King's Windsor Cement is substi- 
tuted for the lime mortar specified, $ 
Amount included in bid for plumbing, including down-pipes 
and drain-pipes, iron tanks, all plumbing fixtures, and slate 
and marble work in connection therewith, and all gas-piping, $ 



SUPERVISING ARCHITECT'S OFFICE FORMS. 



203 



Amount included in bid for painting, 

Amount included in bid for marble floor-tiling, 

Amount included in bid for marble mantels and marble sub- 
base, 

Amount included in bid for mailing, platform enclosure, com- 
plete, 

Amount included in bid for iron vault-doors, 

Amount to be deducted from bid if rock is found and the exca- 
vation is carried down n' 5" below first-floor line and the 
trench excavation, concrete foundations, stone footings, and 
the broken stone and cement base for basement, and area 
floors are omitted, 

Amount to be deducted from bid if the earthenware sewer is run 
and connected with sewer company's sewer in Water Street, 
about 71 feet, instead of sewer on Main Street, about 274 
feet, as specified, 

Amount to be added to bid if polished plate glass be substituted 
for the double thick sheet glass specified, 

Price per cu. yd. for general excavation, 

Price per cu. yd. for trench excavation, 

Price per cu. yd. for concrete foundations, 

Price per cu. ft. for stone footings, 

Price per cu. yd. for earth filling and grading, 

Price per cu. ft. for granite bearing-plates, 

Price per cu. ft. for granite steps, 

Price per cu. ft. for cut and moulded granite, 

Price per M for press facing-brick in wall, 

Price per M for moulded brick in wall, 

Price per M for common brick in wall, 

Price per sq. ft. for brick arches with concrete filling and wood 
floor-strips, 

Price per sq. ft. for terra-cotta column covering, 

Price per sq. ft. for concrete floors in basement and area, 

Price per pound for cast-iron columns in place, 

Price per pound for iron floor-beams and channels in place, 

Price per pound for iron girders in place, 

Price per sq. ft. for wood floor-construction, including rough 
flooring, 

Price per sq. ft. for wood roof construction in place, 

Price per square foot for roof sheathing in place, 

Price per square foot for stud partitions, 



Price per square for slate on roof, 

Price per square yard for plaster on walls, 

Price per square yard for King's Windsor Cement on walls, 

Price per square yard for plastering on ceilings, etc., including 

metal lathing, 
Price as per above for King's Windsor Cement, 
Price per lineal foot for wall cornice, 
Price per lineal foot for girder cornice, 
Price per square foot for marble tiling, 
Price per square yard for brick paving for sidewalks, 
Price per lineal foot for street curbing, 
Price per lineal foot for lot coping, 
Price per lineal foot for driveway curbing, 
Name or brand of cements proposed to be used, 
Price per barrel for cement included in estimate, 

Signature 

Address 

Members of Firm. 



[Treasury Department, Office Supervising Architect. — Form 8.] 



BOND FOR ACCEPTED PROPOSAL. 



Know all men by these presents, That we 
City of , County of 

, principal , and 
, County of 
, and 
, County of 



of the 
, and State of 
of the City of 
, and State of 

of the City of 

, and State of 



, Sureties, are held and firmly bound unto the United 
States of America in the sum of dollars ($ ), 

lawful money of the United States, to be paid as liquidated damages, for 
the payment of which, well and truly to be made to the United States, 
we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and 
severally, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with our seals, and dated this day of 

, 189 . 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



The condition of the above obligation is such, That whereas the said 
in accordance with the terms of 
bearing date , 189 , and drawing , numbered 

h submitted a proposal, bearing date 

,189 , to furnish for the sum of 

dollars ($ ), for the United States 

building, in the city of , County of , and 

State of to , Supervising Architect of the United 

States Treasury Department, in the city of Washington and District of 
Columbia, acting for and in behalf of the United States of America, and 
which said proposal was accepted by the said 
by letter bearing date , 189 . Now if the said 

shall well and truly comply with all of the conditions 
of each of said papers, a copy of each of which said papers is attached 
hereto ; and shall well and truly comply with the requirements of said 
numbered drawing , which said numbered drawing , bearing the signature 
of the said and the signature of the said , 

on file in the Office of the said , and shall 

perform all the undertakings therein stipulated by , to be 

performed, then this obligation shall be void and of no effect ; otherwise 
to be and to remain in full force and virtue. 

In testimony whereof, The said have hereunto 

subscribed their hands and affixed their seals the day first above written. 

Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of — 

i S 2 \ [seal.] ~ ? 

^•CJ3 [ [seal.] S,„ 3 

fe « J 5^0 

S„_ v n n — . 

•3°0 ) r T "S'S 

» U<U y SEAL. J 2La 

Si^S ) L J °~2. 

fit "]]\\\[\\\]\\\[\\' m '.'.' m '.'. \ ...[SEAL.] I I 

State of ) 

County of S 

Personally appeared before me, a in and for 

said , the said who signed the 

above obligation, and who made solemn oath that they are each worth 

dollars ($ ) over and above their legal 

liabilities. 



Sworn to and subscribed as above written, before me, this ) 
day of , 189 . ) 



ti 3 
.22 rt 
tap 
01 bt 



32 



Note. — Sufficiency of sureties should be certified to by the Judge or Clerk of 
the U. S. District Court, or by the U. S. District Attorney, of the district in 
which the contractor resides. 

Office of the U. S. 
District of 

, A. D. 189 . 
/ hereby certify, That the sureties who have 

signed the foregoing bond, are known to me to be residents of 

and citizens of the United States, and that I believe them 
to be amply sufficient security for the amount thereof, and that the bond 
is good. 



[Endorsement.] 

Treasury Department, 

Office of the Supervising Architect, 

, 189 . 
Respectfully referred to the Solicitor of the Treasury for examina- 
tion and indorsement. 



Supervising Architect. 

Department of Justice, 

Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury, 

, 189 . 
I have examined this Bond as to form and execution, and in these 
respects it is approved. 



Approved : 



Solicitor of the Treasury. 

Treasury Department, 

Office of the Secretary, 

, 189 . 



Secretary. 



SUPERVISING ARCHITECT'S OFFICE FORMS. 



205 



No. 



Bond for Accepted Proposal of 

Of 

For 

For U. S. 

At 

Dated , 189 . 

Bond, $ 

Proposal dated , 189 . 

Amount of proposal, $ 

Proposal accepted , 189 . 

Time to complete from date of letter accepting proposal. 

Penalty for each day's delay beyond time stipulated for completion, $ 

Instructions to be Followed in the Execution of this Bond. 

1. The christian and surname must be written in the body of the bond and 
so signed to the same. 

2. A seal of wax or wafer must be attached to each signature. 

3. Each signature must be attested by two witnesses. 

4. The affidavit of the sureties must be made and signed before an officer 
authorized to administer oaths generally, who should certify that he administered 
the oaths. If not a judge of an United States court, the authority of such officer 
to administer oaths should be certified by the clerk of a court of record under 
seal of said court. 

5. The sureties must justify in amounts the aggregate of which will be equal 
to double the penal sum of the bond. 

6. A district judge, or attorney of the United States, or clerk of an United 
States court must certify that the sureties have sufficient property to pay the 
penalty of the bond. 

7. When executed by a corporation, the officer acting on its behalf should 
attach the seal of the corporation to his signature, and furnish a certificate that 
he has been duly elected as such officer, and has authority to bind the corpora- 
tion. This certificate should be made under the seal of the corporation, if it has 
one, or before an officer authorized to administer oaths. When executed by a 
firm each member should sign the bond. 



Form of Contract, Bond, Justification of Sureties, and Certificate. 
[Treasury Department, Office of the Supervising Architect. Form 36.] 

CONTRACT* BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
and 

Whereas, in accordance with law, by duly published notice, a copy 

*The copy of the Act approved August 13, 1894, for the protection of persons 
furnishing materials and labor for construction of public works (see p. 1), is em- 
bodied in and becomes a part of all contracts under this office. 



whereof is hereto annexed, proposals were invited as therein set forth : 
Now, this contract, made and entered into by and between 

Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury 
Department, for and in behalf of the United States of America, of the 
first part, and of the second part, to whom 

was awarded the contract on 

bid for the same received under said notice, Witnesseth : That the party 
of the second part covenants and agrees to and with the party of the 
first part to furnish 

The party of the second part further covenants and agrees to execute 
the work at such times and in such quantities as may be required by the 
party of the first part it being understood 

and agreed by and between the parties hereto that if, through any fault of 
the party of the first part, the party of the second part is delayed in the 
execution of the work provided for in this contract, and is thereby pre- 
vented from completing the same within the time above stated, the party 
of the second part shall be allowed one additional day to the time above 
stated for each and every day of such delay as ascertained by the party 
of the first part. And it is understood and agreed by and between the 
parties hereto that if the party of the second part shall fail to comply 
with the terms of this contract which relate to the time within which the 
said work or parts thereof are to be completed, the said party of the 
second part shall forfeit the sum of per diem, for each 

and every day thereafter until the completion of the contract by the party 
of the second part, subject, however, to the discretion of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, which sum shall be deducted from any money which may be due 
and if that amount be not due, then the party of the second 
part agrees to pay the same. 

It is further covenanted and agreed 'by and between the parties hereto 
that if the said party of the second part shall fail to prosecute the work 
herein contracted for with such diligence as in the judgment of the party 
of the first part will insure the completion of the said work within the 
time hereinbefore provided, or shall fail to comply with any of the terms 
of this contract, and thereby, in the judgment of the party of the first 
part, hazard the satisfactory completion of the work as hereinbefore stipu- 
lated, the said party of the first part is authorized and empowered, after 
eight days' due notice thereof in writing, served personally upon or left 
at the shop, office, or usual place of abode of the said party of the second 
part, or with agent, and the said party of the second part having 

failed to take such action within the said eight days as will, in the judg- 
ment of the party of the first part, remedy the default for which said notice 



206 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



was given, to take possession of the said work in whole or in part, and of 
whatever machinery, tools, or materials belonging to the said party of the 
second part and employed thereon, and to complete the said work, and to 
supply the labor, materials, and tools of whatever character necessary to 
be purchased or supplied by reason of the default of the said party of the 
second part, and the actual cost thereof shall be deducted from any 
moneys due or owing to the said party of the second part on account of 
this contract, and if that amount be not due, then the actual cost thereof 
shall be repaid to the party of the first part on demand. 

And the said party of the first part, acting for and in behalf of the 
United States, doth covenant, promise, and agree to pay or cause to be 
paid, unto the said party of the second part, or to 

in lawful money of the United States, 
in consideration of two herein-recited covenants and agree- 
ments made by the party of the second part, the sum of 

Payments to be made in the following manner, viz.: 
per cent ( tenths) of the value of the work executed to the satisfac- 

tion of the party of the first part, will be paid from time to time as the 
work progresses, in monthly payments (the said value to be ascertained by 
the party of the first part), and per cent ( tenth ) 

thereof will be retained until the completion of the entire work, and the 
approval and the acceptance of the same by the party of the first part, which 
amount shall be forfeited by said party of the second part in the event of 
the non-fulfilment of this contract, subject, however, to the discretion of 
the Secretary of the Treasury ; it being expressly stipulated and agreed 
that said forfeiture shall not relieve the party of the second part from 
liability to the party of the first part for all damages sustained by reason of 
any breach of this contract. It is further covenanted and agreed between 
the parties to this contract, that the party of the second part shall execute, 
with two or more good and sufficient sureties, a bond to the United States 
in the sum of , conditioned for the 

faithful performance of this contract and the agreements and covenants 
herein made by the said party of the second part. It is an express con- 
dition of this contract, that no member of Congress, or other person whose 
name is not at this time disclosed, shall be admitted to any share in this 
contract or to any benefit to arise therefrom; and it is further covenanted 
and agreed that this contract shall not be assigned, and that any assign- 
ment thereof shall be a forfeiture of the same. It is further covenanted 
and agreed by and between the parties hereto, that this contract shall be 
valid and binding when approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, and 
not otherwise, 



In witness whereof the parties hereto have hereunto subscribed their 
names this day of , A. D. 18 



2 S -a a 
«.SS .2 

tf"gg«3 

«*"•= c o g 

< 



Witnesses to the signature of the Super- 
vising Architect and as to this con- 
tract being correctly prepared and 
compared : 

^ ••••■•••••••••••>.■•■•»•••••••■ 

S3 Chief of the Law and Contract 

S Division. 

o 

S 

Chief of the Computers' Division. 

Witnesses to the signature of the Con- 
tractor: 



Supervising Architect. 



o 



BOND. 



Contractor. 



of the 

and State 

of the City of 

and State of 



Know all men by these presents, That we, 
City of , Connty of 

of • , prir^ipal , and 

, County of 

, and of the City of , 

County of and State of , sureties, are held and 

firmly bound unto the United States of America in the sum of 

, lawful money of the United States, for the payment of which, 
well and truly to be made to the United States, we bind ourselves, our 
heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these 
presents. 



SUPERVISING ARCHITECT'S OFFICE FORMS. 



207 



Sealed with our seals, and dated this 
A. D. i 8 . 



day of 



The condition of the above obligation is such, That whereas the said 
ha entered into a certain contract, hereto attached 
with , Supervising Architect of the United States 

Treasury Department, acting for and in behalf of the United States, 
bearing date the day of A. D. 18 : Now, if 

the said shall well and truly comply with the 

conditions of said contract, and shall perform all the undertakings therein 
stipulated by to be performed, then this obligation 

to be void; otherwise, to remain in full force and virtue. 

In testimony whereof the said have hereunto 

subscribed their hands and affixed their seals the day first above written. 

Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of — 



c 



<S1 

1-1 
< 
w 

in 



5 



ss: 



in and for said 



State of 

County of 

Personally appeared before me, a 

, the said 
who signed the above obligation, and who made solemn oath that they are 
each worth over and above their legal liabilities. 

Sworn to and subscribed as above written, before me 
this day of , 18 . 



IB 






Office of the U. S. 
District of 

, A. D. 18 . 
I hereby certify, That the sureties who have 

signed the foregoing bond, are known to me as residents of 

, and citizens of the United States, and are amply 
sufficient security for the amount thereof, and that the bond is good. 



Treasury Department, 

Office of the Supervising Architect, 

, 18 . 

Respectfully referred to the Solicitor of the Treasury for examination 
and indorsement. 



Supervising Architect. 
Department of Justice, 

Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury, 

, 18 . 

I have examined this contract and bond as to form and execution, 
and in these respects it is approved. 



Solicitor of the Treasury. 
Treasury Department, 

Office of the Secretary, 
■ ...' , 18 . 



Approved: 



Secretary. 



VOUCHER. 



[Supervising Architect's Office. — Form 12.] 
The United States, 

To 
On account of the appropriation for 



,Dr. 



Date. 


Designation. 


Application. 


Amount. 


189 . 


Dollars. 


Cents. 













I certify that the articles above enumerated have been received and 
the services performed ; that they were necessary for, and have been, or 
will be, applied to the construction of the ; and that 

the prices paid were just and reasonable. 



Received, , this 
189 , from ,the sum of 
payment of the above account. 
$ (Signed in duplicate.) 

Paid by check on . No. , dated 



day of , 

Yj-g- dollars, in full 



, 189 . 



208 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



[Treasury Department, Office of the Supervising Architect. — Form 17.] 
MECHANICS' AND LABORERS' VOUCHER, NO. 



Pay-roll of Mechanics and Laborers on 
We, the undersigned, acknowledge to have received from 
respectively, in full payment of our services for the time specified. 



, during the month of , 189 . 

, Disbursing Agent, the amounts hereunto set opposite our names, 



No. 


Names. 


Occupation. 


Term of Service. 


Number 
of Days. 


Price 
per Day. 


Amount. 


Signers' Names. 


Witnesses' Names. 


Remarks. 


Commence- 
ment. 


Expiration. 


Dolls. 


Cts. 


Dolls. 


Cts. 





























I certify that the services charged in the above roll were actually performed, and necessary to the construction of the ; 

and that the compensations paid were just and reasonable. Superintendent. 

LIFE-SAVING SERVICE FORMS.* * 

Residing at 

[Office General Superintendent Life-saving Service. — Form No. 7.J * 

Residing at 
Proposal for * 

FOR THE U. S. LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. * Residin S at 

Dated at , 1892. Residing at 

To the Secretary of the Treasury, Place of business 

Washington, D. C. 

Having carefully examined the plans and specifications herewith ,, . ~ _ 7 T ,.„ ,. . „ 7 ~ ,.„ , 

, . , ° , . .. rorm of Contract, Bond, Justification of burettes, ana Certificate. 

submitted for the construction of , J j j j 

I (or we), , doing business under the firm-name and [Life-saving Service.-Office Form 14.] 
style of , will contract to build the said , 

complete in all respects, according to the terms thereof, on or before the THIS AGREEMENT,* made and entered into by and between 

day of , 189 , for the sum of f dollars part of the first part, and the United States by 

($ ), and do agree to enter into such bonds for the faith- , party of the second part : 

ful performance of the proposed contract as may be required. * When proposal is made by a firm, the full name of each member thereof 
should be given. 

* For the regulations and instructions relating to these forms, see Chap- f The provisions of the Act appd. Aug. 13, 1894, for the protection of per- 

ter VI. sons furnishing materials and labor for construction of public works (see p. i)are 

\ Prices must be written as well as expressed in figures. embodied in Contracts and Bonds. 



LIFE-SAYING SERVICE FORMS. 



209 



Witnesseth, That the said part of the first part, for and in con- 
sideration of the covenants, stipulations, and agreements hereinafter con- 
tained, to be kept and performed by the said party of the second part, 
and the money to be paid hereunder, do hereby covenant and agree 
to and with the said party of the second part that , the said 

part of the first part, will furnish the materials required for, and will 
construct, make, erect, and build life-saving station-house 

, the exact site therefor to be pointed out and 
shown to the said part of the first part by some person duly authorized 
thereto by the Secretary of the Treasury; said life-saving station-house 
to be completed in all respects agreeably to, and in conformity with, the 
specifications and plans therefor hereto annexed and forming a part of 
this contract, and finished ready for the inspection of such person or per- 
sons as may be designated for that duty by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
on or before the 

And the said party of the second part, in consideration of the fore- 
going, and the further stipulations hereinafter contained, to be done and 
performed by the said part of the first part, doth covenant and agree 
to and with the said part of the first part, that there shall be paid 
unto from the Treasury of the United States, in lawful 

money of the United States, for the above-named house , when built 
and completed in conformity with the foregoing, and the specifications 
and plans therefor hereunto appended, the same having been first duly 
inspected by the properly authorized inspecting officer or officers and 
found satisfactory, the sum of for said station- 

house so constructed and completed as herein stipulated: Provided, 
however, that no payment shall be made under this contract until after 
presentation of accounts in proper form, duly certified, for the amount 
due, and the examination of the same by the proper accounting officers 
of the Treasury Department. 

And it is further stipulated by and between the parties hereto that 
during the progress of said work the necessary facilities shall be furnished 
by the said part of the first part to any person or persons duly author- 
ized by the Secretary of the Treasury for the inspection of said work and 
of the materials used and employed therein. 

And it is further stipulated and agreed by and between the parties 
hereto that no expense extra the contract shall be incurred, nor shall the 
United States be held liable for any extra work beyond that stipulated in 
this contract and the specifications and plans constituting a part thereof, 
unless the same shall have been first authorized in writing by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 



And it is further stipulated and agreed by and between the parties 
hereto that no member of Congress, nor any other officer or employee in 
the civil, military, or naval service of the United States, shall be admitted 
to share in this contract or to any benefit to arise therefrom. 

And it is further understood and agreed between the parties hereto, 
that in case of the neglect or failure of the said part of the first part 
to fulfill the stipulations of part of this contract, then the 

Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to direct purchases to be made of 
all the necessary materials, and cause the construction of said house 
to be completed as herein specified and required, and the said part of 
the first part shall be liable to the said United States, in such event, for 
any excess of the cost of said house over the price hereinafter named 
and stipulated to be paid therefor to said part of the first part. 

And it is further stipulated and agreed by and between the parties 
hereto, that in case of neglect or failure of the said part of the first 

part to complete the above-mentioned house agreeably to and in con- 
formity with the specifications and plans, and the terms of this conn act, 
on or before the date herein specified for the completion thereof, there 
shall be deducted the sum of dollars ($ ) per day from the 

amount payable hereunder, in the discretion of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, for each and every day that the completion and erection of 
said house , as agreed, may be delayed beyond the time specified in 
this contract, and the said part of the first part shall accept and re- 
ceive the payment hereinbefore provided, less said sum of 
dollars ($ ) per day to be deducted for each and every day's- 

delay, in full payment for the materials furnished and work and labor 
done and performed under this contract. 

And it is further stipulated that the Secretary of the Treasury, when- 
ever in his judgment good and sufficient cause may exist for so doing,, 
shall have the power to annul and revoke all the terms hereby agreed 
upon, and the said part of the first part shall not be entitled to any- 

thing on account of damages sustained through said act of the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 

And for the true and faithful performance of all and singular the 
covenants, stipulations, and agreements hereinbefore particularly set 
forth, the part of the first part hereunto bind 

heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, jointly and severally; and 
the party of the second part binds himself and his successors in office 
firmly by these presents. 

As witness their several hands and seals this , A. D. one 

thousand eight hundred and ninety- 



210 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



.Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of — 



. , Secretary of the Treasury. 



Know all men by these presents, That we, , of 

in the County of , and State of as 

principal, and , of in the County of 

and State of , and , of 

in the County of and State of , as 

sureties, are held and firmly bound unto the United States in the full and 

just sum of dollars ($ ), lawful money of the United 

States, for the payment of which sum, well and truly to be made to the 

United States, we bind .ourselves, our and each of our heirs, executors, 

administrators, and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with our seals, and dated this of , 

A. D. one thousand eight hundred and ninety- 

The condition of the foregoing obligation is such, that if the above- 
bound , or heirs, executors, administrators, 
and assigns, do and shall well and truly execute the contract hereto 
annexed, which ha entered into with the United States, 
whereby the said ha agreed to furnish the materials 
required for, and construct, make, build and erect, life-saving 
station-house at conforming in all respects to 
said contract in all the stipulations, covenants, and agreements therein 
contained, and the plans and specifications for construction thereto 
appended, which said contract is annexed hereto, then said obligation to 
be void and of none effect; otherwise, to be and remain in full force and 
virtue in law. 

Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of — 

[L.S.] 

[L.S.] 

[LS.] 

I>S.] 

State of 

County of 

Before me, a in and for said county, personally 



> ss: 



appeared the said and the 

sureties named in, and who executed, the foregoing writing obligatory, 
who, being by me first duly sworn, made oath in solemn form, each for 
himself, that he is worth the sum of dollars ($ ) 

over and above all his several legal liabilities; and the said 

, for himself, made oath that his property consists of 
lying in the County of and State of , and the 

said , for himself, made oath that his property con- 

sists of , lying in the County of and State 

of 

Subscribed and sworn to be- ) j Signatures 

fore me, this day >• [seal.] ' V of 
of , 189 . ) ) Sureties. 

, Notary Public, or ) 

Justice of the Peace. ) 
I hereby certify that , 

and , the persons named in, and who executed, the 

foregoing bond as sureties, are to me well known; that they are residents 
of , and are, in my opinion, good and sufficient sureties for 

the purposes mentioned in said bond. 

[seal.] 



CONTRACT FOR 



Treasury Department, 
Life-saving Service, 



, 189 . 
. , Contractor. 



,189 



Respectfully referred to the Solicitor of the Treasury for examination 
and indorsement. 

, General Superintendent. 

Department of Justice, 

Office Solicitor of the Treasury, 

, 189 . 
I have examined this Contract and Bond as to form and execution, 
and in these respects they are approved. 

, , Solicitor. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FORMS. 



211 



[Form 1814.] 
VOUCHER FOR GENERAL EXPENSES. 
The United States, To 

[Post-office address.] 



, Dr. 



Date Expense 
was Incurred. 



189 . 



Authorized by Letter dated 
. 189 . 



Dollars. 



Cts. 



Sub-voucher 
No. 



[Articles or services.] [Received or performed.] 

. certify that the above enumerated have been 

2 ; that they have been duly inspected and were de- 

2 livered and accepted on the day of , 189 ; that 

they were necessary for, and have been, or will be, applied to the use 
of the Life-Saving Service; that the prices charged are just and reason- 
able, and do not exceed current market rates. f 



Superintendent. 



Appropriation: 



Approved : 



Assistant Secretary. 

Received at , this day of , 

189 , of , Disbursing , the sum of 

-j-g-g- dollars, in full of the above account. 

% ft 

Witness: » 

Paid by check on , No. , dated , 

189 , J drawn to the order of 

* The price per unit of weight or measure should be stated in all cases. 
\ Insert here " and in all respects according to contract," or " and that the 
exigency of the service required the immediate 

[Delivery or performance.] 
ft To be receipted in black ink in all cases. 
JThis blank to be filled when the bill is in favor of a corporation. 



[Form 1814.] 

Voucher No. 
ORIGINAL VOUCHER OF 



FOR 



Appropriation : 
United States Life Saving Service. 



DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA FORMS* 

Form of Proposals for Materials and Labor. 

PROPOSALS FOR SHEET-ASPHALT AND ASPHALT-BLOCK 

PAVEMENTS. 

Office of the Commissioners, D. C, 
Washington, D. C, , 1894. 

Sealed Proposals will be received at this office until two o'clock 
p.m., , 189 , for laying Sheet-asphalt and Asphalt-block 

Pavements. 

Blank forms of proposals, specifications, and all necessary informa- 
tion can be obtained at this office. 

John W. Ross, 

George Truesdell, 
Chas. F. Powell, 

Commissioners, D. C. 

Proposal. 



Sirs: 



Washington, D. C, 1894. 

hereby propose to furnish all necessary material and labor 



* For regulations and instructions relating to these forms, see Chapter VII. 



212 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



(except the granite paving-blocks and curb, paving brick and tile, which 
are to be furnished by the District government), and in a good, firm, and 
substantial manner, in strict accordance with the specifications and gen- 
eral stipulations hereto attached, execute such work of improvement on 
streets, avenues, or alleys in the District of Columbia as may be awarded 
to by the Commissioners of the District under the appropriations 

for the fiscal year 1895, at the prices set opposite the several items respec- 
tively, and such additional work as may be ordered at prices stated in the 
specifications. 

1. Laying standard asphalt pavement on 6-inch hydraulic base, 2^- 
inch asphalt surface, 2-inch binder, before compression, at 

($ ) per square yard. 

2. Laying standard asphalt pavement on 4-inch hydraulic base, 2^- 
inch asphalt surface, 2-inch binder, before compression, at 

($ ) per square yard. 

3. Laying standard asphalt pavement on cobble, rubble, or macadam 
base, including preparation of bed, asphalt surface, 2\ inches before com- 
pression, at ($ ) per square yard; asphalt 
binder at ($ ) per cubic yard; bituminous 
base, at ($ ) per cubic yard. 

4. Laying asphalt-block pavement on gravel base, at 
($ ) per square yard. 

5. Laying asphalt-block pavement on concrete base, at 
($ ) per square yard. 

enclose the receipt of the Collector of the District of Columbia for 
five thousand (5000) dollars, which have deposited with the Collector 

to the credit of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia as a 
guarantee of good faith, and which hereby forfeit as liquidated 

damages to the District of Columbia in the event of failure to enter 

into a contract for so much of the work as may be awarded , with 

good and sufficient sureties, within ten (10) days after notice of the award. 

Very respectfully, 



Form of Proposals for Materials. 

PROPOSALS FOR FURNISHING CAST-IRON WATER-PIPE. 

Office of the Commissioners. 

Washington, D. C, July 28, 1894. 

Sealed Proposals will be received at this office until 2 p.m., August 
11, 1894, for furnishing Cast-iron Water-pipe. Specifications and blank 
forms may be obtained at this office. 

J. W. Ross, 

George Truesdell, 
Chas. F. Powell, 

Commissioners, D. C. 



Proposal. 



Washington, D. C, 
To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 



, 1894. 



Sirs : We propose to furnish and deliver, in accordance with the 
requirements of your specifications, copies of which are hereto attached, 
ten thousand feet of four (4) inch pipe, for dollars and 

cents ($ ) per ton of 2240 pounds; fifty thou- 

sand feet of six (6) inch pipe, for dollars and 

cents ($ ) per ton of 2240 pounds, and five thousand feet of 

twelve (12) inch pipe, for dollars and cents 

($ ) per ton of 2240 pounds. 

We enclose herewith the receipt of the Collector of the District of 
Columbia for $100, which we have deposited as a guarantee of good faith, 
and which we hereby forfeit as liquidated damages to the District of 
Columbia in the event of our failure to enter into a contract, with good 
and sufficient sureties, within ten days after notice that the work has 
been awarded to us. 

Very respectfully, 



To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 
(This is followed by the specifications and the official instructions for bidders.) 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FORMS. 



213 



Specifications. 

i. Work. — The work will consist in furnishing and delivering 10,000 
feet of 4-inch, 50,000 feet of 6-inch, and 5000 feet of 12-inch cast-iron 
water-pipe. Bids for the whole or any part will be considered. The 
right is reserved to increase the amount of the order by not to exceed 
one third. 

2. Patterns. — All patterns are to be furnished by the contractor and 
approved by the Engineer. 

3. Metal. — The metal of which the pipes are to be made shall be of 
such make as shall be approved by the Engineer. It shall be without any 
admixture of cinder iron or other inferior metal, entirely free from un- 
combined carbon, when seen under the microscope, and shall admit of 
being easily drilled or cut; test castings of special pattern shall be made 
when required, and must stand a tensile strain of 18,000 pounds per square 
inch. 

4. Workmanship. — The pipe shall be circular cylinders, with concen- 
tric inner and outer surfaces, free from defects, smooth in the bore, and 
true to dimensions. No pipe will be accepted whose eccentricity, at 
either bell or spigot end, exceeds \ inch. 

5. Thickness and Weight.- — The 4-inch pipe shall be § of an inch 
thick, weight 216 pounds per length; 6-inch pipe, thickness fa of an inch, 
weight 363 pounds; 12-inch pipe, thickness fa of an inch, weight 900 
pounds. Permitted variation of weight, 3 per cent. No pipe will be re- 
ceived when its thickness at any part is found less by more than fa of an 
inch than that specified. No payment will be allowed for any excess of 
weight above the permitted variation. 

(This is followed by the specifications and by the official instructions for bidders.) 



First. That the said part of the second part or 

other legal representatives, ha agreed, and by these presents do 

agree, with the said party of the first part, for the consideration herein- 
after mentioned and contained, and under the penalty expressed in a 
bond bearing even date with these presents, and hereunto annexed, to 
furnish all necessary labor and material, except as otherwise herein pro- 
vided, and in a good, firm, and substantial manner, in strict accordance 
with the specifications and general stipulations hereunto attached and 
made a part of this contract, execute the following described work, to wit: 

In witness whereof, The undersigned, John W. Ross, George 
Truesdlll, and Charles F. Powell, Commissioners of the District of 
Columbia, appointed under the Act of Congress entitled " An act provid- 
ing a permanent form of government for the District of Columbia," 
approved June nth, 1878, and the part of the second part to these 

presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first 
above written. 

- [seal.] 

[SEAL.J 

[seal.] 

Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 

[seal.] 

[seal.] 

[seal.] 

Signed and sealed in the presence of — 



Contract. 

No 

THIS CONTRACT, 

Made and concluded this day of 

our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety- 
the District of Columbia, of the first part, and 
the second part — 

Witnesseth ; 



in the year of 

by and between 

of 



, General Form for Bond. 

Know all men by these presents, That we, as 

principal , and as sureties, all of the District of 

Columbia, are held and firmly bound unto the United States of America 
in the sum of dollars, lawful money of the United States of 

America, to be paid to the said United States, for which payment well 
and truly to be made, we and each of us do bind ourselves, and each of 



214 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



our heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by 
these presents. 

Sealed with our seals. Dated this day of 

A. D. one thousand eight hundred and ninety- 

Whereas, The above bounden or other legal 

representatives, by an instrument in writing under hand 

and seal bearing even date with these presents contracted 

with the District of Columbia to furnish all necessary labor and materials, 
except as therein otherwise provided, and in a good, firm, and substantial 
manner, in strict accordance with the terms, conditions, and provisions 
of the foregoing contract , execute the work of 

on the conditions and for the considerations in the aforesaid contract, 
mentioned and contained, or referred to therein. 

Now, Therefore, The conditions of the foregoing obligation are such, 
that if the said or other legal representatives shall 

strictly and faithfully perform, to the satisfaction and acceptance of the 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, the work to be done by the 
said in accordance with the stipulations of said 

contract, and shall save harmless from and indemnify the District of 
Columbia for any and all claims, suits, costs, charges, counsel fees and 
judgments for damages, to which said District may be subjected on 
account of any accident to persons, property, or premises, after the com- 
mencement of the work, and prior to its completion and acceptance, and 
pay the same, and in every respect fully comply with the provisions and 
requirements of said contract, and keep the work done by the said 

under said contract in repair for the 

term of five years from the completion of said contract, then 

this obligation to be void ; otherwise to remain of full force and virtue. 

Signed and sealed in the presence [l. s.] 

of [l. s.] 

[L.8.] 

[L.S] 

[L.S.] 

I>S.] 

Approved : 

Commissioners, D. C. 



Form for Special Bond, No. 2. 



Know all men by these presents, That we of 

are held and firmly bound unto the District of 
Columbia, in the sum of dollars, lawful money of the United 

States of America, to be paid to the said District of Columbia, for which 
payment well and truly to be made, we and each of us do bind ourselves, 
and each of our heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, 
firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with our seals. Dated this day of 

A. D. one thousand eight hundred and ninety 

Whereas, The above bounden or other legal 

representatives, by an instrument in writing under hand 

and seal , bearing even date with these presents con- 

tracted with the District of Columbia to furnish all necessary labor and 
materials, except as therein otherwise provided, and in a good, firm, and 
substantial manner, in strict accordance with the terms, conditions, and 
provisions of the foregoing contract , execute the work of 



And, Whereas, the said in the fulfillment of 

the aforesaid contract with the District of Columbia proposes to make 
use of 

And, Whereas, claims may be hereafter made for the use of said 

by party or parties at present unknown to 
the District of Columbia, under and by virtue of Letters Patent granted 
by the United States : 

Now, Therefore, the condition of the above obligation is such that 
if the said or other legal representatives shall here- 

after indemnify and save harmless the said District of Columbia from the 
above-mentioned claims for royalty and from any and all claims of what- 
soever kind arising in any manner out of the use of said 

or the machinery, or the use thereof, or material and devices 
in the manufacture of the which may be used 

on any of the streets, avenues, alleys, or public places in the District of 
Columbia by said which may be hereafter preferred 

against the District of Columbia, and from all suits, costs, charges, counsel 
fees, judgments, and damages which said District of Columbia may be 
subjected to by virtue of said claims, or any of them, and the said 

or other legal representatives shall pay the same, 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FORMS. 



215 



then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and 
virtue. 



Signed and sealed in the presence 
of 



I 



[L. S.] 
[L. S.] 
[L. S.] 

[l. s.] 



Approved : 



Commissioners, D. C. 



Justification and Sureties. 
BONDSMEN'S OATH. 



ss : 



District of Columbia, 

County of Washington. 

I, being duly sworn, depose and say that I 

reside in the District of Columbia ; that I am a freeholder therein ; and 
that the value of my real estate, over and above all debts, liabilities, and 
exemptions, is over dollars ($ ) ; and that I am 

fully responsible for the amount of my obligation in the foregoing bond 
by me executed. 

Sworn and Subscribed, this day of , 189 , 

before me. 



ss. 



Notary Public. 

District of Columbia, 

County of Washington. 

I, , being duly sworn, depose and say that I 

reside in the District of Columbia ; that I am a freeholder therein ; and 
that the value of my real estate, over and above all debts, liabilities, and 
exemptions, is over dollars ($ ); and that I am 

fully responsible for the amount of my obligation in the foregoing bond 
by me executed. 



Sworn and Subscribed, this 
before me. 



day of 



189 



Notary Public. 



Pay-Roll No. 



Work on Appropriation for 

We, the undersigned, acknowledge to have received from the District 
of Columbia the sums set opposite our respective names in full payment 
for services rendered from 189 , to 189 . 



No. 


Name. 


Service. 


Days. 


Rate. 


Total Paid by 
Received. Check No. 


Signa- 
ture. 


Wit- 
ness. 






















2 




















etc. 





















I certify that the foregoing amounts are correct, that no one whose 
name appears on this roll has been absent from sickness or any other 
cause during the time for which pay is claimed, but that the services were 
actually rendered in full, as stated, and that I have no interest in the pay 
of any employee on this roll. 



Examined and approved 



Superintendent of 

Captain of Engineers, U. S. A. 
[Back of Form.] 



The " Days," reported on the reverse side hereof were derived from 
the daily time given below that each employee worked. For a whole 
day's work 1 is entered under date worked and for a fractional part of a 
day the proper fraction in eights only. Eight hours constitute one day. 

The " No. on Pay-roll " corresponds to that on the reverse side 
hereof. 





189 . 


No on 
Pay-roll 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 1 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


'9 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


3 1 


Total. 







216 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR, 

District of Columbia. 

Washington, 189 . 

Audit No. Check No. 

The within claim is hereby audited and approved for the sum of 

yo-q dollars. 



Chargeable to Appropriation, 189 



I certify that the accompanying bill is correct, and that the articles 
specified conform in kind and quality with the requirements of Contract 
No. under which they have been ordered. 

189 . 



[Back of Form.] 
Washington, D. C, 



Property Clerk. 



, 189 . 



Auditor, District of Columbia. 



Certified by- 



f Commissioners 




Recorded Journal 
Personal Ledger No. 


page 
page 


No. Folio 


[Voucher.] 

Washington, D. C. 



District of Columbia, 

For appropriation 



To. 



Date. 



No. 
Voucher. 



,189 



Dr. 



Received payment by warrant on the United States Treasury No. 



Invoice and vouchers for 

D. C, during the month of 

in accordance with Contract No. 

% 
Respectfully forwarded to the 

By order : 



furnished the 



189 



No. 



Property Clerk. 
Folio 



AUDITOR'S OFFICE, 

District of Columbia. 
Washington, D. C, 



189 



Claim No. Check No. 

The within claim is hereby audited and approved for the sum of 

yyg- dollars 



Chargeable to Appropriation: 



Auditor, District of Columbia. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FORMS. 



Certified by 



r . . 

{ Commissioners, 




r d. c. 




Recorded Journal 


page 


Personal Ledger No. 


page 


Respectfully forwarded to the 




AUDITOR, D. C. 




Approved: 





189 



No. 



Folio 



MATERIAL VOUCHER No. 



Material furnished on Appropriation for 

We, the undersigned, acknowledge to have received from the District 
of Columbia the sums set opposite our respective names in full payment 
for material furnished, per verbal agreement, from 189 , 

to 189 . 



No. 



1 
2 
3 
4 



Name. 


Quantity. 


Rate. 


Total 
Received. 















Paid by 
Check No. 



Signature. 



Witness. 



Correct: 



Overseer. 



I certify that the above account of material is correct, and that the 
prices charged are in accordance with verbal agreement and are not above 
market prices. 



Superintendent of 



Examined and approved: 



Captain of Engineers, U. S. A. 



217 



[Back of Voucher.] 

Office of the Auditor, 
District of Columbia, 

Washington, 



189 



Audit No. Check No. 

The within claim is hereby audited and approved for the sum of 

tot dollars. 



Chargeable to appropriation 189 



Certified by 



Auditor, District of Columbia. 



Commissioners, 
D. C. 



Recorded Journal 
Personal Ledger No. 



page 
page 



Washington, D. C, 
District of Columbia, 

To.... 



189 . 



% 

u 

«' For . 

O 

Q 



Dr. 






z. 
w 

Cm 



Received payment by check on United States Treasury No. 



It is hereby certified, that the above bill is correct, and unpaid. 



218 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



[Back of Voucher,] 

Office of the Auditor, 
District of Columbia, 
Washington, 



189 



Audit No. 



Check No. 



The within claim is hereby audited and approved for the sum 



dollars 



Chargeable to appropriation 189 



Certified by 



Auditor, District of Columbia. 



f Commissioners, 
D. C. 



Recorded Journal 
Personal Ledger No. 



page 
page 



(Statement of Indebtedness which, accompanied by one ot the forms of meas- 
urement sheets, is sent to Auditor as a basis for payment on one of the forms of 
vouchers.) 



No. 



Vol. 189 , E. D. 
Measurement Contract No. 
Chargeable to appropriation for 



189 



District of Columbia 



Engineer Department, District of Columbia, 

Washington, 189 



To. 



Dr. 



For Work on. 



Between. 



Streets. 



Materials Furnished upon this Contract. 
Chargeable against contractor. Not chargeable against contractor. 



The above account of material is correct as appears by the reports 
and receipts filed in this office. The measurement sheet upon which this 
voucher is based is attached hereto, the prices herein charged are correct, 
and the voucher is approved and referred to the auditor of the District of 
Columbia for settlement. 



Chief Clerk. 
Received payment by warrant upon the United States Treasury, No. 



Account No. 



[Back of Form.] 
Dated 



Measurement. 
Contract No. 
Chargeable to appropriation for 



189 . 
.Contractor. 



189 



For work 
done on 



(between 



and 



sts.) 



Cost of work, 
Cost of material, 



Total, $ 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FORMS. 



219 



Office of the Auditor, 
District of Columbia, 
Washington, 



189 



Audit No. Check No. 

The within claim is hereby audited and approved for the sum of 

Y?nr dollars. 



Chargeable to appropriation 189 



Auditor, District of Columbia. 
Certified by 

Commissioners, 
D. C. 

189 . 
Recorded Journal page 

Personal Ledger No. page 



Contractor . 



Street 



[Measurement Sheet.] 

RECAPITULATION OF CONTRACT No. 

between 
No. of contract 



and 



189 











T3 










<D 




(A 




.-< 


> . 


+J 


•a 


.2 -a 

w 1- 




c u 




a 


a a 





4) fc 


J3 


> 


%> 


in 


<*_ 


in 


. O 





1> 




u 


"3 
-a u 


> 

O 

3 




1-1 
3 


u 





T3 


</) 


O 


erf 


B 





1 










2 










3 










Total. 











1) 

erf 



O * S 

U <r 
-a « 



■4-» 




O 


1) 


. U 


. 1> 


Wife 


Mfe 


c _* 


c _ 


'I 2 


a .5 


E J 


£J 










N 


O 


1-1 


w 







Bluestone 

Curb. 
Lineal Feet. 



Set. 



Reset. 



Granite 

Curb. 

Lineal Feet, 



Set. 



Reset. 



Circular 


u5 

T3 








Curb. 






cs 




Lineal Feet. 


V 

u 

cd 




(3 3 








^ 




£ o* 








0^ 




■£ to 




Set. 


Reset. 




U 
























g 1) i) 






nJ 
U 



CONTRACT WORK. 



STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT. 

EXTRA WORK. 



I hereby certify that I have examined, measured, and inspected this 
work; that the quantities here given are correct, and that it conforms to 
the specifications of the contract. No portion of the work here certified 
has been done upon a street under guarantee of repairs nor upon the 
space between railroad tracks and two feet exterior thereto. 

189 

Assistant Engineer. 



Examined and approved: 



Approved 



189 



189 



Captain of Engineers, U. S. A., 

Computing Engineer. Assistant to Engineer Commissioner, D. C. 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



[Measurement Sheet.] 
Measurement of Work done by under Contract No. 



during the month of 



Section. 



Location. 



Street. 



Correct: 



From To 



Cubic Yards. 



Cutting out and re- 
moving old Concrete, 
Pavements, etc. 



Cubic Yards. 



Base 



Cost. 



Cubic Yards. 



Binder 



I hereby certify that I have examined, measured, and 
inspected this work; that the quantities here given are 
correct, and that it conforms to the specifications of the 
180 contract. No portion of the work here certified has been 
done upon a street under guarantee of repairs nor upon 
the space between railroad tracks and two feet exterior 
thereto. 

189 . 



Contractor. 



Inspector. 



Cost. 



Cubic Yards. 



Coal Tar 



Cost. 



Cubic Yards. 



Asphalt 



Cost. 



Examined and Approved: 



189 



Supt. of Streets. 



Approved 



189 



Total Cost. 



189 



Captain of Engineers, U. S. A.; 
Assist, to Eng. Commissioner, D. C. 



[Measurement Sheet.] 
MEASUREMENT UNDER CONTRACT No. 
, Contractor. 



FOR 



SEWER. 



189 



Location 




12-inch 

Pipe Sew. 

Laid. 


15-inch 

Pipe Sew. 

Laid. 


18-inch 

Pipe Sew. 

Laid. 


21-inch 

Pipe Sew. 

Laid. 


24-inch 

Pipe Sew. 

Laid. 


Laid. 


Laid. 


Laid. 


Laid. 


Excavation and Re- 
filling. 


Brick Masonry. 


Concrete Masonry. 


Lumber. 


Rock. 




Cubic Yards. 


Cubic Yards. 


Cubic Yards. 


Left in 
Trench. 

Feet B. M 


Excavation. 


Street. 


From— 


To— 


Lin. Feet 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Lin. Feet. 


Excess. 


Deficit. 


Excess. 


Deficit. 


Excess. 


Deficit. 


Cubic Yards. 

















































STATEMENT 




OF ACCOUNT. 








Contract Work. 






No. of Order. 


Extra Work. 


















I hereby certify that I have examined, 
measured, and inspected this work, and 
that the quantities here given are correct. 
The work appears to be well done. 


I certify that I have repeatedly inspect- 
ed this work during its progress and that 
it conforms to the specifications of the 
contract. 


Examined and Approved. 
189 . 


Approved 189 


189 . 


189 . 




Captain of Engineers, U. S. A.; 
Assist, to Eng. Commissioner, D. C. 




Assistant Engineer. 




General If 


ispector. 


Superintendent of Sewers. 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS— FORMS. 



221 



Hor. Scale, 



Leveller. 











[M 


easurement 


Sheet.] 














NO. OF CONTRACT 






Street 


between 






Reference to Field Book, 






189 . 


Grading. 


Flagging. 


Curbing — Feet. 


Sidewalk. 


Carriageway. 


Cobble. 


Cubic Yards. 


12" 
Lin. Feet. 




; <u 

-O (Ih 
M 

C 

3 


6 
a 


w 

0) 

3 

s 


6 
"a 

O 


.2 

u 


c 


en 

c 

E 
S 


cu 

fa 

3 
O" 
C/5 


(A 

c 

_o 

*w 

G 
<u 

E 

5 




fa 

<L> 

Ih 

CI) 

3 

cr 
en 


to 

c 
.2 

c 
I) 

E 
S 




Ordinary 
Excava- 
tion. 


Rock. 


V 

u 

CtJ 

3 

cr 






















Co7tiputing Engineer. 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS— FORMS.* 



the proper officer of the United States, with two good and sufficient 



PROPOSAL FOR. 



, 18 . 

To Mr. Bernard R. Green, 

Superintendent and Engineer, 

Building for the Library of Congress, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir : In accordance with your advertisement of , 18 , 

inviting proposals for for the Building for the Library of 

Congress, in Washington, D. C, and subject to all the conditions and 
requirements thereof, and of the circular specifications and general instruc- 
tions and conditions, of the same date, copies of all of which are hereto 
attached, and, so far as they relate to this proposal, are made a part of it, 
we [or] I propose to furnish and deliver all of said 

for the following price , to wit: 

We [or] I make this proposal with a full knowledge of the kind> 
quantity, and quality of the articles, materials, and work required, and, if 
it is accepted within sixty (60) days from this date, will, within ten (10) 
days after receiving notice of such acceptance, enter into contract with 

* For the regulations and instructions relating to these forms see Chapter VII. 



sureties in the sum of 
faithful performance thereof. 



dollars 



) each, for the 



[Signature] 
[Address] 
[Signature] 
[Address] 



Contract, Bond, Justification of Sureties, and Certificate. 

Articles of Agreement entered into this day of 

eighteen hundred and (18 ), between Thos. Lincoln 

Casey, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, of the first part, for and in behalf 
of the United States of America, and and 

partners, doing business under the firm-name of 
of of the county of , State of 

of the second part : 

This agreement witnesseth, That, in conformity with the advertisement, 
general instructions and conditions, specifications, and proposal hereunto 
attached, all of which enter into and form a part of this contract in the 
same manner as if specifically set forth herein, the said Thos. Lincoln 
Casey, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, and the said 



222 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



for heirs, executors, and adminis- 

trators, have mutually agreed, and by these presents do mutually covenant 
and agree, to and with each other, as follows, to wit : That the said party 
of the second part shall furnish , called for in the 

said specifications, for the Building for the Library of Congress, 
in Washington, in the District of Columbia, 

All materials furnished and work done under this contract shall, be- 
fore being accepted, be subject to a rigid inspection by an inspector ap- 
pointed on the part of the Government, and such as do not conform 
to the specifications set forth in this contract shall be rejected. The 
decision of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, as to quality and quantity 
shall be final. 

The said shall commence the 

called for by this contract, on or before the day of 

, eighteen hundred and (18 ), and 

shall complete the said on or before the 

day of , eighteen hundred and (18 ). 

If, in any event, the party of the second part shall delay or fail to 
commence with the delivery of the material or the performance of the 
work on the day specified herein, or shall, in the judgment of the party of 
the first part, fail to prosecute, faithfully and diligently, the work in 
accordance with the specifications and requirements of this contract, 
then, in either case, the party of the first part, or his successor legally 
appointed, shall have power to annul this contract by giving notice in 
writing to that effect to the party of the second part ; and, upon the giving 
of such notice, all money or reserved percentage due or to become due to 
the party of the second part, by reason of this contract, shall be and be- 
come forfeited to the United States ; and the party of the first part shall 
be thereupon authorized, if an immediate performance of the work or 
delivery of the materials be, in his opinion, required by the public exigency 
to proceed to provide for the same by open purchase or contract, as pre- 
scribed in Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States :. 
Provided, however, That if the party of the second part shall by freshets, 
ice, or other force or violence of the elements, and by no fault of his 
or their own, be prevented either from commencing or completing the 
work, or delivering the materials at the time agreed upon in this contract, 
such additional time may, in writing, be allowed him or them for such 
commencement or completion as, in the judgment of the party of the first 
part, or his successor, shall be just and reasonable ; but such allowance 
and extension shall in no manner affect the rights or obligations of the 



parties under this contract, but the same shall subsist, take effect, and be 
enforceable precisely as if the new date for such commencement or com- 
pletion had been the date originally herein agreed upon. 

If, at any time during the prosecution of the work, it be found advan- 
tageous or necessary to make any change or modification in the project, 
and this change or modification should involve such change in the speci- 
fications as to character and quantity, whether of labor or material, as 
would either increase or diminish the cost of the work, then such change 
or modification must be agreed upon in writing by the contracting par- 
ties, the agreement setting forth fully the reasons for such change, and 
giving clearly the quantities and prices of both material and labor thus 
substituted for those named in the original contract : Provided, That 
no payments shall be made unless such supplemental or modified agree- 
ment was signed before the obligation arising from such modification was 
incurred. 

No claim whatever shall at any time be made upon the United States 
by the party of the second part for or on account of any extra work or 
material performed or furnished, or alleged to have been performed 
or furnished under or by virtue of this contract, and not expressly 
bargained for and specifically included herein, unless such extra work or 
materials shall have been expressly required in writing by the party of the 
first part, or his successor, the prices and quantities thereof having been 
first agreed upon by the contracting parties. 

The party of the second part shall be responsible for and pay all 
liabilities incurred, in the prosecution of the work, for labor and material. 

It is further understood and agreed that, in case of failure on the part 
of the party of the second part to complete this contract as specified and 
agreed upon, all sums due and percentage retained shall thereby be 
forfeited to the United States, and that the said United States shall also 
have the right to recover any or all damages due to such failure in excess 
of the sums so forfeited, and also to recover from the party of the second 
part, as part of said damages, whatever sums may be expended by the 
party of the first part in completing the said contract, in excess of the 
price herein stipulated to be paid to the party of the second part for 
completing the same. 

The said party of the second part hereby warrants, that as to such of 
the articles or their application herein agreed to be by him or them sup- 
plied or furnished, as may be patented, said articles shall not infringe any 
patent of which the said party of the second part is not the patentee, or 
assignee, or lawfully entitled to sell the same for the uses aforesaid, and 
hereby covenants with the said party of the first part that will at 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS— FORMS. 



223 



all times well and truly save, keep, and bear harmless, and fully indemnify 
the United States, and any of its officers or agents, from and for all 
damages or claims for damages, costs, or expenses, in law or equity, that 
may at any time arise or be set up for any infringement of the patent- 
right of any person or persons in consequence of the use by the Chief of 
Engineers, U. S. Army, or by any of his agents, of the article or articles, 
or the application thereof contracted for under this contract. 

The said party of the second part further stipulates and agrees that 
if at any time during the continuance of this contract either or both of 
the sureties hereto shall die, or become irresponsible, the party of the 
first part shall have the right to require additional and sufficient sureties, 
which the said party of the second part shall thereupon furnish to the 
acceptance of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, within ten days after 
notice so to do; and in default thereof this contract may be annulled at 
the option of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. 

Payments shall be made to the said when the 

contracted for shall have been delivered and accepted, 
reserving ten per cent from each payment until the whole of the 
shall have been so delivered and accepted. 

Neither this contract nor any interest therein shall be transferred by 
the said to any other party ; and any such transfer 

shall cause the annulment of the contract so far as the United States is 
concerned. All rights of action, however, to recover for any breach of 
this contract by the said are reserved to the United 

States. 

No member of or delegate to Congress, nor any person belonging to, 
or employed in, the military service of the United States, is or shall be 
admitted to any share or part of this contract, or to any benefit which may 
arise herefrom. 

In witness whereof, the undersigned have hereunto placed their hands 

and seals the date first hereinbefore written. 

Witnesses: 

[seal.] 

Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. 

[seal.] 

(Executed in triplicate.) 



CONTRACTOR'S BOND. 



, and , of , as sureties, are 

held and bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum 
of dollars ($ ), to the payment of which sum, well 

and truly to be made, we do bind ourselves and each of us, our and 
each of our heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, for and in the 
whole jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

Given under our hands and seals this day of , 

189 . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that whereas the 
above-bounden ha , on the day of 

, 189 , entered into a contract with Thos. Lincoln Casey, Chief 
of Engineers, U. S. Army, for furnishing for the 

Building for the Library of Congress, in Washington, D. C: 

Now, therefore, if the above-bounden , heirs, 

executors, and administrators, shall and will, in all respects, duly and 
fully observe and perform all and singular the covenants, conditions, and 
agreements, in and by the said contract agreed and covenanted by 
to be observed and performed, and according to the true intent and 
meaning of the said contract, and as well during any period of extension 
of said contract that may be granted on the part of the United States as 
during the original term of the same, then the above obligation shall be 
void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. 

Witnesses : 

•'■ [L.8.] 

[L.S.] 

[l- s.j 

(Executed in triplicate.) 

Note. — Neither firms nor bonded officers of the United States will be accepted 
as sureties, nor will a partner be accepted as surety for a co-partner or for a firm 
of which he is a member, nor an officer of a corporation as surety for such cor- 
poration. 



ss 



Know all men by these presents, That we, 
, as principal, and 



,of 



State of 

County of 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 

dollars, over and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of surety.] 

Before me, 

[Signature 01 officer administering oath, ) 



,of 



with seal, if any.] 



224 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



State of ) 

County of J ss '* 

I, , one of the sureties named in the within 

bond, do swear that I am pecuniarily worth the sum of 
dollars, over and above all my debts and liabilities. 

[Signature of surety.] 

Before me, 

[Signature of officer administering oath, ) 
with seal, if any.] ) 

I, , do hereby certify that 

and , the sureties above named, are personally 

known to me, and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, each is 
pecuniarily worth, over and above all his debts and liabilities, the sum 
stated in the accompanying affidavit subscribed by him. 

[Signature of certifying official.] 

Note. — The certifying official must be a United States Judge, U. S. District 
Attorney, Clerk of United States Court, Collector of Customs or other United 
States officer. The certificate may be given separately as to each surety, and 
modified accordingly. 



VOUCHER. 

The United States, 

To , Dr. 

ON ACCOUNT OF THE APPROPRIATION FOR " BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF 

CONGRESS — CONSTRUCTION. " 



Date. 


Designation. 


Application. 


Amount. 


189 


Dollars. 


Cents. 













I certify that the above articles have been received in good order, and 
in the quantities above stated. 



Receiver of Material. 



I certify that the articles above enumerated have been received, or 
services rendered; that they were necesary for and have been, or will be, 
applied to the construction of the " Building for Library of Congress," 
and that the prices paid were, in my opinion, just and reasonable, and 
that the purchases were made in open market or under contract, in com- 
pliance with Section 3709 Revised Statutes. 

Approved : 



Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Superintendent and Engineer. 



Received, at Washington, D. C., this day of 

189 , from Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 
the sum of j^, dollars, in full payment of the above account. 



(Signed in duplicate.) 



Paid by check on United States Treasurer, No. 
dated , 189 . 



WORKS UNDER WAR DEPARTMENT AND OFFICERS IN CHARGE. 



225 



CHAPTER IX. 



DIRECTORY OF PUBLIC WORKS. 



WORKS UNDER WAR DEPARTMENT AND OFFICERS IN 

CHARGE. 

Secretary of War : 

Hon. DANIEL S. LAMONT, 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 

Assistant Secretary of War: 

Hon. JOSEPH B. DOE, 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 

FORTIFICATIONS AND RIVER AND HARBOR WORKS. 

(Grouped by districts in geographical order.) 

To find a work, look for the city in this list nearest the location of 
the work. Then look in the list of works under the charge of the engineer 
office in that city. 

The officers charged with these works are subject to change at any 
time. Changes in the arrangement of the districts and in the location of 
the headquarters offices are infrequent. Letters to the officer in charge 
of any district can be addressed: " The Engineer Officer in charge of Dis- 
trict, United States Engineer Office," etc. etc. The following list is cor- 
rect for April i, 1895. 

HEADQUARTERS CORPS OF ENGINEERS, WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

* Brigadier-General, Thos. Lincoln Casey, Chief of Engineers. 

In command of the Corps of Engineers, and in charge of the Engineer De- 
partment. Charged with the supervision of such matters connected with con- 
struction of jetties and other works at South Pass, Mississippi River, as require 
the action of the Secretary of War. Member of Rock Creek Park Commission, 

* Date of retirement from active service in U. S. Army, May 10, 1895. 



and of Board of Control of Rock Creek Park, by virtue of act of Congress approved 
September 27, 1890. Member of Commission on suburban highways, District of 
Columbia, by virtue of act of Congress approved March 2, 1893. 

Major Henry M. Adams, Corps of Engineers. First Assistant in 
office of Chief of Engineers. 

Captain George W. Goethals, Corps of Engineers. Disbursing 
Officer, office of Chief of Engineers. 



district offices. 

Portland, Maine. — United States Engineer Office, No. 537 Congress 
Street. Major David Porter Heap, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Knox, Popham, Gorges, Scammel, Preble, 
and McClary; batteries at Portland Head and Gerrish's Island, Me., and at Fort 
Constitution and Jerry's Point, N. H. 

Improvement of Harbors at Belfast, Camden, and Rockland, and Back Cove, 
Portland Harbor, Me.; harbor of refuge at Little Harbor, N. H., and the con- 
struction of breakwater from Mount Desert to Porcupine Island, Me. Improve- 
ment of rivers: Penobscot, Saco, including breakwater, Narragaugus, Bagaduce, 
Kennebec, Harraseeket, and St. Croix, Me.; Cocheco and Bellamy, N. H.; Lubec 
Channel and Moosabec Bar, Me. 

Bostofi, Mass. — United States Engineer Office, Room 124, Post-office 
Building. Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel M. Mansfield, Corps of Engi- 
neers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Warren, Winthrop, Standish, Andrew, 
Independence, and on Long Island Head, Mass. Construction of gun and mor- 
tar batteries for defense of Boston harbor. Improvement of the harbors at New- 
buryport, Lynn, Boston (including sea-walls on Point Allerton, Great Brewster 
Island, Lovells Island, Gallops Island, Long Island Head, Rainsford Island, and 
Deer Island; Mystic and Charles rivers; Fort Point Channel; channel leading to 
Nantasket Beach and Main Ship Channel), Provincetown, Plymouth, Scituate, 
Hingham, Gloucester, Winthrop, Wellfleet, Manchester, Kingston, Salem, includ- 



226 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



ing South River, and Stage Harbor at Chatham, Mass. Construction of a harbor 
■of refuge at Sandy Bay, Cape Ann, Mass. Improvement of the Merrimac, Ips- 
wich, Powow, Weymouth, including Weymouth Back River, Mystic, Maiden, and 
Essex rivers, Mass. Survey of Great Salt Pond, Block Island, R. I. To super- 
vise the rebuilding of Market Street and Arsenal Street bridges; the alterations 
in bridges across Charles River; the construction of bridge across Fort Point 
Channel at Dover Street, and over Chelsea Creek at Chelsea Street; and the con- 
struction of a temporary bridge across Mystic River, at Boston, Mass, 

Newport, R. I. — United States Engineer Office, No. 192 Thames 
Street. Captain William H. Bixby, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works of forts at Clark's Point, Mass.; Dutch Island, and 
Fort Adams, R. I. Improvement of the harbors of Wareham, Hyannis, New 
Bedford, Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, inner harbor, Mass.; Newport, 
Block Island, and entrance to Point Judith Pond, R. I.; and Stonington, Conn.; 
harbor of refuge at Nantucket, and Canapitsit Channel, Mass.; and construction 
of harbor of refuge at Point Judith, R. I. Improvement of the rivers Taunton, 
Mass.; Pawcatuck, R. I. and Conn.; Pawtucket, Providence River, Narragansett 
Bay, and Green Jacket Shoal, Providence River, R. I. Survey of Stonington 
Harbor, Conn.; Tarpaulin Cove, Naushon Island, Woods Holl and Little Woods 
Holl Harbor, Mass. ; Wickford Harbor, R. I., and Pawcatuck River, R. I. and 
Conn. Examination of Onset and Hyannis harbors, Bass River, Mass.; Connani- 
cut Island, for cutting a channel through the same, and Seaconnet Point, R. I. 
To supervise the construction of bridge across Seekonk River, R. I., and across 
Cohasset Narrows, Mass. 



New York, N. Y. — United States Engineer Office, Army Building, 
Whitehall Street. Colonel Henry M. Robert, Corps of Engineers, in 
charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Griswold and Trumbull, Conn.; Colum- 
bus, Wood, Wadsworth, and Tompkins and its batteries, Castle William, South 
Battery at Governor's Island, and of sea-wall at same, N. Y. Construction of gun- 
batteries on Staten Island, for defense of New York. Improvement of the harbors 
of New Haven, Bridgeport, Black Rock, Five Mile River, Stamford, Norwalk, Cos 
Cob and Miamus River; Conn.; and Port Chester, Glen Cove, Flushing Bay, Port 
Jefferson Inlet, Larchmont, and Huntington, N. Y.; of the harbor of refuge, 
Duck Island Harbor; and the construction of breakwaters at New Haven, Conn. 
Improvement of the Housatonic River and breakwater; Thames River, including 
Shaw's Cove, New London Harbor; Mystic and Saugatuck rivers, Conn.; Con- 
necticut River, Mass. and Conn.; and East Chester Creek, Patchogue River, and 
Browns Creek, N. Y. Survey of Westport and Norwalk harbors, Conn. To 
supervise the rebuilding of bridge across Connecticut River between Hartford 
and East Hartford, Conn. 



Willets Point, N. Y. Harbor. — United States Engineer Office. Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel William R. King, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Fort Schuyler and Willets Point; the Engineer 
Depot at Willets Point; torpedoes for harbor defense, and experiments with 
the same. Construction of gun and mortar batteries for defense of New York at 
eastern entrance of harbor, and of sea-wall at Davids Island, N. Y. 



New York, N. Y. — United States Engineer Office, Army Building, 
Whitehall Street. Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Gillespie, Corps of 
Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Hamilton and Lafayette, N. Y., and Fort 
at Sandy Hook, N. J. Construction of gun and mortar batteries for defense of 
New York, and sea-wall on the north shore of Sandy Hook, N. J. Improvement 
of the harbors of New York, Rondout, Saugerties, and Canarsie Bay, N. Y. ; 
Raritan Bay and Keyport Harbor, N. J. Improvement of the Hudson and Har- 
lem rivers, Bay Ridge, Red Hook, and Gowanus Bay channels, Buttermilk Chan- 
nel, and Jamaica Bay; deepening Gedney's Channel, Newtown Creek and Bay, 
Wappinger's Creek, Sheepshead Bay and Sumpawanus Inlet, N. Y. ; channel be- 
tween Staten Island and New Jersey, Arthur Kill between Staten Island and the 
New Jersey shore, N. Y. and N. J. ; of the rivers Shrewsbury, Rahway, Elizabeth, 
South, Raritan, and Passaic, mouth of Squan River, Shoal Harbor and Compton 
Creek, and Mattawan Creek, N. J. ; and the removal of obstructions in East Rivsr 
and Hell Gate, N. Y. To supervise the construction of proposed bridge across the 
East River between the city of New York and Long Island, and of two bridges be- 
tween the cities of New York and Brooklyn; of bridges across Harlem River at 
First Avenue, at Third Avenue, at Fourth Avenue, and at One Hundred and Fifty- 
fifth Street, New York City; across Hudson River in and between the city of New 
York and the State of New Jersey; and across Bronx River below West Farms, 
N. Y. ; of temporary bridges across Harlem River at Third Avenue, at Fourth 
Avenue, and at One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Street, New York City; the recon- 
struction of bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y. ; of certain work of the 
Hudson Tunnel Railway Company; of two piers on the Jersey Flats, New York 
Bay, at Bayonne, N. J.; and the use of the United States dike on Newark Bay 
front, N. J. 



Philadelphia, Pa.— United States Engineer Office, No. 1428 Arch 
Street. Major Charles W. Raymond, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Fort Mifflin, Pa.; Fort Delaware, and fort oppo- 
site Fort Delaware, Del.; at Finns Point, and site for defenses at Red Bank, N. J. 
Improvement of the harbors at Philadelphia, Pa., and N. J., and Delaware Break- 
water, Del.; ice harbors at Marcus Hook, Pa., and the head of Delaware Bay, 
De!.; of the Schuylkill River, Pa.; Delaware River, from Trenton to its mouth; 



WORKS UNDER WAR DEPARTMENT AND OFFICERS IN CHARGE. 



227 



Rancocas and Salem rivers; Alloway and Goshen creeks, N. J., and Frankford 
Creek, Pa. To supervise the construction of bridge across Delaware River, 
Frankford (2) and Pennypack creeks, at Philadelphia, Pa. 



Wilmington, Del. — United States Engineer Office, No. 824 Adams 
Street. Major Wm. F. Smith, U. S. A., retired, U. S. Agent, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbor at Wilmington, and Christiana River, 
Del.; of the harbors at Cambridge, Md., Onancock, and Cape Charles City and 
Chenton Inlet, Va. ; and ice harbor at New Castle, Del. Improvement of the 
Broadkiln, Appoquinimink, Smyrna, Murderkill, Mispillion, and Broad Creek 
rivers, Del.; Susquehanna River, Md. and Pa.; Choptank, Wicomico, Manokin, 
Chester, Latrappe, Warwick, and Elk rivers, and of Fairlee Creek or Inlet, Md.; 
and inland waterway from Chincoteague Bay, Va., to Delaware Bay at or near 
Lewes, Del. Survey of Nanticoke River, Del., and of Pocomoke River, Md. 



Baltimore, Md. — United States Engineer Office, No. 9 Pleasant Street. 
Colonel William P. Craighill, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Carroll and McHenry, Baltimore, Md. 
Improvement of the harbor at Baltimore, Md.; of Patapsco River and channel to 
Baltimore, Md.; James River, Va. ; and Gauley, Great Kanawha, and Elk rivers, 
W. Va. ; and protecting Jamestown Island from the encroachments of James 
River, Va. To supervise the construction of bridge across Elk River at Clen- 
dennin, W. Va. 



Harbor and the U. S. Navy-yard, Va. Improvement of the Appomattox, Chicka- 
hominy, and Nansemond rivers, including mouths of Bennett and Chuckatuck 
creeks, Va., North Landing River, and inland water route from Norfolk Harbor, 
Va., to Albemarle Sound, N. C, Roanoke and Pasquotank rivers, and Mackey's 
Creek, N. C. Survey of the waterways through the sounds of North Carolina 
and of the Dismal Swamp Canal, Va. and N. C. To supervise the construction 
of bridge across Scott's Creek, Va. 



Wilmington, N. C. — United States Engineer Office, Post-Office Build- 
• ing. Major William S. Stanton, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Macon and Caswell, and the Fort Johnston 
military reservation, N. C. Improvement of the harbors at Beaufort, N.C.; George- 
town and Winyaw Bay, S C. Improvement of Cape Fear River above and below 
Wilmington; Neuse, Pamlico, Tar, Black, Trent, New, North East (Cape Fear), 
and Lockwood's Folly rivers, Contentnia and Fishing cresks, Ocracoke Inlet, and 
inland waterway from New Berne to Beaufort, inland waterway between Beau- 
fort Harbor and New River, and waterway between New River and Swansboro, 
N. C. Survey of Cape Fear River, N. C. To supervise the construction of 
bridge across Contentnia Creek, at or near Grifton, and across Neuse River, 
N. C. 

Charleston, S. C. — United States Engineer Office, No. 12 Southern 
Wharf. Captain F. V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 



Washington, D. C. — United States Engineer Office, No. 601 Eigh- 
teenth Street, N. W. Major Charles E. L. B. Davis, Corps of Engineers, 
in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Foote and Washington, Md.; Wool and 
Monroe, Va. Improvement of the Potomac River in the vicinity of Washington; 
of channel in the Eastern Branch Potomac River; of Patuxent River, Md.; of 
the rivers Rappahannock, Mattaponi, York, and Pamunkey, and of Nomini, 
Urbanna, Occoquan, Aquia, and Lower Machodoc creeks, Va. Construction of 
the sewerage system at Fort Monroe, Va. Repairs to the Aqueduct Bridge, 
D. C. To supervise the reconstruction of the Washington shore end of the Long 
Bridge at Washington, D. C. ; the construction of bridge across Potomac River at 
The Three Sisters, D. C. ; and across Patuxent River at Mount Calvert, Md. 

Norfolk, Va. — United States Engineer Office, No. 106 Granby Street. 
Captain Thomas L. Casey, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbor at Norfolk, and the approach to Norfolk 



Works. — Defensive works at Forts Moultrie, Sumter, and Johnson, and Castle 
Pinckney, S. C. Improvement of the harbor at Charleston, S. C. Improvement 
of Lumber River, and of Waccamaw River, N. C. and S. C; of the Edisto, 
Salkiehatchie, Little Peedee, Great Peedee, Santee, Wateree, Congaree, Clark, 
and Beaufort rivers, Mingo Creek and Wappoo Cut, S. C. To supervise the con- 
struction of bridge across Lumber River, N. C, and across the cove at Sullivans 
Island, S. C. 



Savannah, Ga. — United States Engineer Office, Southern Bank Build- 
ing. Captain Oberlin M. Carter, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Oglethorpe and Pulaski, Ga., and Clinch, 
Fla. Improvement of the harbors at Savannah, Brunswick, and Darien, Ga. 
Improvement of Cumberland Sound, Savannah, Altamaha, Ocmulgee, and 
Oconee rivers, and Jekyl Creek, Ga., and inside route between Savannah, Ga., 
and Fernandina, Fla. To exercise supervision over the construction of bridges 
across the Oconee and St. Mary's rivers, Ga. 



228 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



St. Augustine, Fla. — United States Engineer Office, Custom-House. 
Major Thomas H. Handbury, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Marion and Taylor, Fla. Improvement 
of the harbors at Key West, including entrance thereto, Tampa Bay, Cedar 
Keys, and St. Augustine, Fla. Improvement of the St. John's River, Volusia 
Bar, Caloosahatchee River and Punta Rassa, Manatee, Withlacoochee, Suwanee, 
and Pease rivers, channel of Charlotte Harbor and Pease Creek Ocklawaha 
River, Indian River, and Sarasota Bay, Fla. Examination of St. John's River. 
To supervise the construction of bridges across St. John's, St. Lucia, Hills- 
borough, and Withlacoochee rivers, Fla. 

Montgomery, Ala. — United States Engineer Office, Moses Building. 
Major F. A. Mahan, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Pickens and Barrancas, Fla. Improve- 
ment of the harbors at Apalachicola Bay and River, and at Pensacola, Fla. 
Improvement of the rivers Coosa and Chattahoochee, Ga. and Ala., Flint, Ga.; 
Choctawhatchee, Escambia, and Conecuh, Fla. and Ala.; Apalachicola River, 
including Lee's Slough and its connection with the Chipola River, and from said 
connection to the mouth of Chipola River, Fla.; and Alabama, Ala. To super- 
vise the construction of bridge across Alabama River near Montgomery, Ala. ; 
and across Perdido River, Fla. and Ala. 

Mobile, Ala. — United States Engineer Office, No. 150 St. Francis 
Street. Major Andrew N. Damrell, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Morgan and Gaines, Ala., and Fort on 
Ship Island, Miss. Improvement of the harbor at Mobile, Ala. Improvement of 
the rivers Warrior and Black Warrior, Tombigbee and Warrior, Ala. ; Tom- 
bigbee, Ala. and Miss.; Pascagoula, Pearl, Chickasahay, and Leaf, Miss.; and 
Bogue Chitto, La. To supervise the construction of the bridges between Mobile 
Bay and Mississippi Sound, from Cedar Point to Dauphin Island ; across Three- 
Mile Creek ; across Dog and Fowl rivers, Ala.; and across Fort Bayou at Ocean 
Springs, Miss. 

New Orleans, La. — United States Engineer Office, No. 349 Caron- 
delet Street. Major James B. Quinn, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Jackson, St. Philip, Livingston, Pike, and 
Macomb, Tower Dupre, Battery Bienvenue, and Tower at Proctorsville, La. 
Improvement of" the Amite River and Bayou Manchac, Tickfaw, Chefuncte 
River and Bogue Falia, Mermentau River and tributaries, mouth and passes of 
Calcasieu River, bayous Terrebonne, Courtableau, Teche, Lafourche, and Plaque- 
mine, including removing obstructions from Grand River and Pigeon bayous ; 
channel, bay, and passes of Bayou Vermilion, La. ; harbor at Sabine Pass and 
Neches River, Tex.; and Sabine River, La. and Tex. To report upon the depth 



and width of a channel secured and maintained by jetties at the mouth of the 
Mississippi River. To supervise the construction of two bridges across Bayou 
La Fourche, and of bridge across Bayou Teche, near Loreauville, La. 

New Orleans, La. — United States Engineer Office, No. 1 Prytania 
Street. Captain George McC. Derby, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — 4th District of the Mississippi River, from Warrenton to Head of 
the Passes, for the purpose of improvement and the construction and repair of 
levees, to include levees and special work on the river, the improvement of the 
harbor at New Orleans, the Mississippi River at Natchez and Vidalia, the mouth 
of Red River, and the rectification of the Red and Atchafalaya rivers at mouth 
of Red River. To supervise the construction of bridge across Mississippi River 
above New Orleans, La. 

Galveston, Texas. — United States Engineer Office, Alvey Building, 
Major Alexander M. Miller, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the entrance to Galveston Harbor and of the 
harbor at Brazos Santiago, Tex. Improvement of ship channel in Galveston 
Bay, the channel in West Galveston Bay, Buffalo Bayou, Trinity River, and 
Cedar Bayou, Tex. Survey for determining the causes of the erosion of the 
easterly end of Galveston Island, Tex. To exercise supervision over the con- 
struction of bridge across Buffalo Bayou and Brazos River, Tex. 

Vicksburg, Miss. — United States Engineer Office, No. 108 West 
Crawford Street. Captain Joseph H. Willard, Corps of Engineers, in 
charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbor at Vicksburg, Miss.; Tensas River and 
Bayou Macon, La. and Ark.; Ouachita and Black rivers ; Bayou Bartholomew in 
La. and Ark.; Boef River and bayous D'Arbonne and Corney, La., including re- 
moving obstructions from the Little D'Arbonne ; Cypress Bayou, La. and Tex.; 
Red River, La. and Ark., including Sulphur River, and the Big Hatchee River, 
Tenn.; of the rivers Big Sunflower, Yazoo, Big Black, and Tallahatchee, Tchula 
Lake, Steeles and Washingtons bayous, and mouth of Yazoo River, Miss. 
Survey of Red River from Fulton, Ark., to the Atchafalaya River, La. Examina- 
tion of Little River, La. ; Bogue Phalia, Bear Creek, and Big Sunflower River, 
Miss. To supervise the construction of the bridge across Big Black River at 
Hankinsons Ferry, Miss., and across Sulphur River, Ark. 
• 

Little Rock, Ark. — United States Engineer Office, No. 823 Centre 
Street. Lieutenant William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Arkansas River, including removing obstruc- 
tions and operating snag-boats, Ark. and Ind. Ter. ; and of rivers White, St. 
Francis, Petit Jean, and Cache, Ark.; Black and Current, Ark. and Mo.; and St. 



WORKS UNDER W A R DEPARTMENT AND OFFICERS IN CHARGE. 



229 



Francois, Mo.; and removal of rock shoals in Fourche River, Ark. Examination 
of Cache and Upper White rivers, Ark., and St. Francis River, Mo. To super- 
vise the construction of bridges across the Arkansas River at Little Rock and at 
Cummings Landing ; and across the Poteau River in the Choctaw Nation, near 
Fort Smith, Ark. 



Memphis, Tenn. — United States Engineer Office, No. 106 Madison 
Street. Captain Curtis McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — 3d District of the Mississippi River, from mouth of White River to 
Warrenton, for the purpose of improvement and the construction and repair of 
levees, to include the improvement of the harbor at Vicksburg, Miss. 

Memphis, Tenn. — United States Engineer Office, No. 99 Madison 
Street. Captain Graham D. Fitch, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — 1st District of the Mississippi River from Cairo to foot of Island 
No. 40, and of 2d District from foot of Island No. 40 to mouth of White River, 
for the purpose of improvement and the construction and repair of levees. Ex- 
amination of Wolf River, Tenn. 



St. Louis, Mo. — United States Engineer Office, No. 2732 Pine Street. 
Captain George A. Zinn, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Secretary and Disbursing Officer of the Mississippi River Commis- 
sion. Secretary and Assistant to the Construction Committee of the Mississippi 
River Commission and Disbursing Officer for works carried on by the Commis- 
sion. 



Rock Island, III.- — U. S. Engineer Office. Lieutenant-Colonel 
Alexander Mackenzie, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Mis- 
souri to Minneapolis, from St. Paul to Minneapolis, and at Rock Island and Des 
Moines Rapids; and of Quincy Bay; and the care and maintenance of Galena 
River improvement, Illinois. Operating the dry-dock at the Des Moines Rapids 
Canal; the Des Moines Rapids Canal and snag boats and dredge-boats on Upper 
Mississippi River. To supervise the construction of bridges across the Missis- 
sippi River between Davenport, Iowa, and Rock Island, 111.; at Muscatine, at 
Lyons, at or near Clinton, Iowa; at La Crosse, Wis.; at Hastings, at St. Paul, at 
or near South St. Paul, and at Red Wing, Minn. 



St. Louis, Mo. — United States Engineer Office, Custom-House. 
Major Charles J. Allen, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Mississippi River — removal of snags, etc. ; Mis- 
sissippi River from the mouth of the Ohio River to the mouth of the Missouri 
River, and harbor at St. Louis, Mo., and Kaskaskia River, 111. To exercise 
supervision over the construction of bridges across the Mississippi River at St. 
Louis, Mo., and at Alton, 111. 

St. Louis, Mo. — United States Engineer Office, 15 15 Locust Street. 
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles R. Suter, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — To exercise supervision over the construction of bridges across the 
Missouri River at or near Sioux City, Iowa; at Omaha, Neb.; near Council 
Bluffs, Iowa, and East Omaha, Neb.; between Kansas City and Sibley, Mo.; 
between Leavenworth, Kans., and Platte County, Mo.; at St. Charles, and 
between St. Charles and the mouth of Missouri River, Mo. 

St. Louis, Mo. — United States Engineer Office, No. 1515 Locust 
Street. Lieutenant James C. Sanford, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Secretary and Disbursing Officer of the Missouri River Commission. 
Improvement of Osage River, Mo. and Kans., and Gasconnade River, Mo. 



St. Paul, Minn. — U. S. Engineer Office, Room 37, Globe Building. 
Major William A. Jones, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Chippewa River, including Yellow Banks; of 
the Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, the Red River of the North, and of the Mis- 
sissippi River above the Falls of St. Anthony. Care and maintenance of Reser- 
voirs at headwaters of the Mississippi River, including construction of a navi- 
gable pass through the Sandy Lake Dam. Gauging the waters of the Mississippi 
River and its tributaries at or near St. Paul, Minn. Examination of Red Lake 
River, Minn. To exercise supervision over construction of bridges across Red 
River of the North at Alpha, De Mers, and Minnesota avenues, Grand Forks, 
N. Dak. 

Sioux City, Iowa. — United States Engineer Office, Fourth and Jack- 
son Sts. Captain Harry F Hodges, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Upper Missouri River between Stubbs' Ferry, 
Mont., and the lower limits of Sioux City, Iowa, including removing snags and 
other like obstructions above Sioux City, and of the Yellowstone River, Mont, 
and N. Dak. Survey of Missouri River between Sioux City, Iowa, and Fort 
Benton, Mont. To supervise the construction of bridge across Missouri River at 
Yankton, S. Dak. 



230 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Nashville, Tenn. — United States Engineer Office, No. 802 Broad St. 
Captain John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the rivers Cumberland above and below Nashville, 
Ky. and Tenn., Caney Fork, Obion, and Forked Deer, including North Fork, 
Tenn. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. — United States Engineer Office, Loveman Building. 
Captain Theodore A. Bingham, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Tennessee River above and below Chattanooga, 
Hiawassee, French Broad, Little Pigeon, and Clinch rivers, Tenn. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. — United States Engineer Office, Custom-House. 
Lieutenant-Colonel Amos Stickney, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the Ohio River and of the Muskingum River, Ohio; 
the construction of harbor of refuge at mouth of Muskingum River, and of a 
movable dam at or below the mouth of Beaver River, Pa.; and of operating snag- 
boats on the Ohio River. Survey of the harbor of Elizabethtown, 111., and of 
Ohio River, movable dams, numbered three, four, and five, Penna. To exercise 
supervision over the construction of bridges across Ohio River near Ceredo, W. 
Va. ; between Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, and at East Liverpool, Ohio, 
and the rebuilding of bridge across Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio, to New- 
port, Ky. 

Pittsburg, Pa. — United States Engineer Office, P. O. Box 1240. 
Major Richard L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of Allegheny River, Pa., and of Cheat and Mononga- 
hela rivers, W. Va. and Pa. ; the construction of a dam at Herrs Island, Allegheny 
River; and operating and care of locks and dams on Monongahela River. Survey 
of Allegheny River, Pa. Examination of Clarion River, Pa. To supervise the 
construction of bridges across Allegheny River at New Kensington, at Creighton; 
and below Tarentum; across Monongahela River at Pittsburg (four), near Pitts- 
burg, and between Pittsburg and Homestead (two); and across Youghiogheny 
River in Fayette County, Pa. 

Louisville, Ky. — United States Engineer Office, Room 6, Custom- 
House. Captain James G. Warren, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Charge of the Louisville and Portland Canal. Improvement of the 
Falls of the Ohio River; the Indiana Chute, Falls of the Ohio River, Ky.; Wabash 
River, Ind. and 111.; and White River, Ind. To exercise supervision over the 
construction of bridges across the Ohio River at Louisville, across Salt River 
near West Point, Ky., and across Little Wabash River at New Haven, 111. 



Cincinnati, Ohio. — United States Engineer Office, Custom-House. 
Major Daniel W. Lockwood, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of Little Kanawha and Guyandotte rivers, W. Va.; 
Tug Fork of Big Sandy River, Big Sandy River, near Louisa, for movable dam, 
Kentucky; Tradewater, Green, and Barren rivers; Levisa Fork of Big Sandy 
River, Rough River, and of Licking River from Farmers to West Liberty, Ky. 
To exercise supervision over the rebuilding of bridge across Big Sandy River; 
and across the Kentucky River at Frankfort, Ky. 

Duluth, Minn. — United States Engineer Office, Chamber of Com- 
merce Building. Major Clinton B. Sears, Corps of Engineers, in 
charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbors of Duluth, Grand Marais, Agate Bay, 
Minn.; Superior Bay and St. Louis Bay, and Ashland, Wis.; Ontonagon, Eagle 
Harbor, and Marquette; harbor of refuge at Grand Marais, and of the improve- 
ment, operating and care of waterway across Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, 
Mich. Charge of water-level observations on Lake Superior Examination and 
survey for the location of a canal connecting Lake Superior and the Mississippi 
River. Examination of harbors of Superior, Wis., and Duluth, Minn. 

Milwaukee, Wis. — United States Engineer Office, No. 366 Milwaukee 
Street. Captain Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbors at Manistique and Cedar River, Mich.; 
Menominee, Mich, and Wis.; Oconto, Pensaukee, Ahnapee, Kewaunee, Two 
Rivers, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Port Washington, Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, 
and Green Bay, including the Fox River below De Pere, Wis., and Waukegan, 
111.; and of harbors of refuge at Milwaukee Bay, and at Sturgeon Bay Canal, 
Wis. Charge of the Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal. Improvement 
of Menominee River, Wis. and Mich.; Fox River, including the harbor of Fond 
du Lac and approaches thereto; and removing sand-bar at outlet of Fond du Lac 
River, Wis. Charge of water-level observations on Lake Michigan. To super- 
vise the construction of bridges across the Sheboygan River at Sheboygan ; across 
Kewaunee River at Kewaunee; across North Menominee Canal; across Wolf 
River at Gills Landing; across Fox River and the Government Canal at Kau- 
kauna; across the Fox River below Governors Bend Lock, and between Green Bay 
and Fort Howard; across Wisconsin River near Lone Rock; and the rebuilding 
of bridge across Fox River and the U. S. Canal at De Pere, Wis. 

Chicago, ///.—United States Engineer Office, No. 2258 Wabash Ave. 
Captain William L. Marshall, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbors at Chicago and Calumet, 111. ; of the 
improvement of the Illinois and Calumet rivers; and of the construction of the 



WORKS UNDER IV A R DEPARTMENT AND OFFICERS IN CHARGE. 



231 



Illinois and Mississippi Canal. To supervise the construction of bridges across 
the west fork of south branch of Chicago River at Chicago; across Chicago River 
in West Chicago; across Chicago River between Wells and Clark streets, and 
■east of Wells Street bridge, Chicago; across Calumet River; and across the Illinois 
River at Kampsville or Columbiana, and at Havana; the alterations of the bridge 
across south branch of Chicago River near 19th Street, and the rebuilding of the 
bridges across Calumet River at South Chicago, 111. 



Detroit, Mich. — United States Engineer Office, Telephone Building. 
Lieutenant-Colonel Garrett J. Lydecker, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Fort Wayne, Mich. Improvement of the har- 
bors at Michigan City, Ind. ; St. Joseph, including Benton Harbor Canal; South 
Haven, Saugatuck, Holland (Black Lake), Grand Haven, Muskegon, White Lake, 
Pentwater, Ludington, Manistee, Frankfort, Charlevoix, including entrance to 
Pine Lake; Petoskey, Cheboygan, Portage Lake, Sand Beach, and Alpena, Mich. 
Improvement of St. Joseph and Saginaw rivers; Black River at Port Huron, 
mouth of Black River, Clinton and Rouge rivers; and the construction of turning 
basin in Rouge River, Mich. Survey of Kalamazoo, Belle Sebewaing, and Pine 
rivers, Mich. To supervise the construction of bridges across Rouge River near 
Detroit; across Muskegon Lake between Muskegon and North Muskegon; across 
Muskegon River at Muskegon; and across Manistee River, at Manistee, Mich. 



St. 



Detroit, Mich. — United States Engineer Office, No. 34 West Congress 
Colonel Orlando M. Poe, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 



Works. — Improvement of the St. Marys River at the Falls; the St. Clair 
Flats Ship Canal; Detroit River, Mich.; Hay Lake Channel of the St. Marys. 
River; and of the ship channel connecting waters of the Great Lakes between 
Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo; the construction of dry dock, St. Marys Falls 
Canal; and dredging at Grosse Point Channel. Charge of St. Clair Flats Ship 
Canal and St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich. Charge of issuing charts of Northern 
and Northwestern Lakes, and of water-level observations on Lake Huron. 



Cleveland, Ohio. — United States Engineer Office, Hickox Bldg., No. 
185 Euclid Ave. Lieutenant-Colonel Jared A. Smith, Corps of Engin- 
eers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of harbors at Monroe, Mich.; Toledo, Port Clinton, 
Sandusky, Vermillion, Huron, Cleveland, Fairport, Ashtabula, Conneaut, and 
mouth of Black River, and of Sandusky River, Ohio. Charge of water-level 
■observations on Lake Erie. 



Buffalo, N. Y. — United States Engineer Office, No. 121 Franklin 
Street, Major Ernest H. Ruffner, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of the harbors at Erie, Pa., and Buffalo, Wilson, Ol- 
cott, Oak Orchard, and Dunkirk, N. Y. Improvement of Tonawanda Harbor 
and Niagara River, and of Niagara River from Tonawanda to Port Day, N. Y. 

Oswego, N. Y. — United States Engineer Office, Second National Bank 
Building. Captain Dan C. Kingman, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Niagara and Ontario, N. Y. Improve- 
ment of the harbors at Charlotte, Great Sodus Bay, Little Sodus Bay, Oswego, 
Sacketts Harbor, and Pultneyville, N. Y. Charge of water-level observations on 
Lake Ontario. 



Burlington, Vt. — United States Engineer Office, No. 8 Church 
Street, Captain Smith S. Leach, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — -Defensive works at Fort Montgomery, New York. Improvement 
of the harbors at Ogdensburg, N. Y., and Burlington, Vt., and construction of 
breakwater at Rouses Point, N. Y. Improvement of St. Lawrence, Ticonderoga, 
and Great Chazy Rivers; of narrows at Lake Champlain, N. Y., and of Otter 
Creek, Vt. To supervise the construction of bridge across the St. Lawrence 
River at Morristown, N. Y. 

San Francisco, Cal — United States Engineer Office, No. 533 Kearny 
Street. * Colonel George H. Mendell, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Fort Winfield Scott and at Fort Mason, in San 
Francisco Bay, and of the Battery at San Diego, Cal. Construction of gun and 
mortar batteries for defense of San Francisco, Cal. Improvement of Oakland 
Harbor, Cal. 

San Francisco, Cal. — United States Engineer Office, Donohoe Build- 
ing, cor. Market and Taylor Streets. Lieutenant-Colonel Wm. H. H. 
Benyaurd, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works of Alcatraz and Angel Islands, and at Lime Point, 
Cal. In charge of Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, Cal. Improve- 
ment of the harbors at Wilmington, San Diego, and San Luis Obispo; of Napa 
River and Redwood Creek, Cal.; and Colorado River, Ariz. Examination of 
Colorado River above Yuma, Ariz. 

* Date of retirement from active service, U. S. Army, October 12, 1S95. 



232 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



San Francisco, Cal. — United States Engineer Office, Room 89, Flood 
Building. Major William H. Heuer, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of Humboldt Harbor and Bay; of the Sacramento and 
Feather rivers, including treatment of the Yuba River near and above Marys- 
ville, and of Bear River, San Joaquin and Mokelumne rivers, and Petaluma 
Creek, Cal. Examination of San Joaquin and American rivers, and Steamboat 
Channel and from junction thereof with Sacramento River to mouth of said river, 
Cal. To supervise the construction of bridge across Mormon Channel at Otter 
Street, Stockton, Cal. 

Portland, Ore. — United States Engineer Office, Worcester Building. 
No. 68 Third Street. Captain Thomas W. Symons, Corps of Engineers, 
in charge. 

Works. — Improvement of harbor at Yaquina Bay, entrance to harbor at Ne- 
halem Bay, mouth of Siuslaw River, Umpqua and Coquille Rivers, Upper Coquille 
River, between Coquille City and Myrtle Point, Tillamook Bay, entrance and 
harbor at Coos Bay, Oreg. ; the Upper Columbia and Snake rivers, Oreg. and 
Wash.; Upper Snake River between Huntington Bridge and Seven Devils mining 
district, Idaho; Olympia Harbor, Grays Harbor and Chehalis River; the Colum- 
bia River from the head of Rock Island Rapids to Foster Creek Rapids; Puget 
Sound and its tributary waters; Swinomish Slough, and Willapa River and Har- 
bor; dredging Everett Harbor, including mouth of Snohomish River, and Sno- 
homish River from mouth to Lowell, and dredging Salmon Bay, and the improve- 
ment of the waterway connecting the waters of Puget Sound, at Salmon Bay, 
with Lakes Union and Washington by enlarging the said waterway into a ship- 
canal, Wash. Survey of Grays Harbor and its bar entrance, and Columbia > 
River, Wash. Examination of Flathead, Kootenai, and Pend d'Oreille rivers, 
Mont., and North River, Wash. To exercise supervision over the construction 
of bridges across Clearwater River above Lewiston, Idaho; across D'Wamish 
River, near Seattle; over the Ship Channel at Tacoma; and across Stillaquamish 
River, Wash. 

Portland, Ore. — United States Engineer Office, No. 73 Fourth Street. 
Major James C. Post, Corps of Engineers, in charge. 

Works. — Defensive works at Forts Stevens, Oreg., and Canby, Wash. Im- 
provement of the Canal at the Cascades of the Columbia River, mouth of the 
Columbia River, Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash., at Three-Mile Rapids, and 
the construction and equipment of a boat railway from the foot of The Dalles 
Rapids to the head of Celilo Falls, Willamette River above Portland, including 
the removal of obstructions in Yamhill River up to McMinnville; Lower Willa- 
mette River in front of and below Portland, Oreg., and Columbia River below 
the Willamette River, Oreg. and Wash. ; Youngs and Klaskuine rivers, Oreg.; 
Columbia River, between the mouth of the Willamette River and the city of Van- 
couver, and of the Cowlitz River, Wash. In charge of gauging waters of the 



Columbia River, measuring tidal and river volumes. Survey of Yamhill, Colum- 
bia, and Willamette rivers, Oreg. To supervise the construction of bridge across 
the Willamette River at Portland; across Young's Bay, Oreg.; across the Colum- 
bia River near Vancouver; across the east fork of Lewis P;ver at La Center, and 
across Skamokawa Creek, Wash. 



BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS. 

Board of Ordnance and Fortification. 

Lieut.-Gen. John M. Schofield, Commanding U. S. Army, President. 
Washington, D. C. 

* Colonel Henry L. Abbot, Corps of Engineers, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. 
U. S. A., Army Building, New York. 

Colonel Royal T. Frank, 1st Artillery, Fort Monroe, Va. 

Major Frank H. Phipps, Ordnance Department, U. S. A., Governors 
Island, New York, N. Y. 

Hon. Joseph H. Outhwaite, Columbus, Ohio. 

Captain J. C. Ayres, Ordnance Department, U. S. A., Recorder of 
the Board, Governor's Island, New York, N. Y. 

The Board of Engineers. 

* Colonel Henry L. Abbot, President, Army Building, New York. 
Colonel Henry M. Robert, Army Building, New York. 

Lieut. -Col. Peter C. Hains, Light-House Depot, Tompkinsville, 
New York. 

Lieut.-Col. George L. Gillespie, Army Building, New York. 

Member when considering fortifications of Pacific Coast : f Colonel 
George H. Mendell, 533 Kearny St., San Francisco, Cal. 

Member when considering fortifications of South Atlantic Coast : 
Colonel William P. Craighill, 9 Pleasant St., Baltimore, Md. 

Mississippi River Commission. (Created by Act of Congress of June 28,1879.) 

Lieut.-Colonel Geo. L. Gillespie, President, Army Building, New 
York. 

Lieut.-Colonel Charles R. Suter, 1515 Lucas Place (Locust St.), St. 
Louis, Mo. 

* Date of retirement from active service, U. S. Army, August 13, 1895. 
f Date of retirement from active service, U. S. Army, October 12, 1895. 



BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS. 



233 



Lieut.-Colonel Amos Stickney, Custom-House, Cincinnati, O. 

B. M. Harrod, No. 19 Masonic Building, New Orleans, La. 

R. S. Taylor, Fort Wayne, Ind. 

Henry Flad, C.E., 3400 Franklin Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 

Henry L. Whiting, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, 
D. C. 

Captain George A. Zinn, Secretary and Disbursing Officer, and 
Secretary and Assistant to the Construction Committee, and Disbursing 
Officer for Works carried on by the Commission, No. 2732 Pine St., St. 
Louis, Mo. 

Missouri River Commission. (Created by Act of Congress of July 5, 1884.) 

Lieut.-Colonel Charles R. Suter, President, 15 15 Lucas Place 
(Locust St.), St. Louis, Mo. 

Lieut.-Colonel Alexander Mackenzie, Rock Island, 111. 

Major Charles J. Allen, Custom-House, St. Louis, Mo. 

G. C. Broadhead, Missouri State University, Columbia, Mo. 

R. S. Berlin, Continental Block, Omaha, Neb. 

Lieut. James C. Sanford, Secretary and Disbursing Officer, 15 15 
Lucas Place (Locust St.), St. Louis, Mo. 

California Debris Commission, to regulate Hydraulic Mining in the State 
of California. (Created by Act of Congress of March 1, 1893.) 

* Colonel George H. Mendell, President, No. 533 Kearny St., San 
Francisco, Cal. 

Lieut.-Coh Wm. H. H. Benyaurd, Donohoe Building, corner Market 
and Taylor Sts., San Francisco, Cal. 

Major Wm. H. Heuer, Room 89, Flood Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

Lieut. Cassius E. Gillette, Disbursing Officer, Room 92, Flood 
Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

Lake Erie and Ohio River Canal Board. 

Colonel Orlando M. Poe, 34 West Congress St., Detroit, Mich. 
Lieut.-Colonel Amos Stickney, Custom-House, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Captain William L. Marshall, No. 2258 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. 
Lieut. Hiram M. Chittenden, Executive and Disbursing Officer, 
Room 44, Journal Building, Columbus, Ohio. 

* Date of retirement from active service, U. S. Army, October 12, 1895. 



Board o?i Building and Repair of Levees on Mississippi River. 

Captain George McC. Derby, No. i Prytannia St., New Orleans, La. 
Captain Curtis McD. Townsend, No. 106 Madison St., Memphis,. 
Tenn. 

Captain Graham D. Fitch, No. 99 Madison St., Memphis, Tenn. 

Public Buildings and Grounds in District of Columbia under Engineer 

Department. 

Colonel John M. Wilson, Corps of Engineers, in charge. Office : 
Room 24, War Department, Washington, D. C. 

Works.— Charge of Public Buildings and Grounds in the District of Colum- 
bia, with the rank of Colonel. Charge of the preservation, care, and safety of 
buildings occupiei by the War Department in the District of Columbia. Charge 
of Government telegraph lines connecting the Capitol with the various Depart- 
ments and the Government Printing Office. Charge of repairs to the Government 
Printing Office building and construction of new Printing Office Building. Charge 
of the disbursement of the funds for and the construction of Pedestal and Statue 
of Gen. John A. Logan, and of the Foundation and Pedestal of the Statue of Gen. 
Winfield S. Hancock, to be erected in the city of Washington. Charge of the 
erection of a Monument at the Birthplace of Washington and the construction of 
an iron pile dock as a means of approach to the same. 

Washington Aqueduct. 

Major John G. D. Knight, Corps of Engineers, in charge. Office : 
No. 2728 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D. C. 

Works. — Charge of the Washington Aqueduct; increasing the water supply 
of the city of Washington, and of the disbursement of funds pertaining to the 
erection of fishways at Great Falls of the Potomac. 

Colonel George H. Elliot, Corps of Engineers, retired. Office: 
No. 2728 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D. C. 

Works. — Charge of the Dalecarha receiving reservoir of the Washington 
Aqueduct. 



WORKS UNDER QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 

ARMY POSTS. 
Corrected to March I, 1895. 

The officer detailed as Post Quartermaster is liable to be changed at 
any time. Communications maybe addressed "Post Quartermaster," 
etc., etc., without naming the officer. 



234 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Quartermaster-General's Office, War Department, Washington, D. C. 
Brigadier-General R. N. Batchelder, Quartermaster- General. 

Assistants in Office of Quartermaster-General : 

Lieut.-Col. G. H. Weeks, Dep. Q. M. Gen. 
Assisting the Quartermaster-General in administrative business of the office 
and in charge of matters pertaining to finance, money and property accounts, 
clothing and equipage returns, inspection, and clothing and equipage supplies. 

Major D. D. Wheeler, Q. M. 

In charge of matters pertaining to transportation and regular supplies; also 
conducting fuel tests, Q. M. G. O. 

Captain W. S. Patten, A. Q. M. 

In charge of matters pertaining to mail and record; records, files, and claims; 
National Cemeteries. 

Captain C. P. Miller, A. Q. M. 
In charge of matters pertaining to barracks and quarters and construction 
and repairs. 

Captain O. F. Long, A. Q. M. 

In charge of matters relating to lighting and heating, sewerage, and plumb- 
ing at military posts. 

POSTS AND POST QUARTERMASTERS. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE EAST. 

Adams, Fort, R. I. Lieut. E. M. Weaver, 2d Art. 

Barrancas, Fort, Fla. Lieut. D. J. Rumbough, 3d Art. 

Columbus, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. H. L. Bailey, 21st Inf. 

Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Major Charles Bird, Q. M. 

Davids Island, N. Y. Capt. J. W. Summerhayes, A. Q. M. 

Ethan Allen, Fort, Vt. Lieut. J. W. Heard, 3d Cav. Capt. Guy 
Howard, A. Q. M., in charge of construction. 

Hamilton, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. C. J. Bailey, 1st Art. 

Jackson Barracks, La. Lieut. Geo. LeR. Irwin, 3d Art. 

Key West Barracks, Fla. Lieut. J. M. Califf, 3d Art. 

Madison Barracks, N. Y. Lieut. F. L. Dodds, 9th Inf. Lieut. Geo. 
Palmer, 9th Inf. In charge of construction during absence of Capt. 
C. B. Thompson, A. Q. M. 

McHenry, Fort, Md. Lieut. A. Cronkhite, 4th Art. 

McPherson, Fort, Ga. Lieut. F. C. Kimball, 5th Inf. 
' Monroe, Fort, Va. Capt. J. W. Pullman, A. Q. M. 

Myer, Fort, Va. Lieut. Thos. Cruse, 6th Cav. 



Newport, Ky., Lieut. R. B. Turner, 6th Inf. 
Niagara, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. C. S. Hall, 13th Inf. 
Plattsburgh Barracks, N. Y. Lieut. E. H. Brooke, 21st Inf. Capt. 
G. E. Pond, A. Q. M., in charge of construction. 

Porter, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. W. N. Hughes, 13th Inf. 

Preble, Fort, Me. Lieut. J. H. Gifford, 2d Art. 

Schuyler, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. M. Crawford, 2d Art. 

St. Francis Barracks, Fla. Lieut. C. G. Woodward, 3d Art. 

Thomas, Fort, Ky. Lieut. C. G. Morton, 6th Inf. 

Trumbull, Fort, Conn. Lieut. H. A. Reed, 2d Art. 

Wadsworth, Fort, N. Y. Lieut. R. H. Patterson, 1st Art. 

Warren, Fort, Mass. Lieut. L. Ostheim, 2d Art. 

Washington Barracks, D. C Lieut. Ira A. Haynes, 4th Art. 

West Point, N. Y. Capt. J. B. Bellinger, A. Q. M. 

Willets Point, N. Y. Lieut. Edgar Jadwin, Corps of Engineers. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE MISSOURI. 

Brady, Fort, Mich. Lieut. B. M. Purssell, 19th Inf. 

Hot Springs, Ark. Lieut. L. D. Greene, 7th Inf. 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Capt. S. R. Jones, A. Q. M. 

Leavenworth, Fort, Kans. (Mil. Prison). Lieut. Geo. B. Davis, 4th 
Inf. 

Leavenworth, Fort, Kans. (Post). Capt. F. G. Hodgson, A. Q. M. 

Little Rock, Ark. Capt. R. R. Stevens, A. Q. M. 

Mackinac, Fort, Mich. Lieut. W. Geary, 19th Inf. 

Reno, Fort, O. T. Lieut. J. H. Shollenberger, 10th Inf. 

Riley, Fort, Kansas. Capt. W. H. Miller, A. Q. M. 

Sheridan, Fort, 111. Capt. F. B. Jones, A. Q. M. 

Sill, Fort, O. T. Lieut. J. A. Harman, 7th Cav. 

Supply, Fort, O. T. Lieut. F. E. Lacey, Jr., 10th Inf. 

Wayne, Fort, Mich. Lieut. H. L. Roberts, 19th Inf. Capt. George 
Ruhlen, A. Q. M., in charge of construction, No. 1688 River St., Detroit, 
Mich. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE PLATTE. 

Crook, Fort, Neb. Major C. F. Humphrey, Q. M., Omaha, Neb. 
D. A. Russell, Fort, Wyo. Lieut. E. N. Jones, 8th Inf. 
Niobrara, Fort, Neb. Lieut. D. E. McCarthy, 12th Inf. 
Omaha, Fort, Neb. Lieut. H. H. Benham, 2d Inf. 



Robinson, Fort, Neb. 
Washakie, Fort, Wyo. 



Lieut. E. F. Ladd, 9th Cav. 
Lieut. T. Norman, 8th Inf. 



ARMY POSTS AND POST QUARTERMASTERS. 



235 



DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA. 

Assinniboine, Fort, Mont. Lieut. J. B. McDonald, ioth Cav. 
Buford, Fort, N. Dak. Capt. H. P. Ritzins, 25th Inf. 
Custer, Fort, Mont. Lieut. W. H. Hay, ioth Cav. 
Harrison, Fort, Helena, Mont. Capt. G. S. Hoyt, A. Q. M. 
Keogh, Fort, Mont. Lieut. R. N. Getty, 22d Inf. 
Meade, Fort, S. Dak. Lieut. C. C. Walcutt, Jr., 8th Cav. 
Missoula, Fort, Mont. Lieut. A. B. Shattuck, 25th Inf. 
Pembina, Fort, N. Dak. H. E. Ely, 2 2 d Inf. 
Snelling, Fort, Minn. Lieut. W. C. Buttler, 3d Inf. 
Yates, Fort, N. Dak. Lieut. W. E. Ayer, 12th Inf. 
Yellowstone, Fort, Wyo. Lieut. W. W. Forsyth, 6th Cav. 

DEPARTMENT OF TEXAS. 

Bliss, Fort, Texas. Lieut. E. S. Avis, 18th Inf. 
Brown, Fort, Texas. Lieut. H. J. Goldman, 5th Cav. 
Clark, Fort, Texas. Lieut. W. A. Nichols, 23d Inf. 
Eagle Pass, Camp, Texas, Lieut. L. W. Cornish, 5th Cav. 
Hancock, Fort, Texas. Capt. H. Jackson, 7th Cav. 
Mcintosh, Fort, Texas. Lieut. H. T. Ferguson, 23d Inf. 
Ringgold, Fort, Texas, Lieut. S. E. Adair, 5th Cav. 
Sam Houston, Fort, Texas. Lieut. G. W. Read, 5th Cav. 

DEPARTMENT OF CALIFORNIA. 

Alcatraz Island, Cal. Lieut. O. E. Wood, 5th Art. 
Angel Island, Cal. Lieut. F. O. Ferris, 1st Inf. 
Benecia Barracks, Cal. Lieut. H. A. Smith, 1st Inf. 
Mason, Fort, Cal. Lieut. P. C, March, 5th Art. 
Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. Capt. J. E. Sawyer, A. Q. M. 
San Diego Barracks, Cal. Lieut. A. H. Martin, 1st Inf. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE COLORADO. 

Apache, Fort, Ariz. Lieut. H. R. Lee, nth Inf. 
Bayard, Fort, N. M. Lieut. J. E. Brett, 24th Inf. 
Douglas, Fort, Utah. Lieut. W. K. Wright, 16th Inf. 
Du Chesne, Fort, Utah. Lieut. L. M. Koehler, 9th Cav. 
Grant, Fort, Ariz. Lieut. G. H. Macdonald, 1st Cav. 
Huachuca, Fort, Ariz. Lieut. Geo. S. Cartwright, 24th Inf. 
Logan, Fort, Colo. Lieut. Geo. S. Young, 7th Inf. 
San Carlos, A. T. Lieut. L. P. Davison, nth Inf. 
Stanton, Fort, N. Mex. Lieut. E. S. Wright, 1st Cav. 



Whipple Barracks, Ariz. Lieut. R. M. Blatchford, nth Inf. 
Wingate, Fort, N. Mex. Lieut. C. B. Hoppin, 2d Cav. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE COLUMBIA. 

Boise Barracks, Idaho. Lieut. R. D. Walsh, 4th Cav. 
Canby, Fort, Wash. Lieut. E. T. Brown, 5th Art. 
Sherman, Fort, Idaho. Lieut. E. H. Brown, 4th Inf. 
Spokane, Fort, Wash. Lieut. F. B. Andrews, 4th Inf. 
Townsend, Fort, Wash. Lieut. O. E. Hunt, 14th Inf. 
Vancouver Barracks, Wash. Lieut. H. C. Cabell, 14th Inf. 
Walla Walla, Fort, Wash. Lieut. R. A. Brown, 4th Cav. 

ARSENALS. 

Allegheny Arsenal, Pa. Capt. M. J. Grealish, Ord. Dept. 
Augusta Arsenal, Ga. Major J. G. Butler, Ord. Dept. 
Benecia Arsenal, Cal. Lieut. O. M. Lissak, Ord. Dept. 
Columbia Arsenal, Tenn. Capt. J. E. Greer, Ord. Dept. 
Frankford Arsenal, Pa. Capt. C. H. Clark, Ord. Dept. 
Indianapolis Arsenal, Ind. Major A. L. Varney, Ord. Dept. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Maine. Major J. R. McGinness, Ord. Dept. 
Rock Island Arsenal, Ills. Lieut. O. G Horney, Ord. Dept. 
Sandy Hook Proving Ground, N. J. Lieut. C L'H. Ruggles, Ord. 
Dept. 

St. Louis Powder Depot, Mo. Major J. A. Kress, Ord. Dept. 
Springfield Armory, Mass. Major W. H. Rexford, Ord. Dept. 
U. S. Powder Depot, Dover, N. J. Col. J. M. Whittemore, Ord. Dept. 
Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Capt. Frank Baker, Ord. Dept. 
Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y. Lieut. W. S. Peirce, Ord. Dept. 

quartermasters' depots. 

Jeffersonville, Ind. Lieut.-Col. A. G. Robinson, D. Q M. G. 

New York City, N. Y., Army Building, Whitehall St. Col. J. M- 
Moore, A. Q. M. G. 

Philadelphia, Pa., 1428 Arch Street. Lieut.-Col. A. F. Rockwell, 
D. Q. M. G. 

San Francisco, Cal., 36 New Montgomery Street. Lieut.-Col. J. G. 

C. Lee, D. Q. M. G. 

St. Louis, Mo., old Custom-House Buildi-ng. Lieut.-Col. J. Gilliss,, 

D. Q. M. G. 

Washington, D. C, War Department. Major C. R. Barnett, Q. M. 



236 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



WORKS UNDER TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary of the Treasury, 

Hon. JOHN G. CARLISLE, 

Treasury Building, Washington, D. C. 

LIGHT-HOUSE DISTRICTS, ENGINEERS, AND INSPECTORS. 

The officers detailed for duty as Light-House Engineers and In- 
spectors are liable to be changed at any time. Communications may be 
addressed " U. S. Light-House Engineer, District," or " U. S. 

Light-House Inspector, District," etc., etc. 

Light-House Board. 

Office : Treasury Department Building. 

Hon. John G. Carlisle, Secretary of the Treasury and ex-officio 
President of the Board, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 

Rear- Admiral John G. Walker, U. S. N., Chairman, 1202 Eighteenth 
Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Mr. Walter S. Franklin, 24 East Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore, Md. 

Mr. W. W. Duffield, Superintendent U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- 
vey, Washington, D. C. 

Colonel John M. Wilson, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., War Depart- 
ment, Washington, D. C. 

Captain George Dewey, U. S. N., 1730 H Street, N. W., Washington, 
D. C. 

Major Henry M. Adams, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., War Depart- 
ment, Washington, D. C. 

Commander George F. F. Wilde, U. S. N., Naval Secretary, Treasury 
Department, Washington, D. C. 

Captain John Millis, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., Engineer Sec- 
retary, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 

FIRST DISTRICT. 

The first district extends from the head of navigation in the St. 
Croix River, Maine, the eastern boundary of the United States, to and 
including Hampton Harbor, New Hampshire, and includes all the aids 
to navigation on the coasts and in the navigable bays, rivers, and inlets of 

Maine and New Hampshire. 



Engineer. — Major William R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Rooms 141 and 142 Post-Office Building, Boston, Mass. 

Inspector. — Commander George E. Wingate, U. S. N., Custom-House, 
Portland, Me. 

SECOND DISTRICT. 

The second district extends from Hampton Harbor, New Hamp- 
shire, to, but does not include, Elisha Ledge, off Warren Point, Rhode 
Island, and embraces all the aids to navigation on the coast of Massa- 
chusetts except a small portion of Narragansett Bay and Taunton River. 

Engineer. — Major William R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Rooms 141 and 142, Post-Office Building, Boston, Mass. 

Inspector. — Captain Francis M. Green, U. S. N., Post-Office Building, 
Boston, Mass. 

THIRD DISTRICT. 

The third district includes and extends from Elisha Ledge, off 
Warren Point, Rhode Island, to a point on the coast of New Jersey, op- 
posite Shrewsbury Rocks, and embraces all aids to navigation on the sea 
and sound coast of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York, and of New 
Jersey above the Highlands of Navesink ; Mount Hope, Narragansett, 
and New York bays ; Providence, Connecticut, Thames, Raritan, and 
Hudson rivers; Whitehall Narrows and lakes Champlain and Mem- 
phremagog. 

Engineer. — Lieut.-Col. Peter C. Hains, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Tompkinsville, Staten Island, N. Y. 

Inspector. — Captain Winfield S. Schley, U. S. N., Tompkinsville, 
Staten Island, N. Y. 

FOURTH DISTRICT. 

The fourth district extends from Shrewsbury River, New Jersey, to 
and including Metomkin Inlet, Virginia, and embraces all the aids to 
navigation on the sea-coast of New Jersey below the Highlands of 
Navesink, on the Delaware Bay, the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, the 
sea-coasts of Delaware and Maryland, and part of the sea-coast of Vir- 
ginia. 

Engineer. — Major Charles W. Raymond, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Post-Office Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Inspector. — Commander George C. Reiter, L T . S. N., Post-Office 
Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 



LIGHT-HOUSE DISTRICTS AND DISTRICT OFFICERS. 



237 



FIFTH DISTRICT. 

The fifth district extends from Metomkin Inlet, Virginia, to include 
New River Inlet, North Carolina, and embraces part of the sea-coasts of 
Virginia and North Carolina, all of Chesapeake Bay, the sounds of North 
Carolina, and the rivers tributary thereto. 

Engineer. — Captain Eric Bergland, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Post-Office Building, Baltimore, Md. 

Inspector. — Commander Benjamin P. Lamberton, U. S. N., Post- 
Office Building, Baltimore, Md. 

SIXTH DISTRICT. 

The sixth district extends from New River Inlet, North Carolina, to 
and including Jupiter Inlet, Florida, and includes all the aids to naviga- 
tion within these limits on the coasts and in the bays, rivers, and harbors 
of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 

Engineer. — Captain Eric Bergland, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Post-Office Building, Baltimore, Md., and Southern Wharf, Charleston, 
S. C. B. B. Smith, Asst. Engineer, Charleston, S. C. 

Inspector. — Commander Morris R. S. Mackenzie, U. S. N., Brown's 
Wharf, Charleston, S. C. 

SEVENTH DISTRICT. 

The seventh district extends from just south of Jupiter Inlet, Florida, 
to the mouth of Perdido River, Florida, and includes all aids to naviga- 
tion on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida within these limits. 

Engineer. — Major James B. Quinn, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 349 
Carondelet Street, New Orleans, La. 

Inspector. — Commander William B. Newman, U. S. N., Navy-yard, 
Pensacola, Fla. 

EIGHTH DISTRICT. 

The eighth district extends from the mouth of the Perdido River, 
the boundary between Florida and Alabama, to the Rio Grande, the 
southwestern boundary of Texas, and includes all aids to navigation on 
the Gulf coast of the United States within these limits, together with 
those in lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain, Maurepas, Grand Lake, and Lake 
Chicot, and those on the Mississippi River below New Orleans, La. 

Engineer. — Major James B. Quinn, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 349 
Carondelet Street, New Orleans, La. 

Inspector. — Commander Joseph B. Coghlan, U. S. N., Custom-House, 
New Orleans, La. 



NINTH DISTRICT. 

The ninth district includes all aids to navigation on Lake Michigan, 
Green Bay, and tributary waters, and the Straits of Mackinac, west of a 
line drawn across the straits from Old Mackinac Point. 

Engineer. — Major Milton B. Adams, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
18 Bagley Avenue, Detroit, Mich. 

Inspector. — Commander James H. Dayton, U. S. N., Room 1308 
Chamber of Commerce Building, corner Washington and La Salle Streets 
Chicago, 111. 

TENTH DISTRICT. 

The tenth district extends from the mouth of the St. Regis River, 
New York, to the River Rouge, Detroit River, Michigan, and embraces 
all the aids to navigation on the American shores and waters of lakes 
Ontario and Erie, and the St. Lawrence, Niagara, and lower part of 
Detroit rivers. 

Engineer. — Lieut.-Col. Jared A. Smith, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Hickok Building, 185 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Inspector .—Commaxi&zx Charles V. Gridley, U. S. N., Post-Office 
Building, Buffalo, N. Y. 

ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 

The eleventh district extends from the River Rouge, Detroit Rivet, 
to the head of Lake Superior, and covers the American shores and 
waters above the River Rouge, of the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, lakes 
St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, St. Mary's River, and the portion of the 
Straits of Mackinac eastward of a line from Old Mackinac Point. 

Engineer. — Major Milton B. Adams, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
18 Bagley Avenue, Detroit, Mich. 

Inspector. — Commander William W. Mead, U. S. N., 80 Griswold 
Street, Detroit, Mich. 

TWELFTH DISTRICT. 

The twelfth district extends from the boundary-line between Cali- 
fornia and Mexico to the boundary between California and Oregon, and 
embraces all the aids to navigation on the sea-coast, bays, and navigable 
rivers of California. 

Engineer. — Major William H. Heuer, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Room 89, Flood Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

Inspector. — Commander Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., Room 77, Ap- 
praiser's Building, San Francisco, Cal. 



238 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. 

The thirteenth district extends from the southern boundary of 
Oregon to the boundary-line between the United States and British 
Columbia, and embraces all the aids to navigation on the Pacific coast of 
Oregon and Washington, and the Columbia and Willamette rivers, Strait 
of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and Alaskan waters. 

Engineer. — Major James C. Post, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 73 
Fourth Street, Portland, Oregon. 

Inspector. — Commander Oscar W. Farenholt, U. S. N., 623-25 
Marquam Building, Portland, Oregon. 

FOURTEENTH DISTRICT. 

The fourteenth district extends on the Ohio River, from Pittsburg, 
Pa., to Cairo, 111., 966 miles; on the Tennessee River, 255-2 miles; and on 
the Great Kanawha River, 73^ miles, and embraces all the aids to naviga- 
tion within these limits. 

Engineer. — Lieut. -Col. Amos Stickney, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
Custom-House, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Inspector. — Lieut.-Commander Frederick W. Crocker, U. S. N., Post- 
Office Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

FIFTEENTH DISTRICT. 



The fifteenth district extends on the Mississippi River from the head 
of navigation to Cairo, 111., on the Missouri River to Kansas City, Mo., 
and on the Illinois River from La Salle to its mouth, and embraces all 
the aids to navigation within these limits. 

Engineer. — Lieut.-Col. Charles R. Suter, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
15 15 Lucas Place, St. Louis, Mo. 

Inspector. — Lieut.-Commander Abraham B. H. Lillie, U. S. N., New 
Custom-House, St. Louis, Mo. 

SIXTEENTH DISTRICT. 

The sixteenth district extends on the Mississippi River from Cairo, 
111., to New Orleans, La., and on the Red River a distance of 8 miles, and 
embraces all the aids to navigation within these limits. 

Engineer. — Lieut.-Col. Charles R. Suter, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
1515 Lucas Place, St. Louis, Mo. 

Inspector. — Commander Andrew J. Iverson, U. S. N., Custom-House, 
Memphis, Tenn. 



Supervising Architect's Office. 

Supervising Architect, Treasury Department. — William Martin Aiken,, 
Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 

Chief Executive Officer. — C. V. Kemper, Treasury Department, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Communications for the officer of the Treasury Department in charge 
of any completed public building under the Department can be addressed 
" Custodian U. S. Custom-House," etc., etc. 

The officer in charge of an uncompleted building may be addressed 
as " Superintendent of Construction, U. S. Building," etc., etc. 

For lists of federal buildings in charge of the Treasury Department 
see pp. 150 and 159. 

Life-Saving Service. 

General Superintendent. — S, I. Kimball, Treasury Department, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Assistant General Superintendent. — J. K. Upton, Treasury Depart- 
ment, Washington, D. C. 

Superintendents of Construction. — Captain C. A. Abbey, U. S. R. C. S., 
24 State Street, New York, N. Y. Captain Geo. W. Moore, U. S. R. C. S.,. 
Custom-house, Baltimore, Md. 

Districts, Life-Saving Service. 

First District — Coasts of Maine and New Hai7ipshire. — District Super- 
intendent : John M. Richardson, Portland, Me. 

Second District — Coast of Massachusetts. — District Superintendent : 
Benjamin C. Sparrow, East Orleans, Mass. 

Third District — Coasts of Rhode Island and Long Island. — District 
Superintendent : Arthur Dominy, Bay Shore, New York. Assistant 
Superintendent : Herbert M. Knowles, Wakefield, R. I. 

Fourth District — Coast of New Jersey. — District Superintendent : 
John G. W. Havens, Point Pleasant, New Jersey. 

Fifth District — Coasts of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. — Dis- 
trict Superintendent : Benjamin S. Rich, Daugherty, Accomac Co., Va. 

Sixth District — Coasts of Virginia and North Carolina. — District 
Superintendent : Patrick H. Morgan, Shawboro, North Carolina. 

Seventh District — Coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. — 
District Superintendent : Hiram B. Shaw, Ormond, Florida. 

Eighth District — Coast of Gulf of Mexico. — District Superintendent : 
William A. Hutchings, Galveston, Texas. 



WORKS UNDER TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



239 



-District Superin- 
-District Super- 



Ninth District — Coasts of Lakes Ontario and Eric. 
tendent : Edwin E. Chapman, Buffalo, New York. 

Tenth District — Coasts of Lakes Huron and Superior. 
intendent : Jerome G. Kiah, Sand Beach, Michigan. 

Eleventh District — Coast of Lake Michigan. — District Superintendent: 
Nathaniel Robbins, Grand Haven, Michigan. 

Twelfth District — Coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. — 
District Superintendent : Thomas J. Blakeney, Room 35, Appraiser's 
New Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

District Offices. — Walker Building, Louisiana Ave., N. W., Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Commissioners. — John W. Ross, Myron M. Parker, and Charles F. 
Powell, Major, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. 



Assistants to Engineer Commissioner. 

Captain Gustav J. Fiebiger, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Charged 
with supervision of surface work, roads, pavements, etc. 

Captain Edward Burr, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Charged with 
the supervision of the water department, street-lighting, etc. 

Captain Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Charged 
with the supervision of the sewer department, plumbing, etc. 



BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Office : 145 East Capitol Street. 

Brigadier-General Thomas Lincoln Casey, in charge. 
Bernard R. Green, Engineer and Superintendent. 



240 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 

Compiled from official returns of bidders on public works. 



INDEX TO DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



Boats, dredges 247 

Boats, steam 247 

Boats, scows 247 

Bridges 246 

Dredging 240 

Elevators 250 

Heating apparatus 249 



DREDGING. 



Houses, frame 240 

Houses, masonry 248 

Jetties, dikes, etc. , sea 241 

Levees and earthwork 242 

Light-houses 247 

Locks and dams 245 

Machinery and ironwork 246 



Masonry construction, land. . . 246 

Piers, dikes, and shore protection, rivers 242 

Piers, dikes, lakes 243 

Pile driving 245 

Plumbing ,. 249 

Removing sunken vessels 241 

Rock removal 241 



Roofing 250, 

Snag and tree removal 245 

Stone supplies 244 

Supplies, miscellaneous 245 

Timber, brushwood, etc 244 

Timber construction, land 246 



Alabama Dredging and Jetty Co., Montgomery, Ala. 

American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Anthony, Chas. W., Fall River, Mass. 

Ashley, W. H., Toledo, O. 

Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Atlantic Dredging Co., New York, N. Y. 

Atlas Dredging Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Bailey, B. G., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Baker, G. K., Berkley, Va. 

Baltimore Dredging Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Barker, Chas. S., West Superior, Wis. 

Bay City Dredging Co., Bay City, Mich. 

Beardsley, Alonzo J., Bridgeport, Conn. 

Benton, Thos. H., Elizabethport, N. J. 

Bochman, Chas. G., Charleston, S. C. 

Bowers Dredging Co., Portland, Ore. 

Boynton Bros., Boston, Mass. 

Brainard, Elijah, New York, N. Y. 

Breyman Bros., Toledo, O. 

Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 

Brummelkamp, P. J., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Bryan, Jas. A., River View and Tampa, Fla. 

Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 

Caler, Chester T., Norfolk, Va. 

Carberry, John C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Chandler, F. S., Toledo, O. 

Chicago Dredging and Dock Co., Chicago, 111. 

Clarke, Chas., Galveston, Tex. 

Condon, Dan., South Omaha, Neb. 

Conlon & Garner, Thorold, Ontario, Can. 

Crouch, Haswell W., Charleston, S. C. 

Culpepper, H. E., Portsmouth, Va. 

Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 

Daly, Wm. J., Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

Dixon, S. O., Racine, Wis. 

Drews, F. C, Chicago, 111. 

Du Bois, Chas. & H. E., New York, N. Y. 



Dunbar & Sullivan, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.; Buffalo, 

N. Y. 
Edwards, Howlett & Thompson, New York, N. Y. 
Egan, Geo. W., Charleston, S. C. 
Fenner, J. H., Jersey City, N. J. 
Finch, Robert, Grand Haven, Mich. 
FAser, Simon C, New London, Conn. 
Friday, Jacob, Pittsburg, Pa. 
Gaynor, Edw. H., Fayetteville, N. J. 
Geiger & Zabriskie, Tacoma, Wash. 
Geo. C. Fobes & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Goodsell, E. R., Plattsburg, N. Y. 
Gostlin, Wm. H., Hammond, Ind. 
Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 
Green Bay Dredge and Pile-driver Co., Green Bay, 

Wis. 
Green's Dredging Co., Chicago, 111. 
Groh & Walter, Sheboygan, Wis. 
Hackett, John, San Francisco, Cal. 
Hall, Edmund, Detroit, Mich. 
Hamilton & Sawyer, Cumberland Co., Me. 
Hamilton, Robert, Chebeague, Me. 
Hartford Dredging Co., Hartford, Conn. 
Hess, Julius, Detroit, Mich. 
Hingston, Ed. J., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Hoag & Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Howard, Henry, Port Huron, Mich. 
Hubbell, Th. M., Detroit, Mich. 
H. W. Hubbell & Co., Saginaw, Mich. 
Hyatt, Frank A., Beaumont, Tex. 
International Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 
Johnson, Willard, Fulton, N. Y. 
Kern, Daniel, Portland, Ore. 
Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 
King & Nelson, Des Moines, Iowa. 
King, Charles, Tacoma, Wash. 
Kirk, W. A., Madison, Ind. 
Langhorne, C. D., Richmond, Va. 
Levy, Gustav G., Galveston, Tex. 



Lewis, O. E. , Winthrop, Mass. 

Lockerbie, Geo., Detroit, Mich. 

Loud, H. N., Au Sable, Mich. 

Lovering, Edgar P., South Boston, Mass. 

L. P. & J. A. Smith, Cleveland, O. 

Lydon, Wm. A., Chicago, 111. 

Lynch & Hannan, Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

Lynch, John D., Monmouth, 111. 

Lynn Dredging Co., Lynn, Mass. 

Madison, John H., Baltimore, Md. 

Martin, Augustus B., Boston, Mass. 

Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 

Masterton, Branch T., Galveston, Tex. 

McCallum, Lee, New York, N. Y. 

McCauley, W. F., Savannah, Ga. 

McCollum & Lee, Essexville, Mich. 

McCanville, D., Washington, D. C. 

McDuff, W. A., Jacksonville, Fla. 

McGillis, W. A., Chicago, 111. 

McGinn, John W., Cheboygan, Mich. 

McMahon & Montgomery Co., Chicago, 111. 

McSprit, James, Jersey City, N. J. 

Meggett, Lockwood, Houston, Tex. 

Metropolitan Dredging Co., Lynn, Mass 

Mitchell & Co., Ludington, Mich. 

Monroe & Richardson, Portsmouth, O. 

Moore & Wright, Portland, Me. 

Morgan, Thomas P., Washington, D. C. 

Morris & Cumming Dredge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Mower, Martin V. B., Lynn, Mass. 

Mundy & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Myers, P. W., Albany, N. Y. 

National Dredging Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Neely & Smith, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Oliver, Henry, Charleston, S. C. 

Osner, Wm., Chicago, 111. 

Packard, R G., New York, N. Y. 

Parrott, Richard, Newburg, N. Y. 

Payn, Edgar M., Albany, N. Y. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



241 



Pennsylvania Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Potter, Thomas, New York, N. Y. 

Racine Dredge Co., Racine, Wis. 

Randerson, John P., Albany, N. Y. 

Rittenhouse Moore Dredging Co., Mobile, Ala. 

Rooney, James, Toledo, O. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

Ross, R. G., Jacksonville, Fla. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Satterlee, John, New York, N. Y. 

Savannah Dredging Co., Savannah, Ga. 

Scofield, Geo., Olympia, Wash. 

Sears, David, Rock Island, 111. 

Seward, E. R., Albany, N. Y. 

Sheboygan Dredge and Dock Co., Sheboygan, Wis. 

Simpson, Geo. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Smith, Alonzo E., Islip, New York. 

Smith, H. M. C, Savannah, Ga. 

Smith, Travis L., Columbia, Tex. 

Somers, Frank C, Camden, N. J. 

Somers, Fred. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Souther, Chas., Boston, Mass. 

Stang, John, Lorain, O. 

Starke, Chris. H., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Stone, Andrew K., Boston, Mass. 

Symonds, Thomas, Leominster, Mass. 

Taylor, Wm. H., Jersey City, N. J. 

Vaughan, James T., Richmond, Va. 

Von Schmidt & McNee, San Francisco, Cal. 

W. H. Beard Dredging Co., New York, N. Y. 

White & Finch, Grand Haven, Mich. 

Whitney, Luther, Keeseville, N. Y. 

Williams, Daugherty & Upham, Duluth, Minn. 

Wisconsin Dredge and Dock Co., Manitowoc, Wis. 

Wright, Augustus R., Portland, Me. 

Young, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. 

ROCK REMOVAL. 

American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Andrews, Solon S., Gorham, Me. 
Atlas Dredging Co., Wilmington, Del. 
Bay City Dredging Co., Bay City, Mich. 
Bowers Dredging Co., Portland, Ore. 
Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 
Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 
Burress, Ethan A., New Orleans, La. 
Carberry, John C, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Carkin, Stickney & Cram, Saginaw, Mich. 
Cary, J. H., Memphis, Tenn. 



Conlin & Garner, Thorold, Ontario, Can. 
Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 
Dixon, S. O., Racine, Wis. 
Frazer, Simon C, New London, Conn. 
Green's Dredging Co , Chicago, 111. 
Howard, Henry, Port Huron, Mich. 
Johnson & Townsend, Somers Point, N. J. 
Langhorne, C. D., Richmond, Va. 
Lockerbie, George, Detroit, Mich. 
Lovering, Edgar P., Boston, Mass. 
Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 
Masterton, Branch T., Galveston, Tex. 
McCauley, Wm. F., Savannah, Ga. 
McConville, D.. Washington, D. C. 
McDuff, W. A., Jacksonville, Fla. 
Morgan, T. P., Washington, D. C. 
National Dredging Co., Wilmington, Del. 
Oliver, Henry, Charleston, S. C. 
Phillips, Hiram W., Quincy Point, Mass. 
Rittenhouse-Moore Dredging Co., Mobile, Ala. 
Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 
San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 
Sargent, Horace M., Portland, Me. 
Satterlee, John, New York, N. Y. 
Simpson, Geo. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Somers, Frank C, Camden, N. J. 
Sturgis, Herbert H., Bonny Eagle, Me. 
Symonds, Thomas, Wilmington, Del. 
Taylor, Wm. H., Jersey City, N. J. 
Townsend & Olsen, Boston, Mass. 
Townsend, Enoch, Somers Point, N. J. 
Vaughan, James T., Richmond, Va. 
Williams, Daugherty & Upham, Duluth, Minn. 

REMOVING SUNKEN VESSELS. 

Atlantic & Gulf Wrecking Co., Somers Point, N. J. 

Bailey, B. G., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bearse, F. F., Chatham, Mass. 

Bearse, Stephen F., Chatham, Mass. 

Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 

Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Co., New York, 

N. Y. 
Crouch, Haswell W. , Charleston, S. C. 
Davis Coast Wrecking Corporation, New Bedford, 

Mass. 
Egan, Geo. W., Charleston, S. C. 
French, W. H., Norfolk, Va. 
Friday, Jacob, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Gill, T. H., Chatham, Mass. 



Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

Harper, James T., Wilmington, N. C. 

Johnston & Townsend, Lewes, Del. 

Johnston & Townsend, Somers Point, N. J. 

Johnston, Chas. W., Lewes, Del. 

Johnston, D. A., Camden, N. J. 

Kelly, Cornelius J., Atlantic City, N. J. 

Merritt Wrecking Organization, Norfolk, Va. 

Myers, P. W., Albany, N. Y. 

Nickerson & Kendrick, Chatham, Mass. 

Nickerson, James E. . Boston, Mass. 

Pike, Wm. H., Brunswick Co., N. C. 

Randerson, J. P., Albany, N. Y. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

Smith, John G., Charleston, S. C. 

St. John & Freer, Port Clinton, O. 

Townsend, Enoch, Somers Point, N. J. 

Truxton, Joseph D., Lewes, Del. 

Van Sant, Gilbert S., Atlantic City, N. J. 

JETTIES, DIKES, ETC.— SEA. 

Alabama Dredging and Jetty Co., Montgomery, 
Ala. 

Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Andrews, Geo. Willett, Biddeford, Me. 

Andrews, Solan S., Gorham, Me. 

Applegate, Marion, Charleston, S. C. 

Beattie, John, Leete's Island, Conn. 

Blagen, N. J., Portland, Ore. 

Bochman, Chas. G., Charleston, S. C. 

Bouker, John A., New York, N. Y. 

Branagan, Mat., Seattle. Wash. 

Brandy wine Granite Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Brown & Fleming, New York, N. Y. 

Bull, John C, Jr., Areata, Cal. 

California Bridge and Construction Co., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

Campbell & McDonald, Duluth, Minn. 

Chas. Clark & Co., Galveston, Tex. 

Clarke, David D., South Bend, Wash. 

Cleaves, Aaron, Chebeague, Me. 

Colwell, Geo. L., Skamokawa, Wash. 

Crouch, Haswell W., Charleston, S. C. 

Curiat, Joseph W., Chebeague, Me. 

Dickenson & Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Egan, Geo. W., Charlestown, S. C. 

Elliott, Wm., Marysville, Cal. 



242 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Ely, Chas. C, Savannah, Ga. 

Frazier, J. B., Grand Isle, Cal. 

Friday, Jacob, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Gaynor, Ed. H., New York, N. Y. 

Gaynor, Wm. T., Fayetteville, N. Y. 

Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

Gray, Geo. W. , Washington, D. C. 

Hamilton, John F., Portland, Me. 

Hondlette, Seth D., South Dresden, Me. 

Hooper, C. A., San Francisco, Cal. 

Howard, John E., Killgaver, Ore. 

Howell, David V., New York, N, Y. 

Hurley, Wm. P., Rockland, Me. 

Hyatt, Frank A., Beaumont, Tex. 

J. F. & J. N. Day, San Francisco, Cal. 

Jordon & Carlton, Bath, Me. 

Kern, Daniel, Portland, Ore. 

King, Chas., Tacoma, Wash. 

Kruse, Herman, San Francisco, Cal. 

Levy, Gustav G., Galveston. Tex. 

Luce, James V., East Lynn, Conn. 

McCauley, W. F., Savannah, Ga. 

McKay, John H., San Francisco, Cal. 

McNaughton & Bapst, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Moran, James J., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Mundy, Wm. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

National Dredging Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Neeld, A. D., Washington, D. C. 

Neelon, Geo. Mortimer, Green's Landing, Me. 

Newel, Geo., Richmond, Me. 

Oliver, Henry, Charleston, S. C. 

Pacific Coast Contracting Co., Eureka, Cal. 

Perkins & White, Boston, Mass. 

Poison, Alex., Hoquiam, Wash. 

Rittenhouse Moore Dredging Co., Mobile, Ala. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

R. G. Ross & Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 

Rowl, J. A., Boston, Mass. 

S. &. E. S. Belden, Hartford, Conn. 

Scully, James, Groton, Conn. 

Skinner & Wallace, Wilmington, N. C. 

Smith, Francis H., New York, N. Y. 

Smith, J. E., Portland, Ore. 

Smith, Travis L., Columbia, Tex. 

Stewart Stone Co., Columbia, S. C. 

Toomey, Humphrey, Guildford, Conn. 

Verden, Wm. H., Lewis, Del. 

Voorhis, John, Greenwich, Conn. 

Wads, Chas. F., Richmond, Me. 

Walsh, Wm. H., Charleston, S. C. 



Warren, C. H., San Francisco, Cal. 
White, Wm. S., Rockland, Me. 

PIERS, DIKES, AND SHORE PROTEC- 
TION—RIVERS. 

Alabama Dredging and Jetty Co., Mobile, Ala. 

American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Applegate, Marion, Haysville, Pa. 

Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Babcock, C. F., Detroit, Mich. 

Bradley, James F., Manchester, Va. 

Brainard, Elijah, Jersey City, N. J. 

Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 

Bryan, James A., River View, Fla. 

Bull, John C, Jr., Areata, Cal. 

Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 

California Construction Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Campbell & McDonald, Duluth, Minn. 

Candler Brothers, Detroit, Mich. 

Carroll, Wm. E., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Churchyard, Joseph J., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Cleveland, Judson A., Duluth, Minn. 

Conant, Marcus, Mayport, Fla.; New York, N. Y. 

Culpepper, H. E., Portsmouth, Va. 

Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 

Davis, Wm. E., Duluth, Minn. 

Dean & Touhey, Sacramento, Cal. 

Donnelly Brothers, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Douglass, James M., Baltimore, Md. 

Dupuis, Augustus J., Detroit, Mich. 

Edwards, Howlett & Thompson, New York, N. Y. 

Elliott, Wm., Marysville, Cal. 

Farnsworth, Ira, Lockport, N. Y. 

Ferguson, Peter P., Ashland, Wis. 

Fleury, Edgar S., Isle La Motte, Vt. 

Frazier, J. B., Grand Isle, Cal. 

Fruin Bambrich Construction Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Gaynor, E. H., New York, N. Y. 

Goodsell, E. R., Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

Grim, C. P., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Hankins, Mark O., Rio Vista, Va. 

Howard, John E. , Killgaver, Ore. 

Hughes Bros. & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 

I. H. Hathaway & Co., New York, N. Y. 

International Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

James & Geyer, Chelsea, Mass. 

Janney, T. G., Rio Vista, Va. 

Kelly, Frederick J., New York, N. Y. 



Kirchner, Albert, Fountain City, Wis. 

Kirk, William, Madison, Ind. 

Langhorne, C. D., Richmond, Va. 

Laydon, Darby, San Francisco, Cal. 

Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 

McCarten, Hugh, Memphis, Tenn. 

McCaulay, W. F., Savannah, Ga. 

McDuff, W. A., Jacksonville, Fla. 

McMahon, James A., San Francisco, Cal. 

McNaughton & Bapst, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Pacific Coast Contracting Co., Eureka, Cal. 

Parrott, Wm., Albany, N. Y. 

Patterson Bros., Keokuk, Iowa. 

Piatt, Geo. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Richman, Jacob, Fountain City, Wis. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

Ross, R. G., Jacksonville, Fla. 

Ruark, Wm. H., West Pt., Va. 

S. & E. S. Belden, Hartford, Conn. 

Sanford & Brooks, Baltimore, Md. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Savannah Dredging Co., Savannah, Ga. 

Simpson, James, Eureka, Cal. 

Starling & Smith Co., Greenville, Miss. 

Steele, Hugh, Duluth, Minn. 

Steiner, Michael, Detroit, Mich. 

Talley, Ben., Memphis, Tenn. 

Thompson & Gray, St. Charles, Mo. 

Throckmorton, Jesse P,, Richmond, Va. 

Todhunter, W. P., Sacramento, Cal. 

Truax, Sidney J., Hastings, Minn. 

Twiggs, Albert J., Augusta, Ga. 

Voorhis, John, Greenwich, Conn. 

Walsh, Wm. H., Fernandina, Fla. 

Whitney, A. J., Rock Island, 111. 

Whitney, Luther, Keeseville, N. Y. 

Wilkinson, Edwin, West Point, Va. 

William Fuller & Son, New York, N. Y. 

Williams, Chas. F., Rockland, Me. 

Wisconsin Dredging and Dock Co., Manitowoc, Wis. 

Whyte, Wm. C, New York, N. Y. 

Young, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. 

Zabriskie, Chas. B., Tacoma, Wash. 

LEVEES AND EARTH WORKS. 

Aderholdt, T. S., Friars Point, Miss. 
American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Andrew Bros. Construction Co., Baton Rouge, La. 
Applegate, Marion, Charleston. S. C. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



243 



Batchelor, I. G., Smithland, La. 

Beith, R. K., Beith's Landing, Ark. 

Bobbin, I. R., Baton Rouge, La. 

Bochman, Chas. G., Charleston, S. C. 

Bogue, T. J., Beulah, Miss. 

Brennan, James A., New Orleans, La. 

Brock, F. A., Galveston, Tex. 

Bull, John C., Jr., Areata, Cal. 

Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 

Byrne, James, Baton Rouge, La. 

California Construction Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Carter, A. B., Memphis, Tenn. 

Cary, James H., Memphis, Tenn. 

C. D. Leeper & Co., Baton Rouge, La. 

Cleary, John, Carrollton, La. 

Coffman, P. J., Burnside P. O., La. 

Colquitt, Robert K., Shreveport, La. 

Condon, Dan, South Omaha, Neb. 

Conner & Lester, Benoit, Miss. 

Cotton, James, Raccourci, La. 

Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 

De Garis & Arnold, Memphis, Tenn. 

De Garis, C. F., Memphis, Tenn. 

Dennis, Thomas C, Jesuit's Bend, La. 

Dickinson & Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Donovan, Daley & Co., St. Gabriel, La. 

Doran, John, Missionary, La. 

Elbringham, Alexander, Natchez, Miss. 

Eldridge, John W., Hillhouse, Miss. 

Elliott, Wm., Marysville, Cal. 

Epply & Martin, Bolivia, Miss. 

Ferguson, Th. C, Glendale, Miss. 

Fleming, James S., Natchez, Miss. 

Fort, Sterling, Greenville, Miss. 

Frazier, J. B., Grand Isle, Cal. 

Friedler, Ignatz, Vidalia, La. 

Fruin Bambrich Construction Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Fullilove, James H., Shreveport, La. 

Grant, Colin McKay, Charleston, S. C. 

Green Clay & Son, Mexico, Mo. 

Green, Rogers & Co., New Orleans, La. 

Greer, John R., Memphis, Tenn. 

Grigsby. Geo. M. D., Jefferson, Tex. 

Hannan, McFadden & Cassidy, Baton Rouge, La. 

Hanlon & Dowdell, Legonier, La. 

Harnan, P., New Orleans, La. 

Hartnett, O'Brien, Donovan & Dailey, Memphis, 

Tenn. 
Haivey & McGuire, Greenville, Miss. 
Hayes & Hayes, Welchton, La. 



Henry, Isaac, Millikens Bend, La. 
Henry, Manoah V., Birmingham, Ala. 
Hewey, M. N., Birmingham Ala. 
Hodge, J. C, Memphis, Tenn. 
Hogan & Robertson, Cairo, 111. 
Huber, Oskar, Spokane, Wash. 
Hunt, Michael, Missionary, La. 
Hyner, Earnest, Greenville, Miss. 
Irish, N. Wm., Carlyle, 111. 
J. A. Carson & Co., Baton Rouge, La. 
James, Samuel L., Jr., Baton Rouge, La. 
Janney, T. G., Rio Vista, Va. 
Jefferies & Dameron, Memphis, Tenn. 
Jennings & Co., Memphi:, Tenn. 
J. G. & I. N. Day, Portland. Ore. 
John Scott & Son, St. Louis, Mo. 
Jones, Chas. S., New Orleans, La. 
J. S. Tighe & Co., Memphis, Tenn. 
Kane, Michael, Baton Rouge, La. 
Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 
Kilpatrick & Storer, Collins, La. 
King & Nelson, Des Moines, Iowa. 
Lacour, Ovide, Raccourci, La. 
Lamb, P. F., Memphis, Tenn. 
Landin, Samuel H., Jr., Natchez, La. 
Leche, Edward D., Island P.O., La. 
Lewis, James B., Luna, Ark. 
Louque, John E., Carrollton, La. 
Lynch, John D., Monmouth, 111. 
Manning & Gibson, Natchez, Miss. 
Mantell, E. B., Memphis, Tenn. 
Martin, Augustus P., Waterproof, La. 
Martin, R. T., Bolivia, Miss. 
Martin, Thomas J., Missionary, La. 
Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 
McDonald, A., Memphis, Tenn. 
McLaughlin Brothers, Memphis, Tenn. 
McMahon, James A., San Francisco, Cal. 
McNamara, Robert, New Orleans, La. 
Meredith & Speers, Memphis, Tenn. 
Monroe & Richardson, Portsmouth, Ohio. 
Morgan, Hugh, Memphis, Tenn. 
Ogden, James N., Baton Rouge, La. 
O'Hearn, James E., Wilmington, N. C. 
O'Malley, Thomas, Baton Rouge, La. 
Patterson Brothers, Keokuk, Iowa. 
Phillips, James, P. M., San Francisco, Cal. 
Phillips, Nat. P., Red River Landing, La. 
Quinn, John J., Merricks, La. 
Reilly, Peter J., New Orleans, La. 



Reilly, Richard, Chicago, 111. 

Ross. P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

Rosser, Thomas L., Charlotteville, Va. 

Rutherford & Dalgarn, Natchez, Miss. 

Scott & Russell, Memphis, Tenn. 

S. D. Moody & Co., New Orleans, La. 

Sears, David, Rock Island, 111. 

Shelton, Edwin R., Memphis, Tenn. 

Shippey, Wm. A., Memphis, Tenn. 

Smith, John G., Charleston, S. C. 

Sneed & Blue, Memphis, Tenn. 

Stewart Stone Co., Columbia, S. C. 

Sullivan, Johnston & McLaughlin, Memphis, Tenn. 

Sullivan, Timothy, Memphis, Tenn. 

Talley, Ben., Memphis, Tenn. 

Turcan, H. B., Jesuit's Bend, La. 

Vance & Franklin, Garvey, Ark. 

Vance, Robert, Memphis, Tenn. 

Vincent & Mahony, San Francisco, Cal. 

W. F. Barbour & Co., Lucy P.O., La. 

White, Edmond P., New Orleans, La. 

Winter, Charles A., Greenville, Miss. 

W. J. Bentley & Co., Green Store, La. 

W. L. Withers & Co., Gladstone, Miss. 

W. O. Flynn & Co., Baton Rouge, La. 

Worthington, Charles T., Leota.Miss. 

Young, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. 

PIERS, DIKES, ETC LAKES. 

A. C. & E. W. Raymond, Omaha, Neb. 

Allmendinger, John M., Benton Harbor, Mich. 

Babcock, Chas. F., Detroit, Mich. 

Barker, Chas. S., West Superior, Mich. 

Berner, Charles, Green Bay, Wis. 

Borgman, J. M. Kewaunee, Wis. 

Breyman Brothers, Toledo, Ohio. 

Brown, Henry S., Quincy, 111. 

Campbell & McDonald, Duluth, Minn. 

Candler Brothers, Detroit, Mich. 

Chandler, F. S., Toledo, Ohio. 

Conlon & Garner, Thorold, Ontario, Can. 

Cook, Wallace P., Oconto, Wis. 

Crosby, Edward G., Muskegon, Mich. 

Culbert & Lutz, Michigan City, Ind. 

Cushing, Richard C, Omaha, Neb. 

Daly, William J., Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

Donnelly, James B., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Drew, F. C, Chicago, 111. 

Dunbar & Sullivan, Buffalo, N. Y. 



244 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Dupuis, Augustus, Detroit, Mich. 

Ferguson, A. R., Manistee, Mich. 

Galloway, Peter W., Racine, Wis. 

Gaylord & Wing, Ludington, Mich. 

Gilmore, Quincy, Lorain, Ohio. 

Green Bay Dredging and Pile-Driver Co., Green Bay, 

Wis. 
Green Dredging Co., Chicago, 111. 
Gustin, Henry K., Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Hathaway, John A., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Heidenreich Co., Chicago, 111. 
Hiero B. Herr & Co.. Chicago, 111. 
Howard, Henry, Port Huron, Mich. 
Kimball & Cobb Stone Co., Chicago, 111. 
Xirchner, Albert, Fountain City, Wis. 
Kirk, William, Madison, Ind. 
Knapp & Gillen, Racine, Wis. 
Lantz, August, Milwaukee, Wis.; Green Bay, 

Wis. 
Lockerbie, George, Detroit, Mich. 
L. P. & J. A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Lydon, Wm. A., Chicago, 111. 
Lynch, John D., Monmouth, 111. 
Mallory, Smith H., Chariton, Iowa. 
Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 
McDonald, Francis L., Duluth, Minn. 
McLeod, D. A., Manistee, Mich. , 

McMahon, James A., San Francisco, CaL 
Mitchell, Edward, Marquette, Mich. 
Mitchell, John, Marquette, Mich. 
Mitchell, John A., Ludington, Mich. 
Moore, Smith, Marquette, Mich. 
Nicholson, Peter, Duluth, Minn. 
Powell, Daniel W., Marquette, Mich. 
Quinby & Omeis, Duluth, Minn. 
Rieboldt & Wolter, Sheboygan, Wis. 
Rielly, Richard, Chicago, 111. 
Rooney, James, Toledo, Ohio. 
Sadler & Allen, Detroit, Mich. 
San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 
Sang, David, Duluth, Minn. 
Sawyer, Wm. E., Manistee, Mich. 
Stang, John, Lorain, Ohio. 
Steele, Hugh, Duluth, Minn. 
Taylor, Geo., Duluth, Minn. 
Truax, Sidney J., Hastings, Minn. 
Weimer & Rath, Manistee, Mich. 
Whitney, A. J., Rock Island, 111. 
White & Finch, Grand Haven, Mich. 
Williams, Daugherty & Upham, Duluth, Minn. 



Wisconsin Dredge and Dock Co., Manitowoc, Wis. 
Wrabetz, John, Kewaunee, Wis. 

STONE SUPPLIES. 

Ahern, Michael, Hastings, Minn. 

Alley, James W., Memphis, Tenn. 

Amberg Granite Co., Chicago, 111. 

Andrews, Geo. Willett, Biddeford, Me. 

Andrews, Solon S., Gorham, Me. 

Becker, Henry, Dresback, Minn. 

Becker, Perry, Pontoosuc, 111. 

Birmingham Mining and Mfg. Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

Blagen, N. J., Portland, Oregon. 

Booth Brothers, New York, N. Y. 

Borthwick, Henry B., Portland, Ore. 

Cabot, Fred. M., Gate City, Ala. 

Cape Ann Granite Co., Boston, Mass. 

Consolidated Quarry Co., Washington, D. C. 

Curit, Joseph F., Chebeague, Me. 

Day, James H., Portland, Ore. 

D. M. Richardson & S. Monroe, Portsmouth, Ohio. 

Edinger, Edward, Davenport, Iowa. 

G. & M. Gasaway, Dallas City, 111. 

Geo. G. Smith & Son, Washington, D. C. 

Graham, John T., Dallas City, 111. 

Gray, Geo. W., Georgetown, D. C. 

Guildford and Waterville Granite Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Gunning Gravel and Paving Co., Vicksburg, Miss. 

Hallowell Granite Works, Hallowell, Me. 

Hely, Edward, West Plains, Mo. 

Henry & Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

Hinkle, Perry, Portland, Ore. 

Hoyt, Richard, Portland, Ore. 

Huckstein Stone Co., Allegheny, Pa. 

Hurricane Isle Granite Co., New York, N. Y 

I. Hathaway & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Jacobson, Wm., Portland, Ore. 

Kirchner, Albert, Fountain City, Wis. 

Kern, Daniel, Portland, Ore. 

Killebrew, Wm. L., Greenville, Miss. 

Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 

Kimball & Cobb Stone Co., Chicago, 111. 

Lanes ville Granite Co., Rockport, Me. 

Leach, Edgar R., Richmond, Minn. 

Luce, James V., Nantic, Conn. 

Mathes, Christian, Burlington, Iowa. 

Maxwell, Wm. Henry, Spokane, Wash. 

McCarthy, Justin, Washington, D. C. 

McConville, Daniel, Washington, D. C. 



Minnesota Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Mohler, Wm. Henry, Washington, D. C. 

Mt. Waldo Granite Works, Frankfort, Me. 

Neeld, Almos D., Washington, D. C. 

New England Granite Works, Hartford, Conn. 

Norcross Brothers, Worcester, Mass. 

North Carolina Brown Stone Co., Sanford, N. C, 

North River Blue Stone Works, New York, N. Y. 

O'Neil, Patrick, San Francisco, Cal. 

Rockport & Pigeon Hill Granite Co., Rockport, Me. 

Scully, James, Groton, Conn. 

Simpson, Geo. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Sjogren, Charles, Hastings, Minn. 

Slumter, Clayton B., Chester, Pa. 

Smith, Frances H., New York, N. Y. 

Smith, James E., Portland, Ore. 

Stewart Stone Co., Columbia, S. C. 

Thompson & Gray, St. Charles, Mo., 

Truax, F. N., St. Paul Park, Minn. 

Velie & Nason, Moline, 111. 

Vermont Marble Co., Proctor, Vt. 

Watson, Bliss & Co., Hartford, Conn. 

W. E. Speer & Co., Washington, D. C. 

Westenhavir & Co., Martinsburg, W. Va. 

White, Joseph H., Boston, Mass. 

White, Wm. S., Rockland, Me. 

Woodward, Wight & Co., New Orleans, La. 

Worthing'oi & Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

TIMBER, BRUSHWOOD, ETC. 

Ahern, Michael, Hastings, Minn. 

Allen. Luther E., Detroit, Mich. 

Ames, Herbert, St. Paul Park, Minn. 

Brown, Henry S., Quincy, 111. 

Diver & Swanwick, Keokuk, Iowa. 

D. M. Clarkson Lumber Co., Portland, Ore. 

Ferguson, A. R., Manistee, Mich. 

Foster & Hastings, Tacoma, Wash. 

Fremont Milling Co., Seattle, Wash. 

Gasaway Brothers, Dallas City, 111. 

Gelatt, Walter B., Columbus Junction, Iowa. 

Graham, John T., Dallas City, 111. 

Gustin, Henry K., Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Hamlin, E. D., Tacoma, Wash. 

Hogue, Henry A., Portland, Ore. 

Hunter & Frey, Memphis, Tenn. 

Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 

Long, George M., Delta, La. 

Lutes, R. P., St. Louis, Mo. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



245 



McDonald, C. Irwin, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Nagel, Tobias, New Orleans, La. 

North Pacific Lumber Co., Portland, Ore. 

Parson & Robinson, Whitehall, Mich. 

Pence, Phillip, Lomax, 111. 

Reagan, Geo. W., Red River Landing, La. 

Richardson & Monroe, Portsmouth, Ohio. 

Schmoker, Jacob, Fountain City, Wis. 

Seatco Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

Shain Wm. A., Pontoosuc, 111. 

Shane, Edward D., Hastings, Minn. 

St. Louis Refrigerator Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Tacoma Mill Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Thompson & Gray, St. Charles, Mo. 

Truax, Frank M., St. Paul Park, Minn. 

Truax, Sidney J., Hastings, Minn. 

Van Sant, R. L. , St. Louis, Mo. 

Weimer, Emery D., Ludington, Mich. 

White, Robert M., New Orleans, La. 

Winters, Charles P., Fort Madison, Iowa. 

Woodward, Wight & Co., New Orleans, La. 

OTHER SUPPLIES. 

Anchor Line Store, St. Louis, Mo. 

Condon, Dan., South Omaha, Neb. 

Gray, Geo. W., Georgetown, D. C. 

Hawk, James J., St. Louis, Mo. 

James Ward & Son, St. Louis, Mo. 

Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 

King & Nelson, Des Moines, Iowa. 

Lynch, John D., Monmouth, 111. 

Maxwell, Thomas G., St. Louis, Mo. 

M. M. Buck & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Monroe & Richardson, Portsmouth, Ohio. 

Neeld, Almos D., Washington, D. C. 

S. C. Forsaith Machine Co., Manchester, N. H. 

Sears, Daniel, Rock Island, 111. 

Simpson, Geo. J., Philadelphia, Pa. 

St. Louis Wire Mill Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

PILE DRIVING. 

Allison, Wm. G., Chester, 111. 
American Dredging Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Applegate, Marion, Charleston, S. C. 
Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 
Babcock, Charles F., Detroit, Mich. 
Bradley, James F., Manchester, Vt. 
Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 



Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 

Cleary, John, Chester, 111. 

Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 

Davis & Erwin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Du Bois, Charles, New York, N. Y. 

Elliott, Wm., Sr., Cridley, Cal. 

Fraser, Simon C, New London, Conn. 

Gelatt, Wm. B., Columbus Junction, Iowa. 

Gilbreath, Whitney, Ava, 111. 

Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

Green Bay Pile-Driver Co., Green Bay, Wis. 

Hartnett & O'Brien, Memphis, Tenn. 

International Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Langhorne, Chas. D., Richmond, Va. 

Martin, Augustus P., Waterproof, La. 

Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 

McDonald, C. Whitney, Pittsburg, Pa. 

McMahon & Montgomery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Ogden, James N., Baton Rouge, La. 

Oliver, Sebastian, Chester, III. 

O'Malley, Thomas, Baton Rouge, La. 

Randerson, John P., Albany, N. Y. 

R. L. Van Sant & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

S. D. Moody & Co., New Orleans, La. 

Sheboygan Dock Co., Sheboygan, Wis. 

Souther, Charles, Boston, Mass. 

Taylor, Geo., Duluth, Minn. 

Thompson & Grey, St. Louis, Mo. 

Throckmorton, Jesse P., Richmond, Va. 

Twiggs, Albert J., Augusta, Ga. 

Von Schmidt & McNee, San Francisco, Cal. 

Wisconsin Dock Co., Manitowoc, Wis. 

SNAQ AND TREE REMOVAL. 

Alabama Dredging and Jetty Co., Mobile, Ala. 

Applegate, Marion, Haysville, Pa. 

Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Babcock, C. F., Detroit, Mich. 

Brainard, Elijah, Jersey City, N. J. 

Bryan, James A., River View, Fla. 

Bull, John C, Jr., Areata, Cal. 

Candler Bros., Detroit, Mich. 

Dean & Touhey, Sacramento, Cal. 

Dupuis, Augustus J., Detroit, Mich. 

Elliott, Wm., Sr., Cridley, Cal. 

Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

I. H. Hathaway & Co., New York, N. Y. 



International Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Laydon, Darby, San Francisco, Cal. 

McDuff, Wm. A., Jacksonville, Fla. 

McMahon, J. A., San Francisco, Cal. 

Ross, P. Sanford, Jersey City, N. J. 

Ross, R. G., Jacksonville, Fla. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Savannah Dredging Co., Savannah, Ga. 

Simpson, James, Eureka, Cal. 

Steiner, Michael, Detroit, Mich. 

Tibbetts, Robert, San Francisco, Cal. 

Todhunter, W. P., Sacramento, Cal. 

Twiggs, Albert J., Augusta, Ga. 

Walsh, Wm. H., Fernandina, Fla. 

LOCKS AND DAMS. 

Caldwell, Geo. L., Skamokawa, Wash. 
Christie & Lowe, Washington, D. C. 
Clark, Tere A., Quincy, 111. 
Condon, Dan, South Omaha, Neb. 
Davidson & Borthwick, Portland, Ore. 
Erickson & Co., Portland, Ore. 
Henry, M. V., Birmingham, Ala. 
Hinkle, Perry, Portland, Ore. 
Hoffman & Bates, Portland, Ore. 
Holmes & Wilk, Nashville, Tenn. 
Holmes, Henry F., Nashville, Tenn. 
H. M. Montgomery & Co., Portland, Ore. 
Jacobson, Wm., Portland, Ore. 
Janney, T. G., Rio Vista, Va. 
Kern, Daniel, Portland, Ore. 
Killeen, John, New Liberty, Iowa. 
King & Nelson, Des Moines, Iowa. 
Kirk & Miller, Madison, Ind. 
Lalande & Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
Lynch, John D., Monmouth, 111. 
McMahon, James A., San Francisco, Cal. 
Monroe & Richardson, Portsmouth, Ohio. 
Neely & Smith, Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Nelles, Geo. T., Leavenworth, Kan. 
Paquet & Smith, Portland, Ore. 
Petididier & Hoag, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Reilly, Richard, Chicago, 111. 
Salem Bedford Store Co., Salem, Ind. 
Sears, David, Rock Island, 111. 
Shanks, T. P., Louisville, Ky. 
Smith, J. E., Portland, Ore. 
Shipman & Stewart, Washington, D. C. 
Walton & Co., Roanoke, Va. 



246 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



MACHINERY AND IRON WORK. 

Allen, Luther E., Detroit, Mich. 
Allentown Rolling Mills, Allentown, Pa. 
Allison, Wm. G., Chester, 111. 
Anchor Line Store, St. Louis, Mo. 
Armourdale Foundry Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
Barnes, Charles, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Bartlett, Hay ward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Bartlett, Robbins & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Benner & Opdyke, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bindell & Seifert, Chicago, 111. 
Brown-Ketcham Iron-Works, Indianapolis, Ind. 
Builders' Iron Foundry, Providence, R. I. 
Charles Sundberg & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Cincinnati Iron Works, Cincinnati, O. 
Cleary, John, Chicago, 111. 
Clements Company, Cincinnati, O. 
Colwell Iron Works, New York City. 
C. Rittenhouse & Sons, Norristown, Pa. 
Crown Iron Works, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Dearborn Foundry Co., Chicago, 111. 
Detroit Locomotive Works, Detroit, Mich. 
Dunkerley, James B., St. Louis, Mo. 
Ferguson, A. R., Manistee, Mich. 
F. J. Myers Mfg. Co., Covington, Ky. 
Flaherty, Wm. H., New York, N. Y. 
Fletcher, Jenks & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Francis Firtsch Foundry Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Geo. Kenney & Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Gillette-Herzog Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Gude & Walker, Atlanta, Ga. 
Geo. W. & F. Smith Iron Co., Boston, Mass. 
H. A. Ramsay & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Harrisburg Foundry and Machine Works, Harris- 
burg, Pa. 
Hawk, James J., St. Louis, Mo. 
Hoefinger & Lane Foundry Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Holmes, Pyott & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Holmes & Wilk, Nashville, Tenn. 
I. & E. Greenwall Co., Cincinnati, O. 
Jackson Architectural Iron Works, New York, N. Y. 
James Rees & Sons, Pittsburg, Pa. 
James Ward & Son, St. Louis, Mo. 
Kansas City Iron Works, Kansas City, Mo. 
King Bridge Co., Cleveland, O. 
Koken Iron Works, St. Louis, Mo. 
Lambert Bros. & Co., Ironton, O. 
L. Schneider & Sons Co., Cincinnati, O. 
March, Wm. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 



Marshall, Thomas, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Maxwell, Thomas S., St. Louis, Mo. 

Mayer, Fred., St. Louis, Mo. 

McGuire, John P., Cleveland, O. 

McLeod, D. A., Manistee, Mich. 

Milwaukee Bridge Works, Milwaukee, Wis. 

M. M. Buck & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Maryland Steel Co., Sparrow's Point, Md. 

New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 

North Western Wheel and Foundry Co., St. Paul, 

Minn. 
Parkhurst & Wilkinson, Chicago, 111. 
Patton, Hall & Patton, Marietta, O. 
Paxton and Vierling Iron Works, Omaha, Neb. 
Phoenix Iron Co., Phcenixville, Pa. 
Poole & Son, Baltimore, Md. 
Pusey & Jones Co., Wilmington, Del. 
Reno, John W., New Madrid, Mo. 
Rinker & Hoff, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Richmond Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
Russell Wheel and Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Ryan McDonald Mfg. Co., Baltimore, Md. 
S. C. Forsaith Machine Co., Manchester, N. H. 
Sentman, E. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Shiffler Bridge Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Snead & Co. Iron Works, Louisville, Ky. 
Sooysmith & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
St. Louis Wire Mill Co., St, Louis, Mo. 
St. Paul Foundry Co., St. Paul, Minn, 
Tacony Iron Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
The Portland Co., Portland, Me. 
Union Foundry Works, Chicago, 111, 
Van Dorn Iron Works, Cleveland, O. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Wagner, J. G., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, O. 
Weimar, Emery D., Ludington, Mich. 
Weimer Iron Works, Lebanon, Pa. 
West Point Foundry Co., Cold Spring, N. Y. 
Wheeler Condenser and Engine Co., Carteret, N. J. 
Wisconsin Bridge Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Wm. Bagley & Sons Co., Milwaukee, Wis, 

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION— LAND. 

Brandy wine Granite Co., Wilmington, Del. 
C. T. Derry & Co., Boston, Mass. 



Davis & Erwin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Grant, Colin McK., Charleston, S. C. 

Harvey, S. G., Albany, N. Y. 

Howell, David V., New York, N. Y. 

Hughes Brothers & Bangs, Syracuse, N. Y. 

I. H. Hathaway, Philadelphia, Pa. 

J. H. Day & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Johnston, Chas. N., Somers Point, N. J. 

Luce, James V., Niantic, Conn. 

Manhattan Supply Co., New York, N. Y. 

Molthrop, Wm. H., Gales Ferry, Conn. 

Rockport and Pigeon Hill Granite Co., Rockport, Me. 

Rodgers, Hallen & Farrell, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Ryan McDonald Mfg. Co., Baltimore, Md. 

S. C. Forsaith Machine Co., Manchester, N. H. 

Scully, James, Groton, Conn. 

Singgs, A. J., Augusta, Ga. 

Smith, Francis H., New York, N. Y. 

S. S. Leonard & Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Starke, Benj., Jr., New London, Conn. 

Steffner & Sloan, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Thomas Collin's Sons, Alleghany, Pa. 

Toomey, Humphrey, Guildford, Conn. 

Townsend, Enoch, Somers Point, N. J. 

White, Joseph H., Boston, Mass. 

Young, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. 

TIMBER CONSTRUCTION— LAND. 

Bochman, Charles G., Charleston, S. C. 
Bradley, James F., Manchester, Va. 
Burgwyn, C. P. E., Richmond, Va. 
Culpepper, Henry E., Portsmouth, Va. 
Curtis, John A., Richmond, Va. 
Douglass, James M., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferguson, Thomas C, Glendale, Miss. 
Kirchner, Albert, Fountain City, Wis. 
Langhorne, Chas. D., Richmond, Va. 
Mason, Hoge & Dunn, Frankfort, Ky. 
Ogden, James N., Baton Rouge, La. 
Scott & Russell, Memphis, Tenn. 
Throckmorton, Jesse P., Richmond, Va. 
Truax, Sidney J., Hastings, Minn. 
Twiggs, Albert J., Augusta, Ga. 
W. J. Bentley & Co., Green's Store, La. 
W. L. Withers & Co., Gladstone, Miss. 

BRIDGES. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., Windsor, Conn- 
Boston Bridge Works, Boston, Mass. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



247 



Bullen Bridge Co., Pueblo, Col. 
Groton Bridge Co., Groton, N. Y. 
Iron Substructure Co., Columbus, O. 
Jackson Architectural Iron Works, New York, N. Y. 
Kansas City Iron Works, Kansas City, Mo. 
King Bridge Co., Cleveland, O. 
.Louisville Bridge Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Milwaukee Bridge Works, Milwaukee, Wis. 
Nelson & Buchanan, Pittsburg, Pa. 
New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 
Pennsylvania Bridge Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. 
Phoenix Iron Co., Phoenixville, Pa. 
Richmond Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
Shailer Schniglau Co., Chicago, 111. 
Shiffler Bridge Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Toledo Bridge Co., Toledo, O. 
Wagner, J. W., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Weimer Iron Works, Lebanon, Pa. 
Wisconsin Bridge Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Wrought Iron Bridge Co., Canton, Ohio. 
Youngstown Bridge Co., Youngstown, Ohio. 

BOATS, DREDGES. 

Atlantic Contracting Co., New York, N. Y. 

Bay City Dredging Co., Bay City, Mich. 

Bowers Dredge Co., Portland, Ore. 

Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 

Bucyrus Steam Shovel and Dredge Co., Bucyrus, O. 

Carbolineum Wood Preserving and Mfg. Co., New 

Orleans, La. 
Carkin, Stickney & Cramp, East Saginaw, Mich. 
C. E. Mitchell & Co., Ludington, Mich. 
Chicago Dredge Co., Chicago, 111. 
Clement Brothers, Paducah, Ky. 
Edwards, Joseph, New York, N. Y. 
Emerson, Luther M., St. Louis, Mo. 
Flesher, S. M., Levanna, Ohio. 
Fourchy & Fourchy, New Orleans, La. 
Frisbie Engine and Machine Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Green Bay Dredge Co., Green Bay, Wis. 
Hartford Dredge Co., Hartford, Conn. 
Howard, Edward J., Jeffersonville, Ind. 
Huntington and St. Louis Towboat Co., Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 
Isherwood, Thomas G., Davenport, Iowa. 
M. A. Sweeny & Bro., Jeffersonville, Ind. 
Osgood Dredge Co., Albany, N. Y. 
Pelican Saw Mill and Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. 
Samuel W. Coffin & Son, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



San Francisco Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Skinner, Louis H., Wilmington, N. C. 

Souther, Charles, Boston, Mass. 

Telson, Christian, Sr., New Orleans, La. 

Vaughan, James T., Richmond, Va. 

W. H. Beard Dredge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Wisconsin Dredge Co., Manitowoc, Mich. 

BOATS— STEAM. 

Barmore, David S., Madison, Ind. 

Diamond Jo Line Steamers, South St. Louis, Mo. 

Flesher, S. M., Levanna, Ohio. 

Howard, Edward J. Jeffersonville, Ind. 

L. Cramer & Son, Parkersburg, West Va. 

Morse, Thomas P., South St. Louis, Mo. 

Sims, James P., St. Louis, Mo. 

T. H. Truscott & Sons, St. Joseph, Mo. 

Weigel Brothers, Elizabeth, N. J. 

BOATS -SCOWS. 

Brown, H. S., Quincy, 111. 

Brusstar Shipbuilding Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Bucyrus Steam Shovel and Dredge Co., Bucyrus, O. 

Carkin, Stickney & Cram, East Saginaw, Mich. 

C. E. Mitchell & Co., Ludington, Mich. 

Donly, Geo. W., Richmond, Va. 

Hanson, John, Berwick, La. 

Hartford Dredging Co., Hartford, Conn. 

Harvey & Erlanger, Harvey's Landing, La. 

Hoagland, Lewis H., Portsmouth, Va. 

James Clark Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Giles & Allardyce, Burkeville, Tex. 

McReynolds & Plummer, Sabine, Tex. 

Morrison & Co., Petersburg, Va. 

Nouvet, P. F., New Orleans, La. 

Parrott, Wm., Albany, N. Y. 

Reed, Wilson, Norfolk, Va. 

Rooney, James, Toledo, Ohio. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Shaw, Geo. D., Abbeville, La. 

Skinner, Louis H., Wilmington, N. C. 

Springer, Charles, New Orleans, La. 

Von Schoeler, Victor, Frankfort, La. 

Walsh, John F., Jr., New York, N. Y. 

W. H. Beard Dredge Co., New York, N. Y. 

Wm. E. Woodall & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Young, James, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



LlGHT=HOUSES. 

Allentown Rolling Mills, Allentown, Pa. 

B. & J. Carpenter, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bartlett, Haywood & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Bartlett, Robbins & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Bollman, Wendell, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Builders' Iron Foundry, Providence, R. I. 
Chas. Sundberg & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Colwell Iron Works, New York, N. Y. 

C. Rittenhouse & Son, Norristown, Pa. 
Dearborn Foundry Co., Chicago, 111. 
Demmons, Forson & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Detroit Locomotive Works, Detroit, Mich. 
Dunbar, Geo. H., Chicago 111. 
Flaherty, Wm. H., New York City, N. Y. 
Garfield, A. H., Washington, D. C. 
Gere, N. Stanton, Richmond, Va. 

G. W. & F. Smith Iron Co., Boston, Mass. 
H. A. Ramsay & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Harrisburg Foundry and Machine Works, Harris- 
burg, Pa. 
Janes & Kirtland, New York, N. Y. 
Jennings, C. F., Chicago, 111. 
Mollon & Rourke, New York, N. Y. 
Maryland Steel Co., Sparrow's Point, Md. 
McGuire, John P., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Morris & Tasker, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Paulding, Kemble & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Paxton & Vierling Iron Works, Omaha, Neb. 
Phoenix Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 
Poole & Son, Baltimore, Md. 
Pusey & Jones Co., Wilmington, Del. 
Richmond Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
Russell Wheel & Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Scott & Co., New York, N. Y. 
S. & E. G. Smyser & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Smith, F. H. & Co., New York, N. Y. 
South Boston Iron Co., Boston, Mass. 
Sooysmith & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Streeter, Herbert A., New York, N. Y. 
^acomy Iron and Metal Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
The Portland Co., Portland, Me. 
Union Foundry Works, Chicago, 111. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Weimer Works, Lebanon, Pa. 
West Point Foundry Co., Cold Spring, N. Y. 
Wheeler Condenser and Engine Co., Carteret, 
N.J. 



248 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



HOUSES— MASONRY. 

Ackerman, Charles, Sheboygan, Wis. 
A. H. Connor & Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 
Allen & Weiths, St. Louis, Mo. 
Amberg Granite Co., Chicago, 111. 
Anderson Brothers, St. Louis, Mo. 
A. S. Reed & Brothers, Wilmington, Del. 
Baldwin, Frank, Washington, D. C. 
Bassett, Nelson M., Austin, 111. 
Bassford, A., St. Paul, Minn. 
Bassford, Asa, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bean, B. F., Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 
Bentley, Th. R., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Bourniuf, Augustine, Haverhill, Mass. 
Brightman, Chas. O., New Bedford, Mass. 
Brown & Buckley, New York, N. Y. 
Brown & Dabney, Dallas, Texas. 
Brown, J. M. , Houston, Texas. 
Campbell, James S., Fargo, S. Dak. 
Carlisle, James, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Carroll, J. F., St. Paul, Minn. 
Carruthers, Samuel, Dallas, Texas. 
Carter, C. B., Chicago, 111. 
Ceder, J. G., Chicago, 111. 
C. F. Foss & Co., Lowell, Mass. 
Chas. F. Schultz & Co., Danville, 111. 
Churchyard, Joseph J., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Corbett, Geo. W., Washington, D. C. 
Corse & Jeffrey, Chicago, 111. 
Covert, Geo. S., Meridian, Miss. 
Craig, Wm. B., Mankato, Minn. 

C. Thomas & Son, Washington, D. C. 

D. & F. Betts, Rutland, Vt. 
Dahlgreen, J. A., Kansas City, Mo. 
Dawson, Alexander, Toledo, Ohio. 
Dodsen, Emory F., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Doerzback, Geo. W., Sandusky, O. 
Driscoll, Daniel A., Washington, D. C. 
Dugan Cut Stone Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
Dunperley Co., Columbus, O. 

E. A. Wilson & Co., Macon, Ga. 
Edwards, Hugh R. , Racine, Wis. 

E. Earnshaw & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Eggers & Brock, South Omaha, Neb. 
Empire Fireproofing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

F. Martens & Sons, Cumberland, Md. 
Foster & Smith, Ashland, Neb. 
Fourchy, Andre, New Orleans, La. 
Gay, T. F., New Bedford, Mass. 



G. D. Gray & Co., New Orleans, La. 

Gebhardt & Warner, Helena, Mont. 

Geddis & Seerie, Denver, Col. 

General Contracting Co., Atlanta, Ga. 

Georgia Marble Co., Macon, Ga. 

G. H. Morrow & Son, Baltimore, Md. ; New York, N.Y. 

Gindele, C. W , Chicago, 111. 

Giugrass & Busby, Shreveport, La. 

Gobel, E. F., Chicago, 111. 

Grace & Hyde & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Grant, Geo. F., St. Paul, Minn. 

Grant, Geo. M., New Haven, Conn. 

Grant, James H., Washington, D. C. 

Green, W. C, Chicago, 111. 

Gruzard, Thomas L , Columbus, Ga. 

Gude & Walker, Atlanta, Ga. 

Guernsey, Geo. H., Montpelier, Vt. 

Guy, Andrew D., Helena, Mont. 

Habau, A. J., St. Paul, Minn. 

H. Downes & Sons, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Heidenrich & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Hendricks, Martin, Washington, D. C. 

Hennessy Bros. & Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

Hepburn, Peter, Washington, D. C. 

Hildebrant, F., Chicago, 111. 

Hinckley, H. N., Vineyard Haven, Mass. 

Horn, Milton H., New Bedford, Mass. 

Howlett, J. H., Washington, D. C. 

H. T. Cushun & Bro., Martinsburg, Va. 

Huckstein Brick & Stone Co., Allegheny, Pa. 

H. Wales Lines Co., Meriden, Conn. 

Hyde, Benj., Chicago, 111. 

Illinois Terra Cotta Lumber Co, Chicago, 111. 

Ittna, Nicholas, Atlanta, Ga. 

Jettner, W., Atlanta, Ga. 

Jewett, George H., Arlington, Neb. 

J. G. Wedgeworth & Co., Meridian, Miss. 

Jobst, B. J., Omaha, Neb. 

J. S. Day & Co., Newark, N. J. 

J. W. Cotteral & Co., Cincinnati, O. 

Killian, Louis, Haverhill, Mass. 

King, Orlando J., Omaha, Neb. 

Kleinschmidt Bros., Mankako, Minn. 

Kinney, Chas. D., New Haven, Conn. 

Lamad, S., Savannah, Ga. 

Lane & Malnale, Washington, D. C. 

Lane, B. D., Chester, Pa. 

Lee Fireproof Construction Co., New York, N. Y. 

Lenecheek & Thwaits, Minneapolis, Minn. 

L. L. Leach & Son, Chicago. 111. 



Leonard, S, S., Mobile, Ala. 

Loevell & Hood, Brownwood, Texas. 

L. Wallace & Son, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Macon, G. T., Dallas, Texas. 

Manning & Parsons, Washington, D. C. 

McAfee, W. W., Atlanta, Ga. 

Marsh, Charles, Newark, N. J. 

M. C. Forster & Son, Waterville, Me. 

McLeod, J. M., New Bedford, Mass. 

McGrutte, Thomas, Newark, N. J. 

Mead, Mason & Co., Concord, N. H. 

Miles & Bradt, Atlanta, Ga. 

Miller, J. W., St. Paul, Minn. 

Minneapolis Stone Co, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Minnesota Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Monroe, C. R. , Washington, D. C. 

Moran, M. J., Fargo, S. Dak. 

Morrison Bros., Chicago, 111. 

Morrow Bros., Baltimore, Md. 

Moses, Charles A., Chicago, 111. 

Moses, E. A , Chicago, 111. 

Neale & Nesbitt, Atchison, Kan. 

Neall, M. N., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Nelson & Bassett, Austin, 111. 

Nelson, S., Dallas, Texas. 

Nicols & Crothers, Tacoma, Wash. 

No»^ross Bros., Worcester, Mass. 

O'Brien, Wm. H., St. Louis, Mo. 

Ohio Hollow Brick Co., Canton, O. 

O'Neal, Thomas H., St. Louis, Mo. 

Orn & Lawrence, Boston, Mass. 

Oschwald, James, Newark, N. J. 

Paige, Tom, Cleveland, O. 

Paggett, B. R., Atlanta, Ga. 

Parker Russell Mining Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Peck, F. H., Atlanta, Ga. 

Pierce, John, New York, N. Y. 

Pioneer Fireproofing Co., Chicago, 111. 

Pittsburg Terra Cotta Lumber Co., Pittsburg, Pa, 

Prescott & Buckley, Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Probst Construction Co., Chicago, 111. 

Randall, J. S., Portland, Me. 

R. D. Cole Mfg. Co., Newnan, Ga. 

Reagan, Th. J., Newark, N. J. 

Richardson & Burgess, Washington, D. C. 

R. M. Jack & Co., Martinsburg, Ga. 

Robt. M. Jack & Son, Canton, O. 

Sanford & Brooks, Baltimore, Md. 

Sargent, Cuthbert, Topeka, Kan. 

Schenk, Henry, Erie, Pa. 



DIRECTORY OF CONTRACTORS. 



249 



Schriver, Lorman P., Chicago, 111. 
Schultz & Warnecke, Sheboygan, Wis. 
Scully, M. P., Chicago, 111. 
Slumter, Clayton B., Chester, Pa. 
Smith, Wm. R., Fall River, Mass. 
Somerfield & Emmons, Dallas, Tex. 
Staples Bros., Lowell, Mass. 
Stewart, C. D., New Orleans, La. 
Sweat, Cummins & Co., Richmond, Vt. 
Thomas Clark & Sons, Chicago, 111. 
Thomas H. Stanley & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Thomas, J., Washington, D. C. 
Thomlinson, John, Chicago, 111. 
Touglaw, Fr. I., Medina, Pa. 
Umbrecht, Chas., Syracuse, N. Y. 
Valentine, Martin & Co., Martinsburg, Va. 
Vanderbrook & Burkett, Jackson, Tenn. 
Vermont Marble Co., Proctor, Vt. 
Walkup, A. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Watson, Bliss & Sons, Hartford, Conn. 
W. C. Green & Co.. Chicago, 111. 
W. E. Speir & Co., Washington, D. C. 
Westenhauer, S. A., Martinsburg, Va. 
White, Wm. P., St. Joseph, Mo. 
Wilcutt, L. D., Boston, Mass. 
Wilson, Ansen, Cincinnati, O. 
Wortman, D. P., Helena, Mont. 
Wrigh, L. P., Dallas, Texas. 
Yeager & Schultz, Danville, 111. 

HOUSES— FRAME. 

Amberg Granite Co., Chicago, 111. 
Anderson, Andrew, Detroit, Mich. 
Anderson Bros., St. Louis. Mo. 
Armstrong, Underwood, Detroit, Mich. 
Bacon & Brennan, Troy, N. Y. 
Baldwin, Frank, Washington, D. C. 
Barr & Creelman, Rochester, N. Y. 
Bassford, Asa, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bassford, A., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Blake & Williams, New York, N. Y. 
Carew, Henry, Detroit, Mich. 
Chapston, A., Jr., Detroit, Mich. 
Corbett, Geo. W., Washington, D. C. 
Corse & Jeffrey, Chicago, 111. 
Driscoll, D. A., Washington, D. C. 
E. Mayhew & Son, Detroit, Mich. 
Empire Fireproofing Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
E. W. Martin & Son, Troy, N. Y. 



Forster & Smith, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Franklin, A. B., Boston, Mass. 

Gearing, Joseph L., Detroit, Mich. 

G. H. Morrow & Son, Baltimore. Md. 

Hanson, Hayden & Owen, Grand Rapids, Mich. 

J. Carlisle & Sons, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Kansas City Building & Construction Co., Kansas 

City, Mo. 
Kelly, V. A., Leavenworth, Kan. 
Leo Schreible & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
L. L. Leach & Co., Chicago, 111. 
M. Blay & Sons, Detroit, Mich. 
Minnesota Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
O'Neal, Thomas H., St. Louis, Mo. 
Pierce, John, New York City, N. Y. 
Pittsburg Lumber Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Reich, Wm., Detroit, Mich. 
Robert Dunn & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Rogers, N. J., Detroit, Mich. 
Sheely & Dirkman, Toledo, O. 
Spitzley Bros., Detroit, Mich. 
Teakle & Golden, Detroit, Mich. 
Thomas Bagnall & Co., Plattsburg, N. Y. 
Umbrecht, Charles, Syracuse, N. Y. 
Vinton & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Wallace & Morris, Detroit. Mich. 
Wortman, D. P., Helena, Mont. 
Ziegler & Dalton, Junction City, Kan. 

PLUMBING. 

Babcock & O'Donnell, Syracuse, N. Y. 

Baldwin, Frank, Washington, D. C. 

Ballard, S. K., Auburn, Me. 

Bassford, Asher, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Briggs, E. D. Aurora, 111. 

Brown & Trika, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Carlisle, James, Minneapolis, Minn. 

C. H. Gridley & Co., Elmira, N. Y. 

Churchyard, J. J., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Columbus, Thomas & Son, Washington, D. C. 

Corbett, Geo. W. , Washington, D. C. 

Costello, Thomas, Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Cray, Wm. H. M., Washington, D. C. 

Crook, Horner & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

C. Thomas & Son, Washington, D. C. 

Dalton & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Dawson Construction Co., Toledo, Ohio. 

Dixey, M. S., Philadelphia, Pa. 

E. Earnshaw & Co., Chicago, 111. 



E. Fitzgerald & Sons, Albany, N. Y. 

Foster & Smith, Minneapolis, Minn. 

G. H. Morrow & Son, Baltimore, Md. 

Gindele, Chas. W., Chicago, 111. 

G. S. Blodgett Co., Burlington, Vt. 

Hall, M. M., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Hall, W. J., Lewiston, Me. 

Hayde & Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Hoglin, Chas. G., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Holtzclaw Bros., Hampton, Va. 

Hughes & Keith Plumbing Co., Denver, Colo. 

John O'Neill & Sons, Peoria. 111. 

Joy, Edward, Syracuse, N. Y. 

J. T. Schneider & Co., Atlanta, Ga. 

J. W. Swanson & Co., Washington, D. C. 

Lenox & Halderman, Chicago, 111 

L. L. Leach & Sons, Chicago, 111. 

Mafiola, Giacomo, Rockford, 111. 

M. C. Foster & Son, Waterville, Me. 

Monteith, J. W., Rockford, 111. 

Mooney & Banes, Nashville, Tenn. 

M. Yeager & Son, Danville, 111. 

O'Brien, Wm. H., St. Louis, Mo. 

Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. 

Oliver, Henry, Charleston, S. C. 

O'Neil, Thomas H., St. Louis, Mo. 

Porter, C. H., Rockford, 111. 

Prescott & Buckley, Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Priddy-Dunlap Pump Co., Roanoke, Va. 

Reley, A. J., Charleston, S. C. 

Robert M. Jack & Sons, Martinsburg, W. Va. 

Schureman & Cook, Rockford, 111. 

Shover, James E., Indianapolis, Ind. 

Shriver, Lorman P., Chicago, 111. 

Spraul & McGurrin, Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Thomas Clark & Son, Chicago, 111. 

Umbrecht, Charles, Syracuse, N. Y. 

Van Wie, Wm. T., Amsterdam, N. Y. 

Walkup, A. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 

White, Wm. P., St. Joseph, Mo. 

W. W. Sykes & Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Yinger, George S., York, Pa. 

Ziegler & Dalton, Junction City, Kan. 

HEATING. 

Allen Black & Co., Duluth, Mich. 
American Boiler Co., New York City. 
Babcock & Wilcox Co., New York, N. Y. 
Baizley, John, Philadelphia, Pa. 



250 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



:Baker, Smith & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Baldwin, F., Washington, D. C. 

Balfe & Reed, Omaha, Neb. 

Bates, Edward P., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Bagley Heating Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Bixby, J. C. Council Bluffs, Iowa. 

Blake & Williams, New York, N. Y. 

Campbell, Zell & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

C. B. Kruse Heating Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Chaefer & Becker, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Clark, Robert, Peoria, Ohio. 

Cook, Homer & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Crook, Horner & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

C. Thomas & Son, Washington, D. C. 

Dalton, J. F., Chicago, 111. 

Farrell & Meeker, Chicago, 111. 

Fosberg & Murry, Washington, D. C. 

Fourstead & Moore, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Franklin, A. B., Boston, Mass. 

Franklin, G., New York, N. Y. 

Grant Furnace Co., New York, N. Y. 

Gilles & Geoghegan, New York, N. Y. 

G. S. Blodgett, Burlington, Vt. 

Gurney Heater Co., Boston, Mass. 

Hart & Crouse, New York, N. Y. 

H. B. Smith Co., New York, N. Y. 

Heine Safety Boiler Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Herendeen Mfg. Co., Geneva, N. Y. 

Hilbard, J. D., Chicago, 111. 

Hitchings & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Huette-Barler Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

James Curran Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. 

Jenkins, Joseph, Wilmington, Del. 

Jordon, Roberts, Chicago, 111. 

Joy, Edward, Syracuse, N. Y. 

J. T. Foley & Co., Evansville, Ind. 

Leonard, B. E., Scranton, Pa. 

L. W. Straus & Sons, Dunville, 111. 

Lynch & Woodward, Boston, Mass. 



Lyon, John, Washington, D. C. 

Mackabee, D. F., Washington, D. C. 

Magee Furnace Co., Boston, Mass. 

Martin, Edward, Syracuse, N. Y. 

McCauley Bros. Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Morrison, W. C, Washington, D. C. 

Nepil, A. O., St. Paul, Minn. 

Onderdonk Heating Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Pettit & Dripps, Washington, D. C. 

Pond & Husey Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Pope, S. I., Chicago, 111. 

Richardson & Boynton Co., New York, N. Y. 

Rochester Stove Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Rutzler, Edward, Pres. Steam Heaters' Association, 

New York, N. Y. 
Spear & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Stradling Plumbing & Heating Co., Utica, N. Y. 
Sweeny, P. J., Albany, N. Y. 
Waidson Heater Co., Geneva, N. Y. 
Walworth Co., Boston, Mass. 
Warren W. Briggs & Co., Washington, D. C. 
Welshaws & Co., Omaha, Neb. 
W. E. Spear & Co., Washington, D. C. 
Winfee, W. U., Washington, D. C. 
Wm. Roger & Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Zeller & Co., Washington, D. C. 

ROOFING. 

Anderson Bros., St. Louis, Mo. 

Barnard, Geo. A., Worcester, Mass. 

Brown & Dubney, Dallas, Tex. 

Geo. H. Evans & Co., Topeka, Kan. 

Gobel, E. F., Chicago, 111. 

Harrington, J. J., Washington, D. C. 

Hutton Bros. & Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Hyde, Benj., Chicago, 111. 

Jacob Freund Roofing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 



Jacob Riggle & Sons, Jersey City, N. J. 

J. A. Miller Bros., Chicago, 111. 

Jobst Bros., Omaha, Neb. 

L. L. Leach & Son, Chicago, 111. 

Lovell & Hood, Hillsboro, Tex. 

Mullins, W. H., Worcester, Mass. 

Morgan, Dan, Dallas, Tex. 

Norcross Bros., Worcester, Mass. 

Orth, A. J., Detroit, Mich. 

Power, Peter, Salem, Mass. 

R. M. Jack & Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Smith & Bardon, Fort Worth, Tex. 

Stevenson, F. L., Dallas, Tex. 

W. C. Green & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Whitehead & Lewis, Detroit, Mich. 



ELEVATORS. 



Brodresser Elevator Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Central Machine and Foundry Co., Quincy, 111. 

Clarke, Robert, Peoria, 111. 

Crane Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 

Eaton & Prince, Chicago, 111. 

Graves Elevator Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Haven, James S., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

H. J. Reedy & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Howard Foundry and Machine Works, Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
J. W. Reedy Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 
Marsh Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. 
M. J. O'Donnell Co., Cleveland, O. 
Moore & Williams, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Morse, Williams & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Otis Brothers, New York, N. Y. 
South Hill Elevator Co., Quincy, 111. 
Sprague Electric Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. 
Standard Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 
Stokes & Parrish, Philadelphia, Pa. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



251 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES. 



Dealers in general engineering supplies will be 
*ound under the following heads : 

Contractors' Supplies. 

Engine Supplies. 

Hardware. 

Hoisting Machinery. 

Machinery. 

Railway Supplies. 

Under each head the names are arranged geograph- 
ically, in the following order : 
East. 
Lake Regions. 
South. 
Far West. 

INDEX OF HEADS. 

Air-compressors page 252 

Aluminum 253 

Anchors 252 

Architectural Iron 252 

Asphalt Paving 252 

Asphalt Roofing 252 

Axes 252 

Babbitt Metal 252 

Belts 252 

Belt Dressing 252 

Belt Fasteners 252 

Blasting Materials 252 

Boats, Row 253 

Blowers 253 

Boilers 253 

Boilers, Corrugated , 253 

Boilers, Water-tube 253 

Boiler Compounds 253 

Boiler and Pipe Coverings 253 

Boiler Fronts and Fittings 253 

Boring Machines 253 

Bolts, Nuts, and Washers -■-■ 253 

Brakes 253 

Brass, Bronze, and Copper ..• 253 

Brick and Tile - 253 

Brick, Fire-proof 254 

Bridges 254 

Building Materials 254 

Building Material, Fire-proof 254 

Cables, Electric 254 

Cables, Wire 254 

Cable Railway Plants 254 

Carbons for Diamond Drills 254 



Cars page 254 

Cars, Dumping and Hand 254 

Car Axles and Couplers 254 

Car Lubricants 254 

Car-wheels 255 

Castings, Iron and Steel 255 

Castings, Malleable 255 

Cement, Portland 255 

Cement, " Rosendale" and miscellaneous 255 

Chains 255 

Chain-pulley Blocks 255 

Chemicals, etc 255 

Chimneys 255 

Chisels .■ 255 

Chucks 255 

Clay-working Machinery 255 

Clutches, Friction 255 

Condensers 255 

Contractors' Supplies 255 

Conveying Machinery 256 

Copper 



256 

Cordage 256 

Corrugated Metal 256 

Cranes 256 

Creosoting 256 

Crushing Machines 256 

Current Meters 256 

Cylinder Packing 256 

Damper Regulators 256 

Diamond Drills 256 

Ditching Machines 256 

Divers 256 

Diving Apparatus 256 

Drain Tiles 256 

Drawing Materials 256 

Dredging Machinery 256 

Drilling Machines 256 

Dump Cars 257 

Dynamite 257 

Electric Motors 257 

Elevators 257 

Emery Wheels 257 

Engines, Gas 257 

Engines, Hoisting 257 

Engines, Marine 257 

Engines, Pumping 257 

Engines, Stationary 25- 

Engine Supplies 257 

Engravers 257 

Excavators 257 

Feed- water Heaters and Purifiers 257 

Files 258 

Flexible Shafting 258 

Filters 258 



Flags page 258 

Fly-wheels 258 

Forges 258. 

Forgings, Iron and Steel 258. 

Frogs and Switches 258- 

Furnaces 258- 

Gauges, Steam 258. 

Gauges, Water 258 

Gearing 258 

Graphite 258 

Grates and Hearths 258 

Grips 258 

Hardware 258 

Heating Apparatus 258 

Hoisting Machinery 259 

Hose 259 

Hydrants and Valves 259 

Hydraulic Machinery 259 

Indicators and Injectors 259 

Instruments, Engineering and Surveying 259 

Iron 259 

Jacks, Hydraulic 259 

Labor 259 

Lathes 259 

Launches 260 

Life-saving Apparatus 260 

Locomotives 260 

Lubricants 260 

Lubricators 260 

Lumber 260 

Machinery 260 

Machine Screws 260- 

Marble 260- 

Meters 260 

Metals, Anti-friction 260- 

Motors, Electric 261 

Motors, Gas and Water 261 

Nails and Spikes 26r 

Nut Locks 261 

Packing 26c 

Paints and Oils 261 

Paving 261 

Photographic Supplies 261 

Pile-driving Machinery 26r 

Pipe, Cast-iron 26c 

Pipe, Fire-clay 261 

Pipe, Lead-lined 26r 

Pipe, Wrought-iron 261 

Plumbing Supplies 261 

Pneumatic Foundations 262 

Power Hammers and Punches . 262 

Pressure Regulators 262 

Propellers 262 

Pulleys and Shafting 262 



252 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Pumps and Pumping Machinery page 262 

Rails and Rail Joints 262 

Railway Supplies 262 

Rivets . 262 

Riveting Machines 262 

Road-making Machinery 262 

Road Rollers 262 

Road Sprinklers 262 

Road Sweepers 262 

Roofing 263 

Rope, Hempen 263 

Rubber Goods 263 

Rules and Measuring Tapes 263 

Rust-proof Iron 263 

Saws 263 

Scales 263 

Scrapers 263 

Screws 263 

Sewage-pumping Machinery 263 

Sewers, Jointless 263 

Sheet-piling 263 

Shipbuilding 263 

Ship-chandlers 263 

Skylights 263 

Standpipes 263 

Steam-regulating Apparatus -. 264 

Steam Shovels 264 

Steel 264 

Stone and Slate 264 

Structural Iron Worts 264 

Tanks, Iron and Wood 264 

Tents 264 

Testing-machines 264 

Thermometers 264 

Tools 264 

Transmission Machinery .' 265 

Trowels 265 

Tube Expanders 265 

Turnbuckles 265 

Turntables 265 

Twist Drills 265 

Valves 265 

Ventilating Appliances , 263 

Vises 265 

Water-wheels 263 

Wells and Weil Supplies 265 

Wheels 265 

Wheelbarrows 265 

Wire 265 

Wire Goods 265 

Wood-working Machinery 265 

Wrenches 265 

Yachts 26s 



AIR COn PRESSORS. 

Deane Steam Pump Co., Holyoke, Mass. 
Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co., 26 Cortlandt St., 

N. Y. City. 
Clayton Air Compression Works, 26 Cortlandt St,, 

N. Y. City. 



Rand Drill Co., 23 Park Place, N. Y. City. 

Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., Cincinnati, Ohio ; 45 N. 
7th St., Philadelphia, Pa.; 410 Lewis Block, Pitts- 
burg, Pa.; 68-70 S. Canal St., Chicago, 111. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dow Steam Pump Works, 114-116 Beale St., San 
Francisco, Cal. 

ALUMINUH. 

F. L. Gaylord Co., Ansonia, Conn. 
Haight & Clark, Albany, N. Y. 
Pratt & Cady Co., Hartford, Conn. 
Waldo Foundry, Bridgeport, Conn. 

Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, 116 Water St., Pitts- 
burg, Pa. 
Pittsburg Reduction Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

ANCHORS. 

DeGrauw Aymer & Co., 34 and 35 South St., N. Y. 

City 
Upson-Walton Co,, Cleveland, Ohio. 
H. D. Edwards & Co., Detroit, Mich. 

G. B. Carpenter & Co., Chicago, 111. 

ANVILS. 

Eagle Anvil Works, Trenton, N. J. 

ARCHITECTURAL IRON. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., Berlin, Conn. 

Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 

Van Dorn Iron Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Winslow Bros. Co., Chicago, 111. 

E. T. Barnum, Detroit, Mich. 

Ludlow Saylor Wire Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

See "Bridges" and " Building Materials" also. 

ASPHALT PAVING. 

Barber Asphalt Paving Co., No. 1 Broadway, N. Y. 

City and Washington, D. C. 
Neuchatel Asphalt Co., 265 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
New York & Bermuda Co., 25 Beaver St., N. Y. City. 
Sicilian Asphalt Paving Co., "Times" Building, N. 

Y. City. 
Warren-Sharf Asphalt Paving Co., 81 Fulton St., 

N. Y. City. 
E. H. Wooton (Seyssel Rock Asphalt), 35 Broadway, 

N. Y. City. 



ASPHALT ROOFING. 

E. Van Noordan & Co., Harrison Ave., Boston, Mass. 

A. E. Filley, Mfg. Co., 39 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Warren Chemical & Mfg. Co., 81 Fulton St., N. Y. 
City. 

Memphis Iron Roofing & Corrugating Works, Mem- 
phis, Tenn. 

AXES. 

A. G. Peck & Co., Cohoes, N. Y. 
Fayette R. Plumb, Philadelphia, Pa. 

BABBITT METAL. 

See Metals, Anti-fpiction. 
BELTS. 

Boston Belting Co. , 256 Devonshire St. , Boston, Mass. 
Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Co., 64 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

City. 
New York Belting and Packing Co., N, Y. City. 
Peerless Rubber Mfg. Co., 15 Warren St., N. Y. City. 
Home Rubber Co., Trenton, N. J. 
Main Belting Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Link Belt Mfg. Co,, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Roberts Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
Shultz Belting Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
J. L. Lindsay, Richmond, Va. 
Cameron & Barkley, Charleston, S. C. 
See Boston Belting Co., under Hose. 

BELT DRESSINGS. 

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. 

BELT FASTENERS. 

Bristol Co., Waterbury, Conn. 

Sawyer Hardware and Supply Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 

W. O. Talcott, Providence, R. I. 

BLASTING MATERIALS. 

Am. Powder Mill, 233 State St., Boston, Mass. 
Rendrock Powder Co., 23 Park Place, N. Y. City. 
Laflin & Rand Powder Co., 29 Murray St., N. Y. City. 
New York Powder Co., 62 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 
Atlantic Dynamite Co., 245 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
The Hecla Powder Co., 239 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Arthur Kirk & Son, Pittsburg, Pa. 
Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. 
American Powder Co., 206 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



253 



BLOWERS. 

See Ventilating Apparatus. 

BOATS, ROW. 

James Burcher, 822 Swanson St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

J. H. Rushton, Canton, N. Y. 

See also " Launches " and " Ship-Builders." 

BOILERS. 

Atlantic Works, East Boston, Mass. 

Hodge & Co., East Boston, Mass. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Abendroth & Root Mfg. Co., 28 Cliff St., N. Y. City. 

J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. 

Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Robert Wetherill & Co., Chester, Pa. 

H. E. Collins & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Lake Erie Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Globe Iron Works, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Stirling Co., Chicago, 111. 

Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Robt. Poole & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Talbott & Sons, Richmond, Va. 

Bailey Libbey Co., Charleston, S. C. 

Valk & Murdoch, Charleston, S. C. 

Heine Safety Boiler Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Union Iron Works, First and Mission Sts., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

BOILERS, CORRUGATED. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

BOILERS, WATER=TUBES. 

Murray & Tregurtha, South Boston, Mass. 

Roberts Safety Water-Tube Boiler Co., 39-41 Cort- 

landt St., N. Y. City. 
Abendroth & Root Mfg. Co., 28 Cliff St., N. Y. City. 
C. D. Mosher, 1 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Chas. L. Seabury & Co., Exchange Building, 52 

Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Almy Water-Tube Boiler Co., Providence, R. I. 
Ward Water-Tube Boiler Co., Charleston, Kanawha 

Co., W. Va. 
Adams Water-Tube Boiler Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 



Sterling Co., Pullman Building, Chicago, 111. 
Finlayson Water-Tube Boiler Co., Box 128. Detroit, 

Mich. 
Robt. Poole & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md. 

BOILER COriPOUNDS. 

Litofuge Mfg. Co., 62 John St., N. Y. City. 
Geo. W. Lord, Philadelphia, Pa. 

BOILER AND PIPE COVERINGS. 

S. C. Nightingale & Childs, 134 Pearl St., Boston, 
Mass. 

Robt. A. Keasby, 54 Warren St., N. Y. City. 

H. W. Johns Mfg. Co., 87 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City. 

McKan Co., 1420 Callowhill St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Keasbey & Mattison Co., 114 W. Second St., Cincin- 
nati, Ohio; 117 Water St., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Walch & Wyeth, 208 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

S. P. Conklin, 20 E. Atwater St., Detroit, Mich. 

F. Sprinkman, 133 Sycamore St., Milwaukee, Wis. 

F. Bocler, 108 Walnut St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Wallace & Bro., 432 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, Md. 

Delbert Engineering Co., New Orleans, La. 

Symmes & Co, 162 Front St , Memphis, Tenn. 

C. W. Badgeley & Co., 18th and Market Sts., Den- 
ver, Colo. 

De Solla & Deussing, 2 California St., San Francisco, 
Cal. 

BOILER FRONTS AND FITTINGS. 

C. H. McCutcheon, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 

Bassett Presley & Train, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Reliance Gage Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Robt. E. Hills, 57-59 N. Wells St., Chicago, 111, 

BORING riACHINES. 

Waterman Machine Tool Co., Oakland, Me. 

BOLTS, NUTS, AND WASHERS. 

American Bolt Co., Lowell, Mass. 

Blake & Johnson, Waterbury, Conn. 

Dunham Nut Co., Unionville, Conn. 

J. Fred. Wilson, Worcester, Mass. 

Mount Carmel Bolt Co., Mount Carmel, Conn. 

Port Chester Bolt and Nut Co., Port Chester, N. Y. 



Russell, Burdsall & Ward, Port Chester, N. Y. 
Wm. H. Haskell Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 
Rhode Island Tool Co., Providence, R. I. 
J. H. Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 
Pennsylvania Bolt and Nut Co., Lebanon, Pa. 
American Iron and Bolt Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Cincinnati Screw and Tap Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Detroit Valve and Washer Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Payne Bros., 121-123 Howard St., San Francisco, Cal. 

BRAKES. 

New York Air-Brake Co., 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Westinghouse Air-Brake Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
American Brake Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Beamless Brake Co., Bloomsburg, Pa. 
National Hollow Brake Beam Co., 40th and Hopkins 
Sts., Chicago, 111. 

BRASS, BRONZE, AND COPPER. 

Randolph & Clowes, 99 Milk St., Boston, Mass. 

G. Douglas Petrie, 39-41 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Randolph & Clowes, 104 John St., N. Y. City. 

Haight & Clark, Albany, N. Y. 

Pratt & Cady Co., Hartford, Conn. 

Waldo Foundry, Bridgeport, Conn. 

Wm. Camp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Co., 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Merchant &Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pennsylvania Brass Co., Erie, Pa. 
C. H. McCutcheon, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Randolph & Clowes, 71 Washington St., Chicago, 111. 
Detroit Sheet Metal and Brass Works, 64-72 Orleans 

St., Detroit, Mich. 
American Foundry Co., Tacoma, Washington. 

BRICK AND TILE. 

Blanford Brick & Tile Co., Boston, Mass. 

Calvin Tompkins, 150 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

Henry Maurer & Son, 420 E. 23d St., N. Y. City. 

John H. Jackson, Albany, N. Y. 

Buffalo Star Brick Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Park Fire Clay Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Freeman Fire Clay Co., Freeman, Ohio. 

Monmouth Mfg. Co., Monmouth, 111. 

White Hall Fire Clay Works, White Hall, 111. 

Chicago Anderson Pressed Brick Co., 189 La Salle 

St., Chicago, 111. 
Baker & Billings, Minneapolis, Minn. 



254 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



Burnham Bros., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Evans & Howard, 916 Market St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Burns, Russell & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Chester Clay- Working Co., Richmond, Va. 

New Orleans Brick and Tile Co.. New Orleans, La. 

Abbott, Morse & Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Argo Brick Mfg. Co., Denver, Colo. 

BRICK, FIREPROOF. 

B. Kreishcher & Sons, ft. of E. Houston St., N. Y. 

City. 
H. Maurer & Son, 420 E. 23d St., N. Y. City. 
Ostrander Fire-Brick Co., Troy, N. Y. « 

John H. Jackson, Albany, N. Y. 
Syracuse Stone Ware Agency, Syracuse, N. Y. 
Cyrus Borgner, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fayette Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Dover Fire-Brick Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Evans & Howard, 916 Market St., St. Louis, Mo. 
Jas. Gardner & Sons, Cumberland, Md. 
Montague & Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 

BRIDGES. 

Boston Bridge Works, Boston, Mass. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 

Melan Construction Co., 71 B'way, N. Y. City. 

Buffalo Bridge & Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Groton Bridge Mfg. Co., Groton, N. Y. 

Rochester Bridge & Iron Works, Rochester, N. Y. 

L. P. Evans, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Pencoyd Bridge & Construction Co., Pencoyd, Penn. 

Union Bridge Co., Athens, Pa. 

Phcenix Bridge Co., Phcenixville, Penn. 

Penn Bridge Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. 

Shiffler Bridge Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Schultz Bridge & Iron Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

King Bridge Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Variety Iron Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., Washington Heights, 

Chicago, 111. 
Gagnier-Griffin Suspended Railway Bridge Co., 1026 

Masonic Temple, Chicago, 111. 
Detroit Bridge & Iron Works, Detroit, Mich. 
F. H. Smith, Baltimore, Md. 
Vaile & Young, Baltimore, Md. 
San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

BUILDING MATERIALS. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 

A. E. Filley Mfg. Co., 39 Cortland St., N. Y. City. 



Henry Maurer & Son, 420 E. 23d St., N. Y. City. 

H. W. Johns Mfg. Co., 87 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City. 

Warren Chemical & Mfg. Co., 27 Fulton St., N. Y. 

City. 
James G. Wilson, 74 West 23d St., N. Y. City. 
Wm. Heinrich & Son, 193 Spring St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Jos. Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Harrison Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Sam'l. H. French & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Empire Fireproofing Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 
Canton Steel Roofing Co., Canton, Ohio. 
E. B. Moore & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Pioneer Fireproof Construction Co., Chicago, 111. 
Winslow Bros. Co., Chicago, 111. 
Andrew Volk, Baltimore, Md. 
Stillwell, Millen & Co., Savanah, Ga. 

BUILDING MATERIALS, FIREPROOF. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 
H. W. Johns Mfg. Co., 87 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City. 
Henry Maurer & Son, 420 E. 23d St., N. Y. City. 
A. E. Filley Mfg. Co., 39 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 
Empire Fireproofing Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Canton Steel Roofing Co., Canton, Ohio. 
Pioneer Fireproof Construction Co., Chicago, 111. 

CABLES, ELECTRIC. 

General Electric Co., 44 Broad St., N. Y. City. 
Bishop Gutta-Percha Co., 420 E. 25th St. N. Y. City. 
Morris Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Chicago Electric Co., Wilmington, Del. 
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
California Electric Works, 35 Market St., San Fran- 
cisco. 

CABLES=WIRE. 

Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co., Worcester, Mass. 

John Roebling Sons Co., 117 Liberty St., N. Y. City; 
173 Lake St., Chicago, 111; 59 Wade B'ld'g, Cleve- 
land, Ohio; 25 Fremont St., San Francisco, Cal. 

Cooper, Hewitt & Co., 17 Burling Slip, N. Y. City. 

Trenton Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 

Hazard Mfg. Co., Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

Lebanon Chain Works, Lebanon, Pa, 

Carpenter & Co., 207-209 S. Water St., Chicago, 111. 

Broderick & Bascomb Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

California Wire Works, San Francisco, Cal. 



CABLE RAILWAY PLANTS. 

Christie & Lowe, 45 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Robt. Wetherill & Co., Chester, Pa. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore. Md. 

CARBONS FOR DIAMOND DRILLS. 

S. D. Dessau, 4-6 John St., N. Y. City. 

CARS. 

Wason Mfg. Co., Brightwood, Mass. 

New York Equipment Co., 15 Wall St., N. Y. City. 

Ensign Mfg. Co., 11 Pine St., N. Y. City; Hunting- 
ton, W. Va. 

Delaware Car Works, Wilmington, Del. 

J. G. Brill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Standard Steel Works, 220 S. Fourth St., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Midvale Steel Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Allison Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bloomsburg Car Co., Bloomsburg, Pa. 

Carlisle Mfg. Co., Carlisle, Pa. 

Milton Car Works, Milton, Pa. 

Youngstown Car Mfg. Co., Youngstown, Ohio. 

Sheffield Car Co., Three Rivers, Mich. 

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 

Memphis Car and Foundry Co., Memphis, Tenn. 

St. Charles Co., St. Charles, Mo. 

CARS, DUMPING AND HAND. 

G. L. Steubner & Co., Long Island City, N. Y. 
Allison Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bloomsburg Car Co., Bloomsburg, Pa. 
Carlisle Mfg. Co., Carlisle, Pa. 
Jackson & Woodin Mfg. Co., Berwick, Pa. 
Buda Foundry and Mfg. Co., Harvey, 111. 
Sheffield Car Co., Three Rivers, Mich. 

CAR AXLES AND COUPLERS. 

Gould Coupler Co., 66 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

Cambria Iron Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Johnston Coupler Co., 204 Walnut Place, Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Smille Coupler Co., 91 Clay St., Newark, N. J. 

Chas. D. Gibbons, 202 Society of Savings Building, 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

McConway & Torley Co., Pittsburg, Penn. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



255 



National Malleable Castings Co., 1525 Old Colony 

Building, Chicago, 111. 
Tredegar Iron Work, Richmond, Va. 
Memphis Car and Foundry Co., Memphis, Tenn. 
American Foundry Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

CAR LUBRICANTS. 

See Lubricants. 

CAR WHEELS. 

See Wheels. 

CASTINGS, IRON AND STEEL. 

Boston Casting Co., S. Boston, Mass. 

Chrome Steel Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Burr & Houston Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Haight & Clark, Albany, N. Y. 

Flagg, Stanley G., & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

R. D. Wood & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Addyston Pipe and Steel Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Shickle, Harrison & Howard Iron Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 

Valk & Murdoch, Charleston, S. C. 

Chattanooga Foundry and Pipe Works, Chattanooga, 

Tenn. 
American Foundry Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

CASTINGS, MALLEABLE. 

Arcade Malleable Iron Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Torrance Iron Co., Troy, N. Y. 
Devlin & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

National Malleable Castings Co., 1525 Old Colony 
Building, Chicago, 111. 

CEMENT, "PORTLAND." 

Alsen Portland Cement Works, 143 Liberty St., N. Y. 
Howard Flemming (" J. B. White Portland "), 10 Pine 

St., N. Y. City. 
Johnson & Wilson (" Saylor's American Portland "), 

91 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 
E. Thiele (" Dyckerhoff "), 78 William St., N. Y. City. 
Atlas Cement Co. ("American Portland "), 143 Liberty 

St., N. Y. City. 
Buckeye Cement Co. ("Portland"), Bellefontaine, 

Ohio. 



CEHENT, "ROSENDALE" AND MISCEL- 
LANEOUS. 

Lawrence Cement Co. ("Hoffman" Rosendale), 1 

Broadway, N. Y. City. 
New York and " Rosendale " Cement Co., N. Y. City. 
F. O. Norton Cement Co., go Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Cumberland Hydraulic Cement Co., 67 William St., 

N. Y. City. 
Union Akron Cement Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Commercial Wood and Cement Co., Girard Building, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Leslie & Trinkle, 210 S. Third St. , Philadelphia. Pa. 
Cincinnati Mortar Mfg. and Building Supply Co., 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Masters & Co., 236 Superior St., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Meacham & Wright, 98 Market St., Chicago, 111. 
Milwaukee Cement Co., Plankinton Bank B'ld'g, 

Milwaukee, Wis. 
Twin City Lime & Cement Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Black Lime Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Western Cement Co. , 247 W. Main St. , Louisville, Ky. 
S. M. Hamilton, 8 S. Gay St., Baltimore, Md. 
Moore, Warner & Co., Richmond, Va. 
Wright Lime & Cement Co., Memphis, Tenn. 
Howard Hydraulic Cement Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
New Orleans Shell Lime Mfg. Co., New Orleans, La. 
Kansas Cement Works, Kansas City, Mo. 
C. A. Brockett Cement Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
Colorado Cement Mfg. Co., Denver, Colo. 
Pacific Patent Plaster Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

CHAINS. 

Link Belt Engineering Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bradlee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Garland Chain Co., Rankin, Pa. 

Empire Chain Works, Beach and Otis Sts., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 
Lebanon Chain Works, Lebanon, Pa. 
Jas. McKay & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

CHAIN PULLEY BLOCKS. 

See Cranes. 

CHEniCALS & CHEMICAL APPARATUS. 

Aimer & Amend, 18th St. & 3d Ave., N. Y. City. 
R. D. Wood & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Henry Heil Chemical Co., 208-212 Fourth St., St. 
Louis, Mo. 



CHIMNEYS. 

Philadelphia Engineering Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 

CHISELS. 

See Tools. 

CHUCKS. 

Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn. 
Skinner Chuck Co., New Britain, Conn. 
Union Mfg. Co., 103 Chambers St., N. Y. City. 
Standard Tool Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

CLAY-WORKING MACHINERY. 

F. D. Cummer & Son Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 

CLUTCHES, FRICTION. 

A. & F. Brown, 17 Day St., N. Y. City. 
Moore & White Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Volney W. Mason & Co., Providence, R. I. 
J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

CONDENSERS. 

Deane Steam Pump Co., Hoiyoke, Mass. 

Wheeler Condensing & Engineering Co., 39-41 

Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

CONTRACTORS' SUPPLIES. 

Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 

Harold C. Dayton & Co., 44 Day St., N. Y. City. 

Wm. Halpin, 47 Washington St., N. Y. City. 

C. H. McCutcheon, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Contractors' Plant Mfg. Co., "Buffalo, N. Y. 

Link Belt Engineering Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Thos. Carlin's Sons, Allegheny, Pa. 

Geo. B. Carpenter & Co., 202-208 S. Water St., 

Chicago, 111. 
American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
Urie Dredge Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
Milner & Kettig, Birmingham, Ala. 
Missouri Dredge Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
Risdon Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 



256 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



CONVEYING HACHINERY. 

Steel Cable Engineering Co., E. Boston, Mass. 

C. W.Hunt Co., 45 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

John A. Roebling's Sons Co., Trenton, N. J. 

Link Belt Engineering Co., Nicetown, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Brown Hoisting & Conveying Machine Co., Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

COPPER. 

See Brass. 

CORDAGE. 

See Rope. 

CORRUGATED METAL. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 
Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Merchant & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Jas. A. Miller & Bro., 129-131 S. Clinton St., Chi- 
cago, 111. 

CRANES. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 

Yale & Town Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn. 

Earle C. Bacon, 26 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

R. D. Wood & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Brown Hoisting & Conveying Machine Co., Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Whiting Foundry Equipment Co., 225 Dearborn St., 
Chicago, 111. 

CREOSOTING. 

Allen Otis & Son, Lowell, Mass. 

Eppinger & Russell, First St. and Newtown Creek, 
L. I. City. 

Lehigh Valley Creosoting Works, 1 Broadway, N. Y. 
City. 

Wood Vulcanizing Co., Manhattan Bldg., N. Y. City. 

Wyckoff Creosoting Co., Williamsport, Pa. 

Michigan Pipe Co., Bay City, Mich. 

Old Dominion Creosoting Works, 57 Main St., Nor- 
folk, Va. 

Fernoline Chemical Works, Charleston, S. C. 

Gerhard Hardware Co., Austin, Texas. 



CRUSHING=MACHINES. 

Bradley Pulverizer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. 
Earle C. Bacon, 26 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 
Becket Foundry and Machine Works, Arlington, N. J. 
Griffith & Wedge Co., Zanesville, Ohio. 
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.. Columbus, Ohio. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Gates Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

CURRENT=METERS. 

Ritchie & Sons, Brookline, Mass. 

E. E. Haskell. Sault St. Marie, Mich. 

CYLINDER=PACKING. 

See Packing. 

DAMPER=REGULATORS. 

D'Este & Seeley Co., 29 Haverhill St., Boston, Mass. 
Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass. 
Standard Thermometer Co., Peabody, Mass. 

DIAMOND=DRILLS. 

Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co., 26 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
City. 

Sullivan Machinery Co., 54-60 N. Clinton St., Chi- 
cago, 111.; Denver, Col. 

M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

DITCHING=MACHINES. 

Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 
Osgood Dredge Co., Albany, N. Y. 
Moore Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 

F. C. Austin Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco and Seattle. 

DIVERS. 

Capt. John Williams, Thurlow, Pa. 
Joseph G. Falcon, Evanston, 111. 

Thatcher & Breymann, Jefferson and Water Sts., To- 
ledo, Ohio. 
Knudson & Son, 874 Washtenaw Ave., Chicago, 111. 

DIVING APPARATUS. 

A. J. Morse & Son, 140 Congress St., Boston, Mass. 
A. Schraeder & Son, 32 Rose St., New York City. 



DRAIN-TILES. 

See Bricks. 

DRAWING MATERIALS. 

E. L. Deane, Holyoke, Mass. 
L. S. Starrett, Athol, Mass. 

Brandis' Sons Co., 754-56 Lexington Ave., Brooklyn, 

N. Y. 
Keuffel & Esser, 127 Fulton St., N. Y. City. 
Theo. Alteneder, 937 Ridge Avenue, Phila., Pa. 
Queen & Co., Phila., Pa. 

F. Weber & Co., 1125 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa. 
Wm. E. Stieren, 544 Smithfield St., Pittsburg, Pa. 

DREDGING MACHINERY. 

Eastern Dredging Co., 25 Congress St., Boston. 

Mass. 
New England Dredging Co., 12 Post-Office Square. 

Boston, Mass. 
Atlantic Dredging Co., N. Y. City. 
New York Dredging Co., World Bldg., N. Y. City. 
Barney Dumping Boat Co., 319 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Joseph Edwards & Co., 412-416 Water St., N. Y. City. 
John Haywood, ir Pine Street, N. Y. City. 
Osgood Dredge Co., Albany, N. Y. 
J. S. Mundy, Newark, New Jersey. 
Hulings Bros., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, O., and Chicago, 111. 
Bucyrus Steam Shovel and Dredge Co., South Mil. 

waukee, Mich. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Missouri Dredge Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco and Seattle. 

DRILLING=MACHINES. 

Dwight Slate Machine Co., Hartford, Conn. 
Steam Stone-cutting Co., Rutland, Vermont. 
Asa Goddard, Worcester, Mass. 
Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co., 26 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

City. 
Rand Drill Co., 23 Park PL, N. Y. City. 
Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Beaman & Smith, Providence, R. I. 
Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bickford Drill and Tool Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



257 



DUflP CARS. 

See Cars. 

DYNAMITE. 

See Blasting Materials. 

ELECTRIC MOTORS. 

See Motors. 

ELEVATORS. 

Otis Bros. & Co., 38 Park Row, New York City. 
Morse, Williams & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; 19 Pearl 

St., Boston, Mass.; Builders' Exchange, Baltimore, 

Md. 
M. J. O'Donnell & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Winslow Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. 

ErlERY-WHEELS. 

Cutter, Wood & Stevens, 131 Pearl St., Boston, Mass. 

Dickerman Emery Wheel and Machine Co., Bridge- 
port, Conn. 

Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Co., 64 Cortlandt St., N, 
Y. City. 

Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Tanite Co., Stroudsburg, Pa. 

Sterling Emery Wheel Works, Tiffin, Ohio. 

ENGINES, GAS. 

Gas Engine and Power Co., Morris Dock, N. Y. City. 
Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Springfield Gas Engine Co., Springfield, Ohio. 
Buckeye Mfg. Co., Anderson, Ind. 
Van Dusen Gas and Gasoline Engine Co., Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 
Carson & Slaysman, Baltimore, Md. 
Weber Gas and Gasoline Engine Co., Kansas City, 

Mo. 

ENGINES, HOISTING. 

J. S. Mundy, 218 Congress St., Boston, Mass.; New- 
ark, N. J.; 744 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa.; 117 
Water St., Pittsburg, Pa.; 249 S. Jefferson St., 
Chicago, 111.; Fourth and Wakauta Sts., St. Paul, 
Minn.; 715 N. Second St., St. Louis Mo.; 39 Mag- 
azine St., New Orleans, La.; 34 Fremont St., San 
Francisco, Cal.; 85 Front St., Portland, Ore. 

Cooper, Hewitt & Co., 17 Burling Slip, N. Y. City. 

Contractors' Plant Mfg. Co., 129 Erie St., Buffalo, 
N. Y. 

Lidgerwood Co., 96 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 



Williamson Bros., Richmond & York Sts., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine Co., Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Thos. Carlin's Sons, Allegheny, Pa. 

M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Moore Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

ENGINES, MARINE. 

Atlantic Works, E. Boston, Mass. 

Shipman Engine Co., Boston, Mass. 

King Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Globe Iron Works, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Cleveland Ship-building Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

S. F. Hodge & Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Frontier Iron Works, Detroit, Mich. 

ENGINES, PUMPING. 

See Pumping Machinery. 

ENGINES, STATIONARY. 

B. F. Sturtevant Co., Boston, Mass. 

Ball & Wood, 15 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Wm. A. Harris Steam Engine Co., Providence, R. I. 

Fischer Foundry and Machine Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Westinghouse Machine Co., Liberty Ave., Pitts- 
burg, Pa. 

King Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Chase Machine Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Buckeye Engine Co., Salem, Ohio. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Fulton and Union Sts., Chicago, 
111. ; Denver, Colo. 

M. C. Bullock, Chicago, 111. 

Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Smith-Courtney Co., Richmond, Va. 

Valk & Murdock, Charleston, S. C. 

Truxell & Dunmeyer, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Risdon Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

ENGINE SUPPLIES. 

Nightingale & Childs, 134 Pearl St., Boston, Mass. 
Robt. A. Keasby, 54 Warren St., N. Y. City. 



Macan Co., 1420 Callowhill St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Keasby, Mattison & Co., 114 W. Second St., Cincin- 
nati, Ohio; 117 Water St., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Walch & Wyeth, 208 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

F. Sprinkman, 133 Sycamore St., Milwaukee, Wis. 

F. Bocler, 108 Walnut St., St. Louis, Mo. 

S. P. Conklin, 20 E. Atwater St., Detroit, Mich. 

Arthur L. Otto, 19 S. Third St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Wallace & Bro., 432 E. Pratt St.. Baltimore, Md. 

Delbert Engineering Co., New Orleans, La. 

Symmes & Co., 162 Front St., Memphis, Tenn. 

J. H. Stoner & Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

C. W. Badgeley, Eighteenth and Market Sts., Den- 
ver, Colo. 

De Solla & Deussing, 2 California St., San Francisco, 
Cal. 

Risdon Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

ENGRAVERS. 

Jas. Conant & Co., 3 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. 
A. Mugford, Hartford, Conn. 
Moss Engraving Co., 535 Pearl St., N. Y. City. 
Stevens & Morris, 20 College PI., N. Y. City. 
Photo-Engraving Co., 403 Arcade, Cleveland, Ohio- 
Baltimore Engraving Co., Baltimore, Md. 
J. C. Irvine & Co., 339 Kearney St., San Francisco, 
Cal. 

EXCAVATORS. 

See Ditching Machines. 

FEED=WATER HEATERS AND 
PURIFIERS. 

I. B. Davis & Son, Hartford, Conn. 

National Pipe Bending Co., New Haven, Conn. 

Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., Elmvvood, Conn. 

Wheeler Condenser and Engineering Co., 39-41 

Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
Goubert Mfg. Co., 14-16 Church St., N. Y. City. 
Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Harrison Safety Boiler Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Webster, Warren & Co., Camden, N. J. 
Robt. Wetherill & Co., Chester, Pa. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Adrian R. Smith, 315 California St., San Francisco, 

Cal. 



258 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



FILES. 

T. W. Moss, 80 John St., N. Y. City. 

Troy File Works, Troy, N. Y. 

•G. & H. Barnett, 41-43 Richmond St., Phila., Pa. 

McCaffrey File Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nicholson File Co., Providence, R. I. 

Arcade File Works, Anderson, Ind. 

FIRE=BRICKS. 

See Bricks. 
FIRE-PROOF BUILDING MATERIALS. 

See Building Materials. 

FLEXIBLE SHAFTS. 

See Shafting. 

FILTERS. 

Cumberland Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass. 
Morison Jewell Filtration Co., N. Y. City. 
Continental Filter Co., 44 Wall St., N. Y. City. 
Pittsburg Filter Co., Allegheny City, Pa. 

FLAGS, 

Horstmann & Co., Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

FLY-WHEELS. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

FORGES. 

B. F. Sturtevant Co., Boston, Mass. 
Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Champion Blower and Forge Co., Lancaster, Pa. 
Foos Mfg. Co., Springfield, Ohio. 

FORGINGS, IRON AND STEEL. 

Belden Machine Co., New Haven, Conn. 

Wyman & Gordon, Worcester, Mass. 

Delaney Forge and Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

U. S. Projectile Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Cambria Co., Johnstown, Pa. 

Scranton Forging Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Bechlehem Iron Co., S. Bethlehem, Pa. 

Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 

Toledo Machine & Tool Co., Toledo, Ohio. 

FOUNDRIES. 

See Castings. 



FRICTION CLUTCHES. 

See Clutches. 

FROGS AND SWITCHES. 

New York Frog and Switch Co., Hoboken, N. J. 

Ramapo Iron Works, Hillburn, N. Y. 

Pennsylvania Steel Co., 208 S. Fourth St., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

National Switch & Signal Co., Easton, Pa. 

Carlisle Mfg. Co., Carlisle, Pa. 

Pettibone, Mulliken & Co., " The Rookery," Chicago, 
111. 

Elliot Frog & Switch Co., East St. Louis, 111. 

FURNACES. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Julian Kennedy, Pittsburg, Pa. 
Griffith & Wedge Co., Zanesville, Ohio. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Byram & Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Richardson & Boynton Co., 234 Water St., N. Y. 
City; 84 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

GAUGES, STEAM. 

Crosby Steam Gage and Valve Co., Boston, Mass.; 

N. Y. City; Chicago, 111. 
Bristol Co., Waterbury, Conn. 
Standard Thermometer Co., Peabody, Mass. 
Star Brass Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass. 
Hohmann & Maurer Mfg. Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

GAUGES, WATER. 

Reliance Gage Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

GATE VALVES. 

See Valves. 

GEARING. 

Boston Gear Works, Boston, Mass. 

General Electric Co., 44 Broad St., N. Y. City. 

Stow Flexible Shaft Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dayton Globe Iron Works, Dayton, Ohio. 

Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

GRAPHITE. 

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Detroit Graphite and Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich. 



GRATES AND HEARTHS. 

Edw. A. Jackson & Bros., 50 Beekman St., N. Y. City, 
Sam'l H. French & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 

GRIPS, CABLE. 

Robt. Wetherill & Co., Chester, Pa. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

HAND CARS. 

See Cars. 

HARDWARE. 

Adams & Isley, 150 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. 

Chas. Parker Co., Meriden, Conn. 

Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn. 

Covert Mfg. Co., West Troy, N. Y. 

Miller Falls Co., 93 Reade St., N. Y. City. 

Union Mfg. Co., 103 Chambers St., N. Y. City. 

Supplee Hardware Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Biddle Hardware Co., 507 Commerce St., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

American Iron and Steel Works, Pittsburg, Pa. 

G. Cluthe, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

W. Bingham Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Chicago Hardware Mfg. Co., 29 Erie St., Chicago, 
111. 

Empire Wire Nail Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Etler & Enger Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Simmons Hardware Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

J. Parker Hinds, Baltimore, Md. 

Russell & Minnegerode, Richmond, Va. 

T. M. Clarke & Co., Atlanta, Ga. 

H. Oething Hardware Co., New Orleans, La. 

Prest Hardware and Furnace Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Bliss Cotton Hardware Co., Denver, Colo. 

California Hardware Co., San Francisco, Cal. 

Spokane Hardware Co., Spokane, Wash. 

HEATING APPARATUS. 

Gurney Heating and Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass. 
Hart & Krouse, Utica, N. Y. 

H. B. Smith Co., 133-137 Centre St., N. Y. City. 
Boynton Furnace Co., 207 Water St., N. Y. City. 
Gorton & Lidgerwood Co., 96 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 
Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Onderdonk Heating and Ventilating Co., 520 Com- 
merce St., Philadelphia, Pa. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



259 



American Radiator Co., 111-113 Lake St., Chicago, 
111.; 92 Centre St., N. Y. City; 44 Oliver St., Bos- 
ton, Mass.; 1104 N. Levee St., St. Louis, Mo.; 330 
First St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

U. S. Heater Co., Detroit, Mich. 

St. Louis Radiator Co., Union Trust Co. Bldg., St. 
Louis, Mo. 

Crook, Horner & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

HOISTING riACHINERY. 

Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 

Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., 96 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 

J. H. Lancaster, 39-41 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Earle C. Bacon, 26 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

W. A. Crooke & Bros. Co., Newark, N. J. 

J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. 

Contractors' Plant Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Moore Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

American Ship Windlass Co., Providence, R. I. 

Thos. Carlin's Sons, Allegheny, Pa. 

Excelsior Iron Works, 100 N. Clinton St., Chicago 
111. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machine Co., Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Moore Mfg. and Foundry Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

American Hoist and Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn.; 
Carew Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Ryan McDonald Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Truxell & Dunmeyer, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Risdon Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

See J. S. Mundy, under " Engines, Hoisting." 

HOSE. 

Boston Belting Co., 256-60 Devonshire St., Boston, 
Mass.; 100 Chambers St., N. Y. City; 14 N. Fourth 
St., Philadelphia, Pa.; 150 Water St., Cleveland, 
Ohio; 161-165 Pearl St., Cincinnati, Ohio; 109 
Madison St., Chicago, 111.; 380 E. Water St., Mil- 
waukee, Wis.; 248-52 Fourth St., St. Paul, Minn.; 
9th St. and Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo.; 26 
Light St., Baltimore, Md.; 410-12 W. 5th St., Kan- 
sas City, Mo.; 24 Fremont St., San Francisco; 
14-16 Front St., Portland, Ore. 

Crosby Steam Gauge and Valve Co., Boston, Mass. 

New York Belting and Packing Co., N. Y. City. 

Peerless Rubber Mfg. Co., 15 Warren St., N. Y. City. 



HYDRANTS AND VALVES. 

Peet Valve Co., Boston, Mass. 

Chapman Valve Mfg. Co., Indian Orchard, Mass. 

Holyoke Hydrant and Iron Works, Holyoke, Mass. 

John Fox, 160 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

John McLean, 298 Monroe St., N. Y. City. 

Pancoast & Rogers, 15 Gold St., N. Y. City. 

Ross Valve Co., Troy, N. Y. 

Ludlow Valve Mfg. Co., Troy, N. Y. 

Eddy Valve Co., Waterford, N. Y. 

Holly Mfg. Co., Lockport, N. Y. 

R. D. Wood & Co. , 400 Chestnut St. , Philadelphia, Pa. 

Tamaqua Mfg. Co., Tamaqua, Pa. 

Richard Beaumont, Kankakee, 111. 

Michigan Brass and Iron Works, Detroit, Mich. 

HYDRAULIC MACHINERY. 

U. S. Projectile Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Watson & Stillman, 204-210 43d St., N. Y. City. 
Richard Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., N. Y. City. 
Win. H. Wood, Media, Pa. 

See also Jacks, Hydraulic. 

INDICATORS AND INJECTORS. 

Crosby Steam Gauge and Valve Co., Boston, Mass. 
Hine & Robertson Indicator Co., Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

City. 
Thompson Hydraulic Co., Nassau and Beekman Sts., 

N. Y. City. 
Eynon-Evans Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Penberthy Injector Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Ahrens & Ott Mfg. Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Milner & Kettig Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

INSTRUMENTS, ENGINEERING AND 
SURVEYING. 

Buff & Berger, Boston, Mass. 

E. L. Deane, Holyoke, Mass. 

Keuffel & Esser Co., 127 Fulton St., N. Y. City. 

Brandis Sons Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, N. Y. 

Thos. Alteneder, 355 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Ball-Ball Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Heller & Brightly, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Queen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Young & Sons, 43 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Hermann Pfister, 176-80 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 



Seelig & Kandler, 194 Madison St., Chicago, 111. 
Kuhlo & Ellerbe, St. Paul, Minn. 
Mahn & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

A. S. Alloe & Co., 415 N. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo-. 
Fauth & Co., 132-34 Maryland Ave., S. W., Wash- 
ington, D. C, 

IRON J1ANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS. 

Gustaf Lundburg, Boston, Mass. 

Abbott Wheelock & Co., New York and Boston. 

Ogden & Wallace, 577-83 Greenwich St., N. Y. City. 

C. K. Barnes, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nicoll, Wheeler & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Adolph Butze, St. Louis, Mo. 

IRON CASTINGS. 

See Castings. 

IRON ROOFING. 

See Roofing. 

JACKS, HYDRAULIC. 

Watson & Stillman, 204-210 E. 43d St., N. Y. City. 

Richard Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., N. Y. City. 

J. F. McCoy & Co., 26 Warren St., N. Y. City. 

Dienelt & Eisenhardt, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Riehle Bros. Testing-machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

McSherry Mfg. Co., Middleton, Ohio. 

G. B. Carpenter & Co., Chicago, 111. 

JOURNAL BEARINGS. 

See Metals, Anti-friction. 

LABOR, ITALIAN. 

Donato Cuozzo, 386 Broome St., N. Y. City. 
Pasquale Martino, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

LATHES. 

Draper Machine Tool Co.. Worcester, Mass. 
Fitchburg Machine Works, Fitchburg, Mass. 
Prentiss Tool & Supply Co., 115 Liberty St., N.Y. City. 
Manning, Maxwell & Moore, in Liberty St., N. Y- 

City. 
E. Harrington, Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pennsylvania Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Beaman & Smith, Providence, R. I. 
Dietz, Schumacher & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Sebastian Lathe Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Springfield Machine Tool Co., Springfield, Ohio. 
See also Machinery. 



260 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



LAUNCHES, ELECTRIC AND NAPHTHA. 

Gas Engine and Power Co., Morris Heights, N. Y. 

City. 
Cleveland Ship Building Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
General Electric Launch Co., 44 Broad St., Chicago, 

111. 
Detroit Boat Works, Detroit, Mich. 
Caldwell Bros., Tacoma, Washington. 

LIFE=SAVING APPARATUS. 

Armstrong Cork Co., New York, Pittsburg, Chicago, 
St. Louis. 

D. Kahn Weiler, 437 Pearl St., N. Y. City. 
Detroit Sheet Metal & Brass Works, 64-72 Orleans 

.St., Detroit, Mich. 

LOCOriOTIVES. 

Brooks Locomotive Co., Dunkirk, N. Y. 
Schenectady Locomotive Works, Schenectady, N. Y. 
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
^Rogers Locomotive Works, Patterson, N. J. 
Pittsburg Locomotive Works, Pittsburg, Pa. 
Richmond Locomotive & Machine Works, Richmond, 

Va. 
H. A. Keefer, Kansas City, Mo. 

LUBRICANTS. 

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Dreher Mfg. Co., 249 Front St., N. Y. City. 
Signal Oil Works, Franklin, Pa. 
Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; 51 Dey St. 

N. Y. City. 
Allerton Lubricant Co., Chicago, 111. 

LUBRICATORS. 

Wilmot & Hobbs Mfg. Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 
Bloomsburg Mfg. Co., Bloomsburg, Pa. 
Sherwood Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Bumann Mfg. Co., Litchfield, 111. 

LUMBER. 

E. G. Pond, Boston, Mass. 
Vanderbilt & Hopkins, N. Y. City. 

Lehigh Valley Creosoting Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Buffalo Lumber Co., 209 Girard Building, Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 
J. M. Murdock & Bro., Johnstown, Pa. 
Wm. Anderson & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 



Baldridge & Hogan, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

E. C. Atkins, Minneapolis, Minn. 

C. A. Beck, Milwaukee, Wis. 

St. Louis Lumber Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Wm. Berry & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

W. W. Almar & Co., Savannah, Geo. 

J. H. Anthony, Memphis, Tenn. 

Otis Mfg. Co., New Orleans, La. 

Badger Lumber Co., Kansas City, Mo. 

Atlas Lumber Co., Denver, Col. 

Allen & Higgins, San Francisco, Cal. 

Tacoma Timber Co., Tacoma, Washington. 

MACHINERY. 

Hill, Clarke & Co., Boston, Mass. 

American Tool & Machinery Co., Boston, Mass. 

C. E. Bigelow, 45 Dey St., N. Y. City. 

Manning, Maxwell & Moore, 111 Liberty St., N. Y. 
City. 

Bement, Miles & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

E. Harrington, Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Beaman & Smith, Providence, R. I. 

Chas. H. Amidon, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Buffalo Machine Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Thos. Carlin's Sons, Allegheny, Pa. 

Pittsburg Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Cordesman Machine Co., 20-30 Butler St., Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. 

Acme Machinery Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Armstrong Bros. Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 

Charles H. Besly & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Ball Pump & Supply Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Reliance Machine Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

O. L. Packard Machinery Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Bignall & Keely Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Campbell & Zell Co., Essex and Burke Sts., Balti- 
more, Md. 

Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

./Etna Iron Works, Norfolk, Va. 

Richmond Locomotive & Machine Works, Richmond, 
Va. 

Charleston Iron Works, Charleston, S. C. 

Atlanta Machine Works, Atlanta, Ga. , 

L. L. Burdon, Louisville, Ky. 

Kentucky Machine Works, Louisville, Ky. 

Milburn Gin & Machine Co., Memphis, Tenn. 

H. D. Coleman Machine Co., New Orleans, La. 

C. A. Brackett & Co., Kansas City, Mo. 



Kansas City Machinery and Supply Co., Kansas City, 

Mo. 
Denver Machinery Co., Denver, Col. 
Fremont Machine Works, San Francisco, Cal. 
Portland Foundry and Machine Works, Portland, Ore. 

MACHINE SCREWS. 

Worcester Machine Screw Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Harvey Hubbell, Bridgeport, Conn. 
Rhode Island Tool Co., Providence, R. I. 
Cincinnati Screw and Tap Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
See also Bolts, Nuts, and Washers. 

MACHINE TOOLS AND SUPPLIES. 

MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS. 

See Castings. 
See Machinery. 

MARBLE. 

True Blue Marble Co., Rutland, Vt. 
Davidson Sons' Marble Co., nth Ave., N. Y. City. 
Batterson & Eisele, 431 nth Ave., N. Y. City. 
Southern Marble Co., Marble Hill, Pickens Co., 
Georgia. 

METERS— GAS AND WATER. 

Hersey Mfg. Co., S. Boston, Mass. 
Metropolitan Meter Co., Boston, Mass. 
Union Water Meter Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Builders' Iron Foundry, Venturi Meters, Providence, 

R. I. 
National Meter Co., 252 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Thompson Hydraulic Co., Nassau and Beekman Sts., 

N. Y. City. 
Buffalo Meter Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
The Fuel Gas and Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

METALS— ANTIFRICTION. 

Bridgeport Deoxidized Bronze and Metal Co., Bridge- 
port, Conn. 

Magnolia Metal Co., 74 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City; 
Traders' Bldg., Chicago, 111. 

Brady Metal Co., 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

Phosphor Bronze Smelting Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Paul S. Reeves, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Crown Smelting Co., Chester, Pa. 

Damascus Bronze Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Ed. Wertheim, 207-209 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

T. Hiertz & Son, St. Louis, Mo. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



261 



METALLIC PACKING. 

See Packing. 
MOTORS— ELECTRIC. 

" C. & C." Electric Motor Co., 402-404 Greenwich St., 

N. Y. City; 8S-92 S. Fifth Ave., N. Y. City. 
General Electric Co., 44 Broad St., N. Y. City. 
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Brush Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Siemans & Halske Electric Co., Chicago, 111. 

flOTORS— QAS AND WATER. 

" C. & C." Electric Co., 402-404 Greenwich St., N. Y. 

City. 
Daimler Gas Motor Co., Steinway, L. I. 
Thos. H. Dallett & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 

NAILS AND SPIKES. 

Atlas Tack Corporation, Boston, Mass. 

Borden & Lovell, 70 West St., N. Y. City. 

Kilmer Mfg. Co., Newburgh, N. Y. 

Atlas Tack Corporation, 31 Warren St., N. Y. City; 

339 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa.; 193 Lake St., 

Chicago, 111.; 14 W. German St., Baltimore, Md.; 

408 Market St., San Francisco. 
Baackes & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Pottstown Iron Co., Pottstown, Pa. 
Riverside Iron Works, Wheeling, W. Va. 
Grand Crossing Tack Co., Grand Crossing, Chicago, 

111. 
Union Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Old Dominion Nail and Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
See also Hardware. 

NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

T. S. & J. D. Negus, 140 Water St., New York City. 
Frank Morrison, 161 River St., Cleveland, Ohio. 

NUTS. 

See Bolts. 

NUT LOCKS. 

Young Nut Lock Co., 15 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Eureka Nut Lock Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
National Elastic Nut Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

OILS. 

See Lubricants. 

OIL CUPS. 

See Lubricators. 



PACKING. 

American Steam Packing Co., 51 Kilby St., Boston, 
Mass. 

Hine & Robertson, 66 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

L. Katzenstein, 357 West St., N. Y. City. 

New York Belting and Packing Co., N. Y. City. 

Peerless Rubber Mfg. Co., 15 Warren St., N. Y. City. 

Sherwood Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Quaker City Rubber Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 

U. S. Metallic Packing Co., 435 N. Broad St., Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Ed. Wertheim, 207-209 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

Crandall Packing Co., 51 S. Canal St., Chicago, 111.; 
136 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 

Robt. Morrison, St. Louis, Mo. 

See Boston Belting Co. under " Hose," and also 
Engine Supplies. 

PAINTS AND OILS. 

National Lead and Oil Co., N. Y. City. 

John Lucas & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Murphy Bros., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Iron-Clad Paint Co., 75-77 Central Way, Cleveland, 

Ohio. 
F. W. Devoe & C. T. Reynolds Co., 176 Randolph St., 

Chicago, 111. 
Detroit Graphite Mfg. Co., 542 River St., Detroit, 

Mich. 
Chattanooga Paint Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 
ParafHne Paint Co., 116 Battery St., San Francisco, 

Cal.; Portland, Ore. 

PAVING. 

Booth Bros. & Hurricane Island Granite Co., 60 

Bank St., N. Y. City. 
W. H. Knowlton, "Times" B'ld'g, N. Y. City. 
Lehigh Valley Creosoting Co. (Wooden Blocks), 

Jersey City, N. J. 
Park Fire Clay Co. (Paving Brick), Pittsburg, Pa. 
See also Asphalt and Stone. 

* PHOTOGRAHPHIC SUPPLIES. 

Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
Rochester Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
Queen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PILE-DRIVING MACHINERY. 

J. M. Mays & Co., 209 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Monongahela and Western Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Toledo Foundry and Machine Co., Toledo, Ohio. 
Vulcan Iron Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 



Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 

Industrial Works, Bay City, Mich. 

R. J. & A. B. Cram, Detroit, Mich. 

American Hoist and Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

See also J. S. Mundy, under " Engines. Hoisting." 

PIPE, CAST IRON. 
Fred. A. Houdlette & Son, Boston, Mass. 
Pancoast & Rogers, 28 Piatt St., N. Y. City. 
R. D. Wood & Co., 400 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
Buffalo Pipe Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Lake Shore Foundry Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Radford Pipe & Foundry Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Addyston Pipe & Steel Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Chattanooga Foundry & Pipe Co. , Chattanooga, Tenn. 
N. Clark & Sons, 17 Spear St., San Francisco, Cal. 
See also Castings. 

PIPE, FIRE=CLAY. 

John H. Jackson, Albany, N. Y. 
Syracuse Stone Ware Agency, Syracuse, N. Y. 
Sharon Clay Mfg. Co., Sharon, Pa. 
Park Fire Clay Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Columbus Sewer Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
White Hall Fire Clay Works, White Hall, 111. 
Dennis Long & Co., Louisville, Ky. 
Lookout Sewer Pipe Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 

PIPE, LEAD=LINED. 
Lead-Lined Pipe Co., Wakefield, Mass. 
Pancoast & Rogers, 28 Piatt St., N. Y. City. 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

PIPE, WROUGHT=IRON. 
Sumner & Goodwin, 15 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
F. B. Hawkins & Co., Boston and N. Y. City. 
John Fox, 160 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
National Tube Works Co., McKeesport, Pa. 
Robt. E. Hills, 57-59 N. Wells St., Chicago, 111. 
L. M. Rumsey & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Chattanooga Foundry and Pipe Works, Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 

PIPE FITTINGS AND TOOLS. 

See Plumbing. 

PLANES. 

See Tools. 

PLUMPING SUPPLIES. 

Gilchrist & Gorhan, 207 Congress St., Boston, Mass. 
T. L. Mott Iron Works, 84-90 Beekman St., N. Y. 



262 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



City; 332-334 Boylston St., Boston, Mass; 311-313 
Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111.; Wainwright Bldg., 
St. Louis, Mo.; Flood Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 

Steel Bath Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Haines, Jones & Cadbury, 1136 Ridge Ave., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Standard Mfg. Co., Box 1454, Pittsburg, Pa. 

John Douglas Co., 162-164 Poplar St., Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

L. Wolf Mfg. Co., 93 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111.; 
Minneapolis, and Denver. 

Jas. Robertson Mfg. Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Ahrens & Ott, Louisville, Ky. 

Milner & Kettig, Birmingham, Ala. 

T. Wortley Kansas City, Mo. 

PNEUMATIC FOUNDATIONS. 

Anderson & Barr, 240 nth St., Jersey City, N. J. 
Sooysmith & Co., 2 Nassau St., N. Y. City. 

POWER HAMMERS AND PUNCHES. 

Butts & Ordway, Boston, Mass. 

Watson & Stillman, 204 E. 43d St., N. Y. City. 

Bradley Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Dienelt & Eisenhardt, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

J. A. Crosby & Co., Chicago, 111. 

POWER TRANSMITTING MACHINERY. 

See Transmission Machinery. 

PRESSURE REGULATORS. 

Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass. 
Standard Thermometer Co., Peabody, Mass. 
D'Este & Seeley Co., 29-33 Haverhill St., Boston, 

Mass.; 109 Liberty St., N. Y. City; 218 Lake St., 

Chicago, 111. 
J. H. Dousman, Milwaukee, Wis. 

PROPELLERS. 

G. Douglas Petrie, 39-41 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
King Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Cleveland Ship-building Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Globe Iron Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
McKinnon Mfg. Co., Bay City, Mich. 

PULLEYS AND SHAFTING. 

Boston Gear Works, Boston, Mass. 
Cook & Co., 163 Washington St., N. Y. City. 
Volney W. Mason & Co., Providence, R. I. 
Moore & White Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Wm, Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Stow Flexible Shaft Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 



G. B. Carpenter & Co., Chicago, 111. 
Edw. P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Robt. Poole & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Talbott & Sons, Richmond, Va. 
Truxell & Dunmeyer, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

PUMPS AND PUMPING MACHINERY. 

Deane Steam Pump Co., Holyoke, Mass. 

Perrin Seamans & Co., 57 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 

Geo. F. Blake Mfg. Co., 185 Devonshire St., Boston, 
Mass.; 95-97 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 

Henry R. Worthington, 86-88 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 

Pulsometer Steam Pump Co., 120 Liberty St., N. Y. 
City. 

Davidson Steam Pump Co., 41-51 Keap St., Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. ; 51 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 

Joseph Edwards & Co., 412-416 Water St., N. Y. City. 

Gould Mfg. Co., 60 Barclay St., N. Y. City. 

R. D. Wood & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Walker Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

John H. McGowan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Edw. P. AHis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 

Cook Well Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Louisville Steam Pump Co., Louisville, Ky. 

Lookout Steam Boiler Works, Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Cameron & Barkley Co., Charleston, S. C. 

Henry R.Worthington, 1762 Larimer St., Denver, Col. 

Union Iron Works, First and Mission Sts., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

Holly Pumping Co., 315 12th St., Portland, Ore. 

QUARRYING MACHINERY. 

See Drilling Machines. 
RAILS AND RAIL JOINTS. 

New York Equipment Co., 15 Wall St., N. Y. City. 
Robinson & Orr, 419 Wood St., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Pettibone, Mulliken & Co., 401 " The Rookery," Chi- 
cago, 111. 
M. C. & S. S. Niles, Chicago, 111. 
Heath Rail Joint Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 

RAILWAY SUPPLIES, 

Sylvestor & Co., Boston, Mass. 

DeGrauw, Aymar & Co., 34, 35 South St., N. Y. City. 

New Jersey Car Spring and Rubber Co., JerseyCity, 

N. J. 
W. T. Barutio & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Robinson & Orr, 419 Wood St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 



Carlisle Mfg. Co., Carlisle, Pa. 

Drexel R'way Supply Co., "The Rookery," Chicago, 
111. 

A. S. Males & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Detroit R'way Supply Co., Detroit, Mich. 

M. M. Buck & Co., 207 N. 3d St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Morton Reed & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Southern R'way Supply Co., Richmond, Va. 

James & Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 

New Orleans R'way and Mill Supply Co., New Or- 
leans, La. 

RIVETS. 

Blake & Johnson, Waterbury, Conn. 
Burden Iron Co., Troy, N. Y. 
Dover Iron Co., Dover, N. J. 
Pennsylvania Bolt and Nut Co., Lebanon, Pa. 
J. H. Sternbergh & Son, Reading, Pa. 

RIVETING MACHINES. 

John Adt & Sons, New Haven, Conn. 

ROAD=MAKING MACHINERY. 

Harrisburgh Foundry and Machine Works, Harris- 
burgh, Pa. 

Addyston Pipe and Steel Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

O. S. Kelly Co., Springfield, Ohio. 

Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 

Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio. 

F. G. Austin Mfg. Co., Carpenter St. and Carroll 
Ave., Chicago, 111. 

ROAD ROLLERS. 

Pioneer Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Harrisburgh Foundry and Machine Works, Harris- 
burgh, Pa. 

Erie Machine Shop, Erie, Pa. 

Union Iron and Foundry Co., 1458 S. Second St., St. 
Louis, Mo. 

H. E. Baldwin, Perwin Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Wallace Stebbins, in E. German St., Baltimore, Md. 

ROAD SPRINKLERS. 

Haydenville Mfg. Co., 73 Beekman St., N. Y. City. 
Studebaker Bros., South Bend, Ind. 
Bailey Libbey Co., Charleston, S. C. 

ROAD SWEEPERS. 

Lewis & Fowler Mfg. Co., 28 Sanford St., Brooklyn, 
N. Y. 

ROCK DRILLS. 

See Drills. 



DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



263 



ROCK AND ORE CRUSHERS. 

See Crushing Machinery. 
ROOFING. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 

Warren Chemical & Mfg. Co., 27 Fulton St., N. Y. 
City. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Merchant & Co., 517 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Canton Steel Roofing Co., Canton, Ohio. 

Jas. A. Miller & Bro., 129-131 S. Clinton St., Chi- 
cago, 111. 

ROPE, HEMPEN. 

De Grauw, Aymar & Co., 34 and 35 South St., N. Y. 

City. 
Lawrence Cordage Works, 46 South St., N. Y. City. 
Howard H. Baker & Co. , 18-26 Terrace. Buffalo, N. Y. 
George B. Carpenter & Co., 207 and 209 S. Water St., 

Chicago, 111. 
J. L. Lindsay, Richmond, Va. 

ROPE, WIRE. 

See Cable. 
ROPE TRANSMISSION. 

See Transmission Machinery. 
RUBBER GOODS. 

Newton Rubber Works, Boston, Mass. 

Spinney, Virtue & Co., Lynn, Mass. 

Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Co., 64 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

City. 
New York Belting and Packing Co., New York City. 
Peerless Rubber Mfg. Co., 15 Warren St., New York 

City. 
Home Rubber Co., Trenton, N. J. 

See Boston Belting Co., under " Hose." 

RULES AND MEASURING TAPES. 

Stephens & Co., Riverton, Conn. 

Stanley Rule and Level Co., 29 Chambers St., N. Y. 

City. 
Geo. M. Eddy & Co., 345-353 Classon Ave., Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 
Geo. B. Carpenter & Co., 297-209 S. Water St., Chi- 
cago, 111. 

See also Instruments — Engineering and 

Surveying. 

RUST=PROOF IRON. 

G. W. Gesner, 15 State St., N. Y. City. 

SAFETY=VALVES. 

See Valves. 



SAWS. 

Simonds Mfg. Co., Fitchburg, Mass. 

National Saw Co., Newark, N J. 

Henry Disston & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. 

E. C. Atkins & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; Minneapo- 
lis, Minn.; Memphis, Tenn. ; Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Simonds Saw Co., 21 S. Canal St., Chicago, 111.; 215 
Magazine St., New Orleans, La.; San Francisco, 
Cal.; Portland, Ore. 

SCALES. 

John Chatillon & Sons, 85-93 Cliff St., N. Y. City. 
Buffalo Scale Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Fairbanks Scale Co., Broadway, N. Y. 

SCRAPERS. 
American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square, Pa. 

SCREWS. 

Blake & Johnson, Waterbury, Conn. 
Worcester Machine Screw Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Henry B. Newhall Co., 105 Chambers St., N. Y. City. 
Wm. H. Haskell Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 

F. S. Miles, 205 Quarry St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Cincinnati Screw and Tap Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

See also Hardware. 

SEWAGE=PUMPING MACHINERY. 

Henry R. Worthington, 86 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
See also Pumping Machinery. 

SEWERS, JOINTLESS. 

Monolithic Drain and Conduit Co., 5 Beekman St., 
N. Y. City. 

SHAFTING. 

See Pulleys. 

SHEET=PILING. 

Wakefield Sheet Piling Co., Monadnock Bldg., Chi- 
cago, 111. 

SHIPBUILDING. 

Arthur D. Story, Essex, Mass. 

Elmer A. Ely, Middleton, Conn. 

A. M. Gamage & Co., S. Bristol Me. 

C. V. Minott, Phillipsburg, Me. 

Farr & James, Essex, Mass. 

Portland Ship-building Co., Portland, Me. 

Fillmore A. Baker, Patchogue, L. I. 

Isaac Combs, Camden, Me. 

E. S. Crosby, Bath, Me. 

Bath Iron Works, Bath, Me. 



McDonald & Brown, Belfast, Me. 

New England Co., Bath, Me. 

Atlantic Works, E. Boston, Mass. 

Robt. Palmer & Son Co., Norwalk, Conn. 

Geo. Lawley & Son Co., S. Boston, Mass. 

Crescent Ship Yard, Elizabeth, N. J. 

Bell's Steam Engine Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

J. H. Dialogue & Son, Camden, N. J. 

Cramp Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Union Dry Dock Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Jackson & Sharp Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Neafie & Levy Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Globe Iron Works, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Cleveland Shipbuilding Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Craig Shipbuilding Co., Toledo, Ohio. 

John E. Monk, Sandusky, Ohio. 

Chicago Shipbuilding Co., Chicago, 111. 

Detroit Dry Dock Co., Detroit, Mich. 

James Davidson, Bay City, Mich. 

F. W. Wheeler & Co., Bay City, Mich. 

Jenk's Shipbuilding Co., Port Huron, Mich. 

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., 

Newport News, Va. 
W. D. Crammond, Hawesville, Ky. 
Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. 
Hall Bros., Port Blakely, Washington. 

SHIP-CHANDLERS. 

L. W. Ferdinand & Co., Boston, Mass. 
De Grauw & Aymar, 34, 35 South St., New York City. 
Howard H. Baker & Co., 18-26 Terrace, Buffalo, N. Y. 
W. T. Barrutio&Co., 119 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
Upsom-WaltonCo., 155-63 River St., Cleveland, Ohio. 
South Chicago Ship Chandlery Co., 170 g2d St., S. 

Chicago, 111. 
Woodward, Wight & Co., Canal St., New Orleans, La. 

SKYLIGHTS. 

Canton Steel Roofing Co., Canton, Ohio. 
Jas. A. Miller & Bros., 129-131 S. Clinton St., 
Chicago, 111. 

STAN DPI PES. 

Cunningham Iron Co., Boston, Mass. 

E. Hodge & Co., E. Boston, Mass. 

R. D. Wood & Co. , 400 Chestnut St. , Philadelphia, Pa. 

Riter & Conley, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Sharon Boiler Works, Sharon, Pa. 

Enterprise Boiler Co., Youngstown, Ohio. 

Brownell & Co., Dayton, Ohio. 



264 



UNITED STATES PUBLIC WORKS. 



The Challenge Wind-mill and Fbed-millCo., Batavia, 

111. 
Harvey Boiler Works, Harvey, 111. 

See Engines and Boilers. 

STEAM-GAUGES. 

See Gauges. 

STEAM=HAMMERS. 

See Power Hammers. 

STEAM-PIPES. 

See Pipes. 

STEAM-PUMPS. 

See " Pumping Machinery." 

STEAM-REGULATING APPARATUS. 

Chapman Valve Mfg. Co., Indian Orchard, Mass. 

Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass. 

Chapman Valve Mfg. Co., 72 Kilby St., Boston, 

Mass.; 28 Piatt St., New York City; 24 W. Lake 

St., Chicago, 111. 
Hohmann & Maurer Mfg. Co., Plymouth and Jay 

Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Harrison Safety Boiler Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Sherwood Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Reliance Gauge Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Penberthy Injector Co., Detroit, Mich. 
L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co., 810 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. 

STEAM SHOVELS. 

John Souther & Co., Boston, Mass. 
New York Dredging Co., New York City. 
Osgood Dredge Co., Albany, N. Y. 
Thos. Carlin's Sons, Allegheny, Pa. 
Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio. 
Vulcan Iron Works, Toledo, Ohio. 
F. C. Austin Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 
Bucyrus Steam Shovel Co., S. Milwaukee, Wis. 
San Francisco Bridge Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; 
Seattle, Washington. 

See also Dredging Machinery. 

STEEL. 

Abbott, Wheelock& Co., Boston and New York City. 

Kayser, Ellison & Co., 31 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.; 
93 Liberty St., New York City. 

Frankford Steel Co., Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Chester Steel Casting Co., 407 Liberty St., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

La Belle Steel Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 



Carbon Steel Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 

.<Etna Standard Iron & Steel Co., Bridgeport, Ohio. 

Bethlehem Iron Co., S. Bethlehem, Pa. 

Midvale Steel Co,, Midvale, Pa. 

Russell Wheel and Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. 

Wm. E. Stockton, 16-18 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

Illinois Steel Co., South Chicago, 111. 

Union Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

See also Castings and Forgings. 
STEEL CASTINGS. 

See Castings. 

STEEL FORGINGS, 

See Forgings. 

STEEL RAILS. 

See Rails. 

STEEL, TOOL. 

B. M. Jones & Co., 11-13 Oliver St. Boston, Mass.; 

143 Liberty St., New York City. 
Frankford Steel Co., Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa. 
La Belle Steel Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Wm. E. Stockton, 16-18 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111. 

STEEL AND STEEL TIRED WHEELS. 

See Wheels. 
STONE AND SLATE. 

Bodweil Granite Co., Rockland, Me. 

Brownville Maine Slate Co., Worcester, Mass. 

Booth Bros., 60 Bank St. N. Y. City. 

Branford Granite Co., 2 & 4 Court Square, Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 

New England Granite Works, Hartford, Conn. 

Stony Brook Felsite Quarry Co., 31 State St., Boston, 
Mass. 

Empire Granite Co., 35 Tweddle Bldg., Albany, 
N. Y. ; Philadelphia, Pa. 

Cleveland Stone Co., Welshire Bldg., Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

Portage Entry Quarries Co., Chicago, 111. 

Amberg Granite Co., Amberg, Wis. 

Grafton Quarry Co,, 415 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Guilford & Waltersville Granite Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Richmond Granite Co., Richmond, Va. 

Southern Granite Co., Atlanta, Ga. 

STREET SWEEPERS. 

See Road Sweepers. 
STRUCTURAL IRON WORKS. 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., E. Berlin, Conn. 
Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



Jas. G. Lindsay & Co., 133 S. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Carnegie, Phipps & Co., 48 Fifth Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Pencoyd Iron Works, 261 S-. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Russel Wheel and Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. 
Colorado Iron Works, Denver, Col. 
Maryland Steel Co. Sparrows Pt., Maryland. 
Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
Colorado Iron Works, Denver, Colo. 

See also Bridges and Building Materials. 

SWITCHES. 

See Frogs. 

TACKLE BLOCKS, 

See Cranes. 

TANKS— IRON AND WOOD. 

Continental Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Williams Mfg. Co. (Wood), Kalamazoo Mich. 
U. S. Wind Engine and Pump Co., Batavia, 111. 
See also Stand-pipes. 
TENTS. 

Horstman & Co., Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Geo. B. Carpenter & Co., 207-209 S. Water St., 

Chicago, 111. 
American Tent & Awning Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

TESTING-MACHINES. 

Riehle Bros., 9th St., Philadelphia, Pa.; 93 Liberty 

St., N. Y. City. 
Olsen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

THERMOMETERS. 

Standard Thermometer Co., "John Hancock" Bldg., 
Boston, Mass.; 14 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

Bristol Co., Waterbury, Conn.; 120 Liberty St., 
N. Y. City. 

TILES. 

See Bricks. 

TIMBER. 

See Lumber. 

TOOLS. 

R. H. Brown & Co., New Haven, Conn. 
Standard Tool Co., Athol, Mass. 

See also Hardware. 
TOOLS, BLACKSMITHS', ETC. 

Butts & Ordway, Boston, Mass. 
Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co., Greenfield, Mass. 
Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y.; 22 & 24 W. Ran- 
dolph St., Chicago. 






DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN MACHINERY, SUPPLIES, ETC. 



265 



Fayette R. Plumb, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Oster Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

See also Hardware. 

TRANSMISSION MACHINERY. 

C. W. Hunt, 45 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Link Belt Engineering Co., Nicetown, Philadelphia. 
Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 
Dodge Mfg. Co., Mishawaka, Ind. 
Robt. Poole Son Company, Baltimore, Md. 
See also Cable Railway Plants. 

TRENCH MACHINES. 

See Ditching Machines. 

TROWELS. 

Henry Disston, Philadelphia, Pa. 

TUBES. 

See Boiler Fronts and Fittings. 

TUBE EXPANDERS. 

Richard Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., N. Y. City. 
Thos. Prosser & Son, 15 Gold St., N. Y. City. 

TURBINES. 

See Water Wheels. 

TURNBUCKLES. 

Merrill Bros., 465-471 Kent Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Cleveland City Forge and Iron Co., Cleveland, Ohio; 
136 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 

TURNTABLES. 

Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Tippett & Wood, Phillipsburg, New jersey. 

TWIST DRILLS. 

Morse Twist Drill and Machine Co., New Bedford, 

Mass. 
New Process Drill Co., Taunton, Mass. 
The Cleveland Twist Drill Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
The Standard Tool Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

VALVES— QAS, STEAM, WATER. 

Chapman Valve Mfg. Co., 72 Kilby St., Boston, 
Mass.; 28 Piatt St., N. Y. City; 24 W. Lake St., 
Chicago, 111. 

Eynon-Evans Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Crosby Steam Gauge and Valve Co., Boston, Mass.; 
N. Y. City; Chicago, 111. 

L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

See also Engine Supplies and Hydrants. 



VENTILATING APPLIANCES. 

B. F. Sturtevant Co., 34 Oliver St., Boston, Mass., 
91 Liberty St., N. Y. City; 135 N. 3d St., Phila- 
delphia, Pa.; 16 S. Canal St., Chicago, 111. 

Howard & Morse, 45 Fulton St., N. Y. City. 

Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Huyett & Smith Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich. 
VISES. 

Prentiss Vise Co., 44 Barclay St., N. Y. City. 

Howard Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Logan & Strobridge Iron Co., New Brighton, Pa. 

Hollands Mfg. Co., Erie, Pa. 

WASHERS. 

See Bolts. 

WATER=QAUGES. 

See Gauges. 
WATER=METERS. 

See Meters. 

WATER=MOTORS. 

See Motors. 

WATER=TANKS. 

See Tanks. 

WATER=TUBE BOILERS. 

See Boilers. 

WATER- W HEELS. 

Dayton Globe Iron Works, Dayton, Ohio. 

R. D. Wood & Co. , 400 Chestnut St. , Philadelphia, Pa. 

S. Morgan Smith, York, Pa. 

Fraser & Chalmers, Chicago, 111. 

Robert Poole Son Company, Baltimore, Md. 

Pelton Water Wheel Co., 121 Main St., San Francisco. 

WELLS AND WELL SUPPLIES. 

U. S. Wind Engine and Pump Co., Batavia, 111. 
Cook Well Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

WHEELS. 
Ramapo Iron Works, Hillburn, N. Y. 
Prosser & Son, 15 Gold St., N. Y. City. 
Standard Steel Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Allen Paper Car Wheel Co., Chicago, 111. 
Madison Car Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va. 
Memphis Car and Foundry Works, Memphis, Tenn. 
See also Railway Supplies. 
WHEELBARROWS. 
G. L. Steubner & Co., L. I. City, N. Y. 



Cockburn Barrow and Machine Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
Bryan Mfg. Co., Bryan, Ohio. 
Sidney Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, Ohio. 
Withingion & Cooley Mfg. Co., Jackson, Mich. 

WIRE. 

Wright & Colton Wire Cloth Co., Worcester, Mass.- 

181 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 
R. H. Wolff & Co., 118th St., N. Y. City. 
Wetherill Bros., 93 Liberty St., N. Y. City. 
Murray, Austin & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Trenton Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. 
Baackes & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.; Cleveland, Ohio. 
See also Wire Goods. 

WIRE GOODS. 

American Wire Goods Co., Lowell, Mass. 

Clinton Wire Cloth Co., Clinton, Mass. 

Edw. Darby & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Kilmer Mfg. Co., Newburg, N. Y. ; 21 Quincy St., 

Chicago, 111. 
W. S. Tyler Wire Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
E. T. Barnum, Detroit, Mich. 
Ludlow-Saylor Wire Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
California Wire Works, San Francisco, Cal. 

WIRE NAILS. 

See Nails. 

WIRE ROPE. 

See Cable. 
WOOD=PRESERVING. 

See Creosoting. 
WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY. 

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
Stow Flexible Shaft Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Cleveland Wood Turning Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 
J. A. Fay & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

See also Machinery. 

WRENCHES. 

Bemis & Call Hardware and Tool Co., Springfield 

Mass. 
Coes Wrench Co., Worcester, Mass. 
Edw. Wright, Worcester, Mass. 
Walworth Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass. 
Williamsport Wrench Co., Williamsport, Pa. 
See also Hardware. 
YACHTS, STEAM. 
Atlantic Works, E. Boston, Mass. 

See also Shipbuilding and Launches. 



INDEX. 



PAGK 

Abutments for dam 96, 98 

Acts of Congress : 

August 7, 1789 108 

February 4, 1874 183 

June 20, 1874 6 

June 23, 1874 109, 138 

March 3, 1875 16, 1 10, 138 

April 10, 1 878 15 

June 11, 1878 10, 168 

June 18, 1878 164 

December 20, 1881 174 

August 7, 1882 138 

March 3, 1883 15, 138 

February 16, 1885 7 

February 26, 1 885 1 

July 26, 1886 108 

February 23, 1887 1 

April 24, 1888 22 

August 1 , 1 888 2 

August 11, 1888 22 

March 2, 1889 139 

March 5, 1890 10 

August 1 8, 1 890 23 

September 19, 1890 25 

August 1, 1892 1 

February 18,1893 '74 

February 20, 1893 136 

March 3, 1 893 no 

January 27, 1894 , 3 

May 1, 1894 1 

June 28, 1894 2 

August 1, 1894 23 

August 13, 1894 1 



PAGE 

Advertisement for proposals — General Law 2 

" " " District of Columbia 169 

" " " Light-House Establishment in 

" " " War Department 14 

Agate Bay, Wisconsin, Breakwater at 72- 

Allotment of Appropriations, Light-House Establishment 109. 

" " War Department 12 

Anchorage, arrangement of, near Tillamook Rock 13c 

Appropriations, for what to be used 11 

" fiscal year, unexpended balances 5 

" time limit for 5 

" District of Columbia 168 

" Life-Saving Service 164 

" Light-House Establishment 108 

" Supervising Architect's Office, 139 

" War Department, Engineer Department 12, 22, 23 

Quartermaster's Department 12 

Aqueduct, Washington, D. C, charge of 233, 183 

Architect, Supervising. See Supervising Architect. 

Army Posts, work at 105 

directory of 233 

Asphalt pavements, District of Columbia 174. ^77 

Attorney, powers of 4. 2C " 

Authority for expenditures, Light-House Establishment 109. 

Bank protection. See Shore protection. 

Barracks at army posts 106 

Barrels, cement, capacity of 62 

Beacons, pile, in Tampa Bay 13 1 

Beacon, Front, Craighill Channel, Baltimore Harbor 120 

Bids. See Proposals. 

Bidders, Failing, Engineer Department and Quartermaster's Depart 't 15 

Life-Saving Service 165 

" " Light-House Establishment 1 1 l 

267 



.268 



INDEX. 



Bidders, Failing, Supervising Architect's Office 144 

Building for Library of Congress 180 

Bidders, instructions to — District of Columbia labor 170 

materials 173 

" " " " " pavements 176 

" " " Engineer Department works 23 

" " " Life-Saving Service 165 

" " " Light-House Establishment in 

" " " Quartermaster's Department works 26 

" " " Supervising Architect's Office 142 

Bills to accompany vouchers — Engineer and Quartermaster Depart 19, 20 

" " " " Light-House Establishment 114,115 

Blasting operations, Tillamook Rock 129 

Blasting. See Rock Excavation. 

Board of Ordnance and Fortification 23 

Board of Award, Office of Supervising Architect 138 

Board of Engineers 232 

Boards and Commissions, River and Harbor work 232 

Boat inclines, Life-Saving Stations, construction of 167 

Body's Island, North Carolina, Light-House 125 

Bonds, bidders' — Building for Library of Congress 180 

" Engineer Department 15, 16, 23, 185 

" " Quartermaster's Department 15, 16, 26, 192 

Bond for accepted proposal, Supervising Architect's Office 203 

Bonds, Contractors' — Building for Library of Congress 180, 223 

" District of Columbia 169, 213, 214 

Engineer Department 17,24,187,188,189 

" " Life-Saving Service 165, 210 

" " Light-House Establishment 113,199 

" " Quartermaster's Department 17, 27,195 

" " Supervising Architect's Office 145, 206 

Bonds for duplicate checks, Engineer Department and Q. M. D 22 

Borings, appliances for making, Diamond Shoals 132 

Breakwaters, Lake Champlain 78 

Pile and slab dike 76 

" Sea 63 

" Superstructure, masonry 74 

stone 78 

wood 74. 78 

" Timber crib 71, 72, 73 

Bribery of Government Officials 3 

Brush, cost of 80, 81, 85 

fascines, cost 66, 7 1 

" mattresses. See Mattresses. 



PAGE 



Brush, and rock, dam or dike 79 

" " shore protection 79 

Buffalo, New York, Breakwater 74 

Buildings, Federal. See Federal Buildings. 

Building for Library of Congress 10, n, 179 

" " " " " forms {see Forms) 221 

offices 239 

Buildings, permanent military 13 

Bulkhead, Pile and Stone, Chicago 59 

New York 60 

Business Methods, Government, District of Columbia 168 

" " Treasury Department, Life-Saving Service.. . , 165 

" " " " Ligh t- House Establishment. . . 109 

" " " Supervising Architect's Office. 139 

" " War Department 12 

Caissons, Iron, for Light-House Foundations 120 

Caisson, Wooden, for " " 124 

Calumet Harbor, Illinois, Breakwater 74 

Canarsie Bay, New York, pile dike 65 

Cape Charles, Virginia, Light-House 117 

Cape Fear River, North Carolina, upper-spur dikes 88 

Cape Henry, Virginia, Light-House 118 

Car, mattress, Columbia River Jetties 69 

" stone dump, " " " 70 

Cement, cost 28, 29, 30, 31, 62, 76, 94, 102, 105 

" specifications for 100, 148 

Cement barrels, capacity of 62 

Cemeteries, national, in charge Quartermaster's Department 12 

Champlain, Lake, breakwaters 78 

Charleston, United States Dredge 42 

Chief of Engineers, duties 10, 183 

Chisel boats, description and work 52, 53 

Checks, official, form, payment, etc 6, 8, 21, 22 

lost 7> 21 

Circular, Treasury Department, August 24, 1876 8 

August 20, 1 886 9 

November 10, 1886 5 

June 28, 1889 7 

April 21, 1891 6 

July 25, 1892 13 

Circular letter, Light-House Board, October 19, 1894 m 

June 22, 1894 114 

" " Office Supervising Architect, November 17, 1 891 145 

Claims, transfers and assignments of 4 



INDEX. 



269 



Clinton River, Michigan, revetment 79 

Coffer-dams, crib for Light-House Foundation 89, 90 121 

" " cylindrical, Spectacle reef 127 

" " temporary, of sand-bags 127 

" " tightening crib, by stock ramming 91 

Collectors of Customs, duties, Light-House Establishment 108 

Columbia River Jetty 69 

Commissions, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers 233 

California Debris 233 

Commissioners, District of Columbia, appointment and duties 168 

office of 168,239 

Comptroller of Treasury, decision, powers of attorney 4 

" " " vouchers 19 

Concrete breakwater superstructure 74 

Concrete, cost, composition. 28, 29, 30, 31, 58, 59, 61, 76, 95, 101, 103, 117, 175 

Concrete in fortifications 28, 29, 30 

groin, St. Augustine, Florida 61 

materials, cost. See Materials. 

mixer , 30 

rules for placing 100 

sea-wall 60 

weight 62 

Congressional Library building (see Building for Lib. of Congress) 179 

Contracts, forms of. See Forms. 

Contracts, general laws concerning 2, 3, 4 

Building for Library of Congress 182 

" District of Columbia 169 

" Light-House Establishment no, 112, 113 

Life-Saving Service 165 

Office Supervising Architect 138, 140 

under War Department, regulations 13. 16, 18, 22, 25 

Contractors, building for Library of Congress 182 

" directory of 240 

" assistance to, under War Department 13 

Corporations, bonds from, War Department 17 

payments to, " " 20 

vouchers from, general regulations 9 

Craighill Channel, Baltimore Harbor, Front Beacon 120 

Crib-breakwaters 71, 73, 74, 78 

" dam, Great Kanawha River 96 

" dikes 89 

" foundation pier for light-house 124 

" " temporary, for light-house foundation 121 

Cribs, guard, at end of lock walls 93, 102 



Cumberland Sound jetties 67 

Curbs, District of Columbia 1 79 

Custodian of public building, duties 141 

Cylinder, iron, for light-house foundation in soft bottom 120, 124 

" " " " on rock 121 

wood, " " " " " 1 27 

Dam, brush and rock 79 

coffer. See Coffer-dam. 

fixed, Great Kanawha River, West Virginia 95 

" movable, Great Kanawha River, West Virginia 92 

" " Davis Island, Ohio River , 97 

permeable 80 

" pile 80 

pile and earth, Kampsville, Illinois River 97 

Davis Island, Ohio River, coffer-dam 90 

" " " lock and dam 96 

Day's labor, restricted to eight hours 1 

Decision of Comptroller of Treasury — Powers of attorney 4 

" " " " " Vouchers 19 

" " Secretary of War — Purchases 14 

Bonds 18 

Deer Island Light-house, Boston Harbor, Mass 123 

Delaware Breakwater. 63 

" Bay Light-house 116 

River dikes 86 

Derricks, steam locomotive, St. Mary's Falls lock 104 

Des Moines Canal, canvas coffer-dam 90 

Detroit River Light-house 1 24 

Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras, boring apparatus 132 

Dike, brush and rock 79, 85, 86, 88 

crib 89 

pile and brush 71, 87, 89 

" earth 86 

" permeable 84 

" and slab 76 

" stone 65, 77, 87 

riprap 89 

spur, Lower Mississippi River 85 

Disbursing agents. Treasury Department 141-146 

Disbursements, by light-house engineers 109 

" " " inspectors 109 

Office Supervising Architect 145 

restrictions on, War Department 13 

Districts— Light-House Establishment 108, 236 



270 



INDEX. 



Districts — Life-Saving Service 164, 238 

" River and Harbor Work 10, 225 

District of Columbia government, organization 168 

" " " municipal works 174 

" " " ' forms (see Forms) 21 1 

Dredges, cost and running expenses 35, 38, 39, 43 

" clam-shell 39 

" dipper 37 

" ladder and bucket 40 

" movable hydraulic, sea-going 42 

river 43,44 

" stationary hydraulic 40, 41, 47, 50 

" " " cost, formulae for work of 51 

Dredged materials, deposit of, on land 37, 45 

Dredging, cost 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 60 

" duties of engineer and of contractor 34 

" estimate for ,. m 35 

" laying out work 33 

" measurement of dredged materials 34 

Drill platform 54 

" scow 55, 57 

Eight-hour law 1 

Employees, fortification work 29 

" number required for dredge 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50 

" " drill scow 55 

" " lock No. 7, Great Kanawha River 94 

" Saint Mary's Falls Canal 104 

Engineer Commissioner, District of Columbia, appointment, etc 11, 168 

" Department, United States Army, duties 10 

" forms (see Forms) 185 

" " " " " personnel 10 

public works 28,225 

" " " " " special rules and regulations. 22 

" " " " " stations 10,225 

" Federal Buildings, duties 147 

" Light-House District, duties 108 

" River and Harbor Works District, duties 11 

" Secretary, Light-House Board 108 

Erie, Pennsylvania, Breakwater 72, 74 

Estimates — District of Columbia works 168 

dredging 35 

Excavation, earth, cost 29, 95, 96 

" in quicksand 31 

Executive Mansion (White House), care of 183 



Expenditures. Fiscal-year appropriations 1 

" Office Supervising Architect 139. 

Explosives, use of, rock excavation 54. 129 

Federal buildings, construction under charge of Supervising Arch. Off... 136 

" " regulations relating to construction 136, 138, 139 

" " specifications 147 

" " cost of 150 

Floors in Federal buildings 148 

Flues, construction of, in Federal buildings 149 

Forms : Building for Library of Congress, bond 223. 

" " " " " " contract 221 

" " " " " " proposal 221 

" '• " " " " voucher 224 

" District of Columbia, bond 213, 214 

" contract r . 213, 

*' measurement streets 218, 219, 220, 221 

" pay-roll 215 

" proposals 211, 212 

" vouchers 216, 217 

Engineer Department, contract 186 

" •' contractor's bond 187, 188, 189. 

" " guarantee for proposal 185 

" " pay-roll 191 

" " proposal 185 

" " voucher, ordinary 1 90. 

" " " special 1 90 

Life-Saving Service, contract with bond 208. 

" " proposal 208. 

" " vouchers 21 r 

Light-House Establishment, advertisement 197 

" " bond 199. 

" " contract 198. 

" " pay-roll 201 

" " proposal 197 

" " voucher, general 200 

" " " salary 201 

Office Supervising Architect, bond for accepted proposal 203, 

" " " contract with bond 205 

" " " pay-roll 208. 

" " " proposal 202. 

" " " voucher 207 

Quartermaster's Department, bond 195 

" " contract, ordinary 1 93 

" contract, construction work 194 



INDEX. 



271 



Forms : Quartermaster's Department, pay-roll 197 

" " " proposal circular 191 

" " " " with guaranty 192 

" " " voucher .....195,196 

Fortifications, appropriations for 23 

" charge of 10, 1 1 

" directory of 225 

work 28 

Foundations, concrete, Davis Island Dam 96 

pile, Kampsville lock 97 

Lake breakwaters 71, 72, 78 

life-saving station, Milwaukee, Wis 166 

light-house, crib-pier 124 

cylinder 120, 121, 124 

" masonry, on land 125 

Fourteen-foot Bank Light-house, Delaware Bay 120 

Fowey Rocks, Florida, Light-house 115 

Front Beacon, Craighill Channel, Baltimore Harbor 120 

Funds, public, care of 8 

" " misapplication of 6 

" " withdrawal of, from United States Treasury 12 

Gates, lock. See Lock-gates. 

" sluice, " Taintor " 101 

General commanding army, duties 10 

" superintendent Life-Saving Service, duties 164 

Governor's Island sea-wall 58 

Grading banks, methods and cost 81, 85 

Gray's Harbor, Washington, dike 71 

Groins for shore protection 61 

Guaranties for proposals, Engineer Department 16, 24 

" " " Quartermaster's Department 16, 26 

Guarantors to bidders, Engineer Dept. and Quartermaster's Dept 17 

Guard-houses at army posts 107 

Hatteras, Cape, test boring apparatus for light-house near 132 

Heating apparatus, Federal buildings, appropriations for 141 

Hog Island, Va., Lighthouse 117 

Holidays, legal 2 

" District of Columbia 2, 174 

Hospitals at army posts 106 

Houlton, Me., post-office building at, specifications 147 

Hudson River, rock excavation in 53 

dikes 86 

Hurdles for permeable dikes. See Dikes. 

Hydraulic grader 81 



Illinois River improvement, lock and dam at Kampsville 97 

and Mississippi Canal, concrete lock 99 

Inspectors, District of Columbia 172 

" dredging, duties 34 

Light-House Establishment, appointment and duties 108 

" Federal Buildings 140 

Instructions to bidders — Building for Library of Congress 180 

" " " District of Columbia, labor 170 

materials 173 

pavements 176 

" " Engineer Department 23 

" " " Life-Saving Service 165 

" Light-House Establishment 111 

" " " Office Supervising Architect 142 

" " " Quartermaster's Department 26 

Insurance of public money or property 13 

Iron, cast, specifications for, light-house 118, 120 

" " " " pipe, District of Columbia 213 

Iron, wrought, specifications for, Federal buildings 148 

" " " Light-House Establishment 117,120 

Iron cylinders for light-house foundations 120, 121, 123, 124 

Iron light-house construction 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 

James River, Va., dikes and training-walls 87 

" rock excavation in 54 

etties 



J 



65 



Jurisdiction over land for public works 2 

Kampsville, 111., lock and dam at 97 

Kanawha River, W. Va., Great, coffer-dam 90, 93 

" " fixed dam and lock 95 

" '• " movable dam and lock 92 

Kewaunee Harbor, Wis., pier at 77 

Labor, alien 1 

cost of, Great Kanawha River 94 

" notes, Great Kanawha River 94 

St. Mary's Falls Canal lock 104 

Labor and materials, liability for 1 

Laborers, force required. See Employees. 

Lake harbor breakwaters and piers 71 

Land, acquisition of, general laws 1,2 

" " " for War Department works 13 

" " " " Engineer Department works 22 

" " Federal buildings 138,139 

" " " " Life-Saving Service stations 164 

" " " " Light-House Establishment works no 



272 



INDEX. 



Laws and regulations, general i 

Building for Library of Congress 179 

District of Columbia works 168 

War Department 10 

Engineer Department 22, 183 

Quartermaster's Department 25 

Light-House Establishment 108 

Life-Saving Service 164 

League Island, Philadelphia, Pa., reclamation of 46 

Legal holidays, general laws 2 

" " District of Columbia 1 74 

Legal process, under State laws on light-house reservation no 

" " against District of Columbia government, how served 174 

Levees, construction and cost 86 

Liabilities in excess of appropriation or allotment 1 

Library of Congress, building for (see Building, etc.) 179 

Life-Saving Service business methods 164 

Districts 238 

" forms (see Forms) 208 

Office 238 

" " organization 164 

" " Stations, construction of 166 

Light-House Board, Engineer Secretary, duties 108 

" " members of 236 

" " Naval Secretary, duties 108 

" " organization and duties 108 

" Districts 108, 236 

" District Engineer, appointment and duties 108 

Inspector " " " 108 

" Establishment 108 

" " appropriations for 6, 108 

" " forms (see Forms) 197 

" " business methods 109 

" " regulations. See Regulations. 

Light-houses, new, how established 108 

" constructed by Engineer Officer 10, 11, 108, no 

" and beacons, cast-iron towers on land 118 

" iron skeleton, in water 115 

" " " on land 117 

" masonry towers, on land 125 

" " "on reef 1 26 

" " " on rocks 128 

" on concrete in wooden crib 124 

" iron tubular foundation 120 



Light-houses, and beacons, on iron pile beacons 131 

" working platform for construction of masonry 125 

Lock, concrete, Illinois and Mississippi Canal 99 

" and movable dam, Davis Island, Ohio River 96 

" " " " No. 7, Great Kanawha River 92 

" fixed " No. 2, " " " 95 

Kampsville, 111. . . 97 

" St. Mary's Falls Canal 102 

Lock-gates — Davis Island Dam 97 

" Great Kanawha River 94 

" Kampsville, 111., Lock 97 

" St. Mary's Falls Canal Lock 102 

Locomotive engine, improvised 30 

Lubec Channel, Me.. Light-house 124 

Lumber, cost of framing 94, 99 

Machinery, etc., dealers in, directory 251 

Mail, War Department, vouchers sent by 21 

Manatee River, Fla., dredging in, cost and plant 38 

Manufacturers and merchants, etc., directory 251 

Marshall's Shore protection, Chicago, 111 58 

Masonry, arrangement of, Spectacle Reef Light-House 128 

in Federal buildings, specifications for 147 

" light-house towers on land 125 

" " " " reefs 126,127 

" method of laying under water at Minot's Ledge 127 

" lock, specifications for and cost. See Locks. 

" sea-wall, cut-stone 58 

rubble 60 

" superstructure for breakwaters 74, 78 

Materials, cost of — brick 130, 179 

cement 94, 102, 105 

clay, puddle 94 

concrete 28, 29, 30, 31, 61, 71, 75, 76, 94, 102 

crib logs 94 

drift-bolts 71, 74, 77, 78, 94 96, 102 

gravel 102 

lumber 71, 74, 77, 78, 86, 94, 96, 99, 102 

paving 179 

pipe, cast-iron 179 

" terra-cotta 179 

rope 66, 8 1 

sand 94, 102, 130 

screw-bolts 74, 77, 78 

stone, broken 102 



INDEX. 



273 



Materials, cost of — stone, dimension 105, 130 

riprap ..30, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78, 80, 

85, 86, 89, 95, 96, 99 

" " " wire ..66,71,81 

and labor, liability for 1 

" " supplies, dealers in, directory of 251 

" dredged, difference between scow and place measurement of . . . 34 

" for river and harbor works 22 

" " light-house construction, specifications for 117, 120 

" preference given American 16, 23, 25, 180 

" purchase of, for Light-House Establishment no 

Mattresses, brush 66, 67, 68, 79, 80, 82, 85 

log and brush 67 

Mattress-car, Columbia River jetty 69 

Mess-halls at army posts 106 

Military roads and bridges, charge of 10 

Milwaukee, Wis., Breakwater 72, 74 

" " Life-Saving Station at 166 

Minot's Ledge Light-house, Mass 126 

Mississippi River — Fourth district dredge " Ram " 43 

" " regulation works for 79 

Mortar, proportions of 94. 103, 125, 127, 148 

Naval Secretary Light-House Board, appointment and duties 108 

Newburg, N. Y., dredging reservoir at 46 

Newburyport, Mass., sand-catch 62 

New Orleans, La., spur-dikes 85 

New York, N. Y., Dock Department drill platform 54 

" " " Harbor, dredging in 42 

Office Commissioners District of Columbia— Organization 168 

" " " " " Location 239 

Office Supervising Architect— Organization 136 

" Methods 140 

Ohio River, dikes 89 

dredging in 38 

Open-market purchases — Life-Saving Service 165 

" - " " Light-House Establishment 109, in, 114 

War Department 14.18 

Pacific Coast jetties 68 

Pavements. See Street Pavements. 

" for beach protection 59 

Payments — General regulations 5 

" District of Columbia works 1 74 

" Light-House Establishment 114 

" Life-Saving Service 165 



Payments — Supervising Architect's office 141, 146 

" War Department works 18, 19, 20 

" Engineer Department works, extension of contracts 25 

Pay-rolls, computation of time, form — District of Columbia 215 

" " Engineer Department 19, 191 

" " Life-Saving Service 166 

" " " " Light-House Establishment.. 115, 201 

" " " " " Quartermaster Department.. . . 19, 197 

Office Supervising Architect 20& 

Permeable dam 80 

dike 80, 84, 89. 

Piers. See Breakwaters ; Jetties. 

Pile base for light-house 1 24 

" beacons, Tampa Bay, Fla 131 

" coffer-dam 89 

" dam 80 

" driving with water-jet 70, 84, 133 

" driver, tramway, water jet and hammer jo 

" foundations for crib breakwaters 72 

" " " life-saving station 167 

" and earth dam ' 97 

" and plank revetment 78 

" " sheet-pile revetment 79. 98 

" " stone bulkhead 59 

" " stone dike 65 

" " slab " 76 

Piles, cost of 71, 73, 81, 86, 89, 99 

" iron, in light-house construction 115, 116 

" protection of, against teredo by iron sleeves 131, 132 

Plank-beam revetment 78 

Plans for Federal buildings, appropriation for 142 

Plant, concrete — Buffalo Breakwater 75 

" " I llinois and Mississippi Canal 101 

" " {See also Plant for fortification work.) 

Plant, dredging 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 

" excavation in quicksand 31 

" fortification work „ 29, 30, 3 1 

hydraulic grading 81 

" jetty work 67, 69 

" mattress construction, Mississippi River 82 

" pumping, St. Mary's Falls Canal lock 104 

" quarry, " " " " " 103 

" rock excavation 52, 53, 54 

" stock-ramming 91 



274 



INDEX. 



Plant, stone-yard, St. Mary's Falls Canal lock 104 

Plastering, specifications for, Federal buildings 149 

Platform, gun 31 

" mortar, method of setting bolts in 32 

Platform, rock-drill, on spuds 54 

" floating 54 

" working, for construction of round towers 125 

" for making test borings, off Cape Hatteras 132 

Plum Point, Mississippi River, regulation works 81 

Point Judith, R. I., breakwater 63 

Port Harford, Cal., breakwater 64 

Posts, army, work at , 11, 105 

Potomac flats, dredging in 40, 45 

Powers of attorney 4, 20, 115, 146 

Printing Office, Government, new building for 184 

Propeller sluicing 45 

Proposals— General regulations 3 

" Building for Library of Congress 180, 221 

" District of Columbia works 3,169,211,212 

" Engineer Department 14, 15, 23, 185 

" Life-Saving Service 165,208 

" Light-House Establishment in, 112, 197 

" Quartermaster's Department 14, 15, 26, 191, 192 

Supervising Architect's Office 140, 142, 202 

Public buildings. See Federal buildings. 

Public buildings and grounds in Washington, D. C 10, 11, 183, 233 

" notice, method prescribed for giving — War Department 14 

" " " " " " Light-House Establishment, in 

" works, liability for materials and labor furnished for 1 

Pumps, Centrifugal, use in dredging 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48 

" " measurement of discharge of 47 

" for coffer-dams. 104 

'• " grading 81 

" pulsometer, use in dredging 45, 46, 48, 50 

Public Works, directory of — Engineer Department 225 

" " " " Life-Saving Service 238 

" " " " Light-House Establishment 236 

" " " " Quartermaster's Department 233 

" " " " Supervising Architect's Office 150,159,238 

Purchases — General regulations 2 

" Regulations Light-House Establishment 1 10, 1 14 

" " Life-Saving Service 165 

" " War Department 13, 14, 18 

Quartermaster's Department, U. S. A. — Appropriations 12, 105 



PAGB 

Quartermaster's Department, U. S. A. — duties 11 

" " " Forms (see " Forms ") 191 

" " " Personnel and stations 12 

" " " Special laws and regulations. .. . 25 

" " " Works , 105,233 

Quarters at army posts 105 

Raritan River, N. J., dredging and rock excavation 39, 53 

Receipts in blank forbidden — War Department 21 

" " " Light-House Establishment 115 

Regulations, Army, have force of law 10 

" " by whom promulgated 10 

" " 1889, paragraphs quoted : 

par. p. par. p. par. p. 

186 10 617 16 668 17 

670 18 

671 18 

672 18 
674 19 

704 21 

705 22 



595 

596 

597 
602 
617 
619 
621 
623 
624 
625 
626 
632 
634 



p- 
o 

4 
4 
4 
5 
3 
4 



par. p. 

637 16 

638 16 

639 16 

645 16 

646 l6 

647 16 

652 l6 

653 16 

654 l6 
656 13 
662 17 
664 17 

666 17 

667 17 



714 19 

715 20, 26 
71 5i 20 
718 20 

724 20 

725 20 

726 2r 



par. p. 

727 21 

731 21 

732 21 

734 21 

738 13 

742 19 

744 13 

746 13 

773 13 

774 13 

775 13 

776 13 
813 10 

1683 10 



Regulations, Corps of Engineers, authority 10 

" " " " paragraphs quoted : 

par. p. par. p. par. p. 

68 25 71 25 71a 25 

Regulations, Life-Saving Service, authority for 164 

" " " paragraphs quoted : 

par. p. par. p. par. p. par. p. 

59 165 67 166 76 166 181 165 

60 165 68 166 180 165 182 165 
66 166 

Regulations, Light-House Establishment, authority 108 

•' '• paragraphs quoted : 

par. p. par. p. par. p. par. p. 

131 III 134 112 137 112 140 112 

132 in 135 no 138 112 141 112 

133 112 I36 II4 I39 112 I42 II3 



INDEX. 



275 



par. 


p. 


H3 


113 


148 


114 


156 


114 



par. 


P- 


159 


114 


l6l 


114 


I6 5 


"5 



par. 
168 


114 


170 


ii5 


171 


"5 



par. 


P- 


172 


"5 


180 


115 


l8l 


114 



Regulations on disbursements — Office of Supervising Architect. 145 

" Reliance " — Dredge 42 

Repair work — Federal buildings 141 

Resolutions of Congress, joint, Jan. 6, 1885, Feb. 23, 1887 2 

Revetment. See Shore protection. 

Revised Statutes, United States — Sections quoted : 



sec. 


p- 


sec. 


P- 


sec. 


P- 


sec. 


P- 


l6l 


10 


3646 


7 


3733 


i>4 


4664 


IO, 108 


2l6 


10 


3647 


7 


3736 


2 


4665 


108 


235 


136 


3648 


5 


3737 


3 


4666 


no 


306 


6 


3663 


139 


3739 


3 


4667 


no 


355 


2 


3673 


13 


374o 


3 


4669 


108 


"39 


12 


3678 


1 


374i 


3 


4670 


108 


1781 


4 


3679 


1 


3747 


16 


4671 


108 


1797 


10, 183 


3684 


109 


4653 


108 


4672 


108 


1798 


183 


3690 


1. 5 


4654 


108 


4680 


no 


1800 


183 


3709 


3 


4658 


108 


5450 


4 


1 801 


183 


37IO 


3 


4660 


no 


5451 


4 


1802 


183 


3716 


25 


4661 


2, no 


5496 


6 


1838 


2 


3717 


16 


4662 


no 


5503 


1 


3477 


4 


3732 


4 











Riprap breakwaters 63, 78 

" jetties 65, 66 

" sea-walls 58 

" stone, weight and volume 34. 64, 103 

" See Stone. 

" foundations, Lake breakwaters. 72 

River and harbor improvements — Appropriations for 12 

" " " " " " how expended 22 

" " " " Under charge of Corps of Engineers. .. 10 

" " " " Districts 10 

River bars — Removal by scraping 44 

" " " " propeller sluicing 45 

" regulation works 79 

Rock. See Stone. 

Rock excavation, inspection and measurement 52 

" " with explosives 54—57, 129 

" " without " 52,127 

" " with drill-scow 55. 57 

cost 39, 52, 95, 96 



Rock Island Rapids — Coffer-dam 90- 

" " " Rock excavation 53; 

Roof covering, Federal buildings 149 

Rope, cost of 81 

Round towers, working platform for constructing 125 

Sabine Pass, Tex., jetties 67 

Saint John's River, Fla„ dredging 411 

Saint Mary's Falls Canal locks 102 

San Diego, Cal., jetty 68 

Sand-catches 62 

Sandy Hook sea-wall 58: 

Savannah River dikes .' 89 

Schuylkill River dikes 87 

Scows, dump, cost, etc 36 

Scraping river-bars 44 

Sea-walls 58, 60 

Seal Rock, St. George's Reef, Cal., Light-House 130 

Secretary of Treasury, duties — District of Columbia works 169 

" " " " Light-House Establishment 108 

" " " " Life-Saving Service 164 

" " " Supervising Architect's Office 136 

Secretary of War, duties 10, 15, 183 

Secretary of War, Assistant 10 

Services, volunteer, when permitted 1 

Sheet-piles, driving 77 

Shore protection, Chicago, 111 58 

" " by groins or spur-dikes 61, 85 

" and revetment 78,81,82 

" " Milwaukee, Life-Saving station 167 

Signatures on vouchers — Light-House Establishment 115 

" " " Supervising Architect's Office 146 

" " " War Department 20,21 

Sinking cribs in breakwaters, etc., method 73 

Sites for public works. See Land. 

Sluice-gates, Taintor pattern 101 

Specifications — Federal buildings, form 147 

" Light-House Establishment, preparation of 112 

" War Department 15 

Spectacle Reef Light-House, Lake Huron 127 

Stannard's Rock Light-House, Lake Superior 121 

State, consent of, to purchase of land for public works 2 

Statutes-at-large. See Acts of Congress. 

Statutes, Revised. See Revised Statutes. 

Steel, specifications for — Light-House Establishment 118 



276 



INDEX. 



Steel, specifications for — Federal buildings 148 

Stock-ram ming, for tightening coffer-dams 91 

Stone. See Riprap. 

Stone, riprap, sizes in sea and lake works 63-68, 72, 78 

Stone dump-car 70 

Street pavements, District of Columbia, specifications for 174-178 

Sub-contractors, Federal buildings 144 

Suits against District of Columbia, service of process 174 

Superintendent of construction — Federal buildings ■ , 140 

" " " Life-Saving Service 164 

Supervising Architect, Treasury Department, duties 136 

" " organization of office of 136 

" Architect's Office, business methods 139 

" " " duties of Chief Executive 137 

" " " forms (see Forms) 202 

" " " directory of 238 

Supplies for military service 25 

Sureties on bonds — Light-House Establishment 113 

" " War Department 17 

Tennessee River dikes 89 

Tillamook Light-House, Oregon 128 

Time, computation of, of services — Light-House Establishment 115 

" " " " " Life-Saving Service , 166 

" " " " War Department 19 

Title to land, validity of, by whom determined 2 

Title papers — Federal buildings 137 

" " War Department works 13 

Towers, light-house, iron 115, 117, 118, 120, 124, 125 

" " masonry, on land 125 

" " " in water 120,126 

•• " working platform for constructing round masonry. . 125 



Towing expenses, dredging 36 

Training- walls. See Dikes. 

Treasury Department Works — Life-Saving Service 164 

" " " Light-House Establishment 108 

" " " Supervising Architect's Office 136 

Trestle for jetty construction 66, 68 

Valves, filling for locks, arrangement of 94, 95, 97, 102 

Vaults, safes, and locks for Federal buildings, appropriation for 142 

Vicksburg Harbor, dredging in 39 

Voids, volume of, in concrete stone 103 

" " " " riprap stone 34. 64 

Voluntary service, when permitted 1 

Von Schmidt dredge 40 

Vouchers, fraudulently submitted 6 

" from corporations 9 

" rules concerning and forms — District of Columbia works. . 216,217 

" " Engineer Department 19,21, 190 

" " Light-House Estab 114,115,200 

" " Life-Saving Service 211 

" " Supervising Architect's Office, 146, 207 

Quartermaster's Dp.19, 21, 26, 195, 196 

War Department, laws and regulations 10 

War, Secretary of. See Secretary of War. 

Washington, D. C, government of 168 

" " municipal works in 174 

" " public buildings and grounds in 183 

" " water-supply of 183, 184 

Water-jet, use of, in pile-driving 70, 84, 133 

" " in grading 81 

Wickets for movable dam 94 

Winyah Bay jetty 66 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



PAGE 

Aberthaw Co. , Concrete Engineers 12 

Alsen Portland Cement Works 17 

American Powder Mills 23 

Atlantic Dynamite Co 23 

Bacon Earle, C, Hoisting, Crushing, and Mining Machinery 20 

Barney Dumping-Boat Co n 

Batterson & Eisele, Marble, Onyx, Mosaic, and Granite 4 

Bishop Gutta-Percha Co., Insulated Electrical Wire and Cables 3 

Branford Granite Co 15 

Brownville Maine Slate Co., Roofing Slate 14 

Crook & Bro's. Co., W. A., Hoisting Machinery 20 

Dayton, Harold C. , Contractors' Tools and Supplies 21 

Davidson Sons' Marble Co., Marble and Mosaic Decoration 15 

Deane Steam Pump Co 23 

Dixon Crucible Co. , Joseph 17 

Eastern Dredging Co 23 

Edwards, Joseph, & Co. , Mechanical Engineers and Machinists 10 

Engineering News 16 

Excelsior Iron Works, Dredge and Pile-driving Machinery 3 

Hay ward, John H., Dredges, Excavators, Grapples, and Coal Buckets 7 

Hecla Powder Co 23 

International Contracting Co 23 

Lancaster, Jas. H., Combination Hoister. .facing 1st page reading-matter and 6, 7 
Lewinson & Just, Consulting Engineers and Contractors 23 

Mays, J. M., & Co., Pile Shoes 19 



PAGE 

Morse, Andrew J., & Son Diving Apparatus 17 

Mundy, J. S., Hoisting Engines 19 

McArdle, Fred. W., Machine Designer 23 

New England Dredging Co 23 

New England Granite Works 4 

New Jersey Car-Spring and Rubber Co 21 

New York Dredging Co 11 

Osgood Dredge Co 6 

Perrin, Seamans & Co., Steam and Power Pumping Machinery 23 

Pulsometer Steam Pump Co 18 

Richardson & Boynton Co., Furnaces facing title-page 

Ross, P. Sanford, Consulting Engineer and Contractor 23 

Shaw, Edward S., Consulting Engineer 23 

Smith, H. B., Co., Steam and Water Heating 23 

Sooysmith & Co., Consulting Engineers and Contractors 23 

Southern Marble Co. , Georgia White Marble 14 

Steam Stone-Cutting Co 13 

Stony Brook Felsite Quarry Co 12 

Sullivan Machine Co., Rock Drills 22 

True Blue Marble Co 13 

Vulcan Iron Works, Steam Dredgers and Shovels facing title-page 

Warren Chemical & Manufacturing Co., Asphalt Roofing, 

facing 1st page reading-matter 

Watson & Stillman, Hydraulic Jacks and Tools 23 

Wiley & Sons, John, Books 17, 21 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



The Bishop Gutta=Percha Co. 



MAKE THE HIGHEST GRADE OF 



INSULATED ELECTRICAL 



v^ 



Ait- 



alo- 



WIRES AND CABLES 



FOR ALL POSITIONS AND CONDITIONS. 

This company made the wires used in blowing up Hell Gate 

obstructions in 1876 and 1885 ; the first cables to carry 

high-tension currents under £j round in N. Y. ; all 

cables used in lighting buoys at Sandy Hook 

and Chicago ; wires used in Washing-ton 

and Mare Island Navy Yards, and 

several river cables for Light and 

Power Currents. 

"This wire also showed no deterioration from exposure to moist air, fresh 
plaster, damp earth, etc., after several months' exposure. Its insulating power 
also was unaffected by a like exposure to illuminating gas. Very truly yours, 

(Signed) " HENRY MORTON." 

U. S. Naval Academy, 
Annapolis, Md., February, 15th, 1S89. 
" Dear Sir: — I send you herewith a report of the tests of the four samples of 
electric-light wires you sent me for examination. 

" Desiring to find out as much as possible about wires for ships, I have taken 
advantage of your permission to subject these samples to severe tests, and have 
no fault to find with them. 

(Signed) "N. M. TERRY, 

''(Professor of Pfiysics.Y 

We do not claim to make the cheapest but to make the 
best goods made for the money. 

BISHOP GUTTAPERCHA CO., 

420 East 25th Street, New York. 

HENRY A. REED, manager. 




^ 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



The New England 



t BATTERSON & EISELE, 



Granite Works, 



Main Office, Hartford, Conn. 

QUARRIES: 

At Westerly, Rhode Island, 

And Concord, New Hampshire. 

NEW YORK AGENTS : 

BATTERSON & EISELE, 

431 1 1th Avenue. 

BUILDING AND MONUMENTAL WORK 

OK ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 

REFERENCES : 

The New Library of Congress. 

The Mutual Life Ins. Co., of New York. 

The Conn. Mutual Life Ins. Co., Hartford. 
The Equitable Life Ins. Co., New York. 
The State Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 
The City Hall, Providence, R. I. 

The Troy Savings Bank, Troy, N. Y. 

The Williamsburg Savings Bank, N. Y. 
The National Monument at Gettysburg. 
The National Monument at Antietam. 
And other important works throughout the United States. 

JAMES Q. BATTERSON, President, 

HARTFORD, CONN. 

JAMES QOURLAY, Gen. Manager, 

WESTERLY, R. I. 



IMPORTERS AND WORKERS OF 



MARBLE, 
ONYX, 

MOSAIC, 

GRANITE. 

Architectural Work a Specialty. 

OFFICE: 

No. 431 ELEVENTH AVENUE, 

Between 35th and 36th Streets. 

STEAM MILLS AND WORKS: 

Nos. 425 = 431 ELEVENTH AVENUE, 

NEW YORK. 



* 



A Few References as to Harble Work Performed. 

Equitable Life Building, New York. 

United States Trust Co.'s Building, New York. 
Union Trust Co.'s Building, New York. 

Farmers' Loan and Trust Co.'s Building, New York. 
Mutual Life Building, New York. 
Home Life Building, New York. 

Standard Oil Co.'s Building, New York. 
World Building, New York. 
Times Building, New York. 

Corn Exchange Bank Building. New York. 

Postal Telegraph Cable Co.'s Building, New York 
Hotel Waldorf, New York 
Hotel Imperial, New York. 

Hotel Renaissance, New York. 
Holland House, New York. 

Madison Square Garden, New York. 
Hotel Ponce De Leon, Florida. 

Brooklyn Savings Bank, Brooklyn. 
Public Library, Boston. Mass. 

Congressional Library, Washington, D. C. 
Can also refer to many other buildings both private and public 
throughout the United States. 




WEST FRONT, BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. November, 1894. 



6 



ADVER TISEMENTS. 









1 j.£a 



OSGOOD DREDGE CO., ALBANY, N. Y. 

Dredges at Work in Buttermilk Channel, New York Harbor. 
Hulls, ioo' X 40'. Engines, 16.J" X 20". Swinging Engines, 10" X 12". Dippers, 6 cu. yds. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



7 



HAYWARD'S 

DREDGE, EXCAVATOR, GRAPPLE AND COAL BUCKET 





HAYWARD'S ROUND BUCKETS WILL DIG EVERYTHING THAT IS PENETRABLE. 

THEY ARE MADE WITH THREE OR MORE POINTED STEEL BLADES. 

THEY CAN BE ATTACHED TO AND OPERATED ON ANY AND EVERY STYLE OF HOISTING AND 

CONVEYING MACHINERY. 

THEY ARE MADE ANY SIZE, FROM ONE CUBIC FOOT TO TEN CUBIC YARDS CAPACITY. 

By sending description of Material to be handled and the Machinery that buckets are to be operated by, the style, size, weight and price of buckets best 
adapted for the same will be furnished. 

JOHN H. HAYWARD, SOLE AGENT, 11 PINE STREET, N. Y. 



8 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



THE "LANCASTER" 1895 COMBINATION HOISTER. 

INTERCHANGEABLE FOR WORKING EITHER A GRAPPLE, SHOVEL, PILE-DRIVER, 

OR USE AS A CRANE OR A WRECKING CAR. 



'Tphe "Lancaster'' 
Hoisting Machines are 

novel and extremely effi- 
cient. They revolve the 
entire circle, are adjustably 
balanced, raise and lower 
the boom automatically 
while lifting or lowering 
either Grapple or Load, 
dig or discharge anywhere 
inside the extreme radial 
limits of the derricking jib 
or boom, and work from 
pier, truck, or deck of scow. 
At the Government 
Works, Sandy Hook, N. J., 
each of the three i cu. yd. 
" Lancaster" Grapples con- 
tinuously digs, raises 30 ft., 
and delivers at right angles, 
65 ft. distant, 850 cu. yds. 
of sand and gravel in ten 
hours, viz., making seven 
dips every five minutes of 
a well-filled bucket by a 
20 H.-P. double-chain 
Hoister. 



1 1 ,. 1 ... 11 




iiiifWr' "n^ 



THE "LANCASTER" 1894 COMBINATION HOISTER WITH GRAPPLE, ON A 3O-FOOT BOOM. 



SELF=PROPELLING OR STATIONARY, ADAPTED FOR EITHER TRUCK OR SCOW. 

The special features in this important combination render the machine suitable for a wide range of contract work. 

The Lancaster Suspension Cableway System operates two grapples, scoops or skips on each cable. Two or more cables can be 

supported abreast from the top of each of portable or fixed towers. 

ROCK AND ORE CRUSHERS, PULVERIZERS, PLACER-GOLD AMALGAMATORS, ETC., ALSO BUILT BY THE PATENTEE. 

JAMES H. LANCASTER, Thames Bl'd'g, Thames St., cor. Greenwich St., New York. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



9 




THE LANCASTER HOISTER AND GRAPPLE ON THE DELAWARE RIVER, TRENTON, N. J. 

The above shows a " Lancaster " dredging and pipe-laying outfit in operation for the Trenton Water Works Company. Excavations were 
made for both a massive sea-wall and for deep sewers, the machine being worked from its self-propelling truck. The outfit was then removed 
from its truck, transferred to a scow as illustrated, and employed for dredging a trench five feet deep and seven feet wide, in the river-bed, 
consisting of hard and very compact gravel. The grapple was then disconnected and lengths of three-foot-diameter cast-iron intake pipe 
handled and completely laid in successive sections from the shore to the middle of the river. It is also used as a turntable pile-driver. 



10 



ADVER TISEMENTS. 



SeIf=contained Hydraulic Dredging Steamer "RELIANCE." 




Capacity 650 Cubic Yards, loading inside of forty minutes. 
Designed and built for the improvement of New York Harbor. 



JOSEPH EDWARDS & CO., Mechanical Engineers and Machinists, 




PATENTEES and manufacturers of 

Hydraulic Dredging Plants, Centrifugal Pumps, Steam Engines, Boilers, Drawbridge, 

Hoisting, Conveying, and General Machinery. 

412-414-416 WATER STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y., U. S. A. 



DIRECT-ACTING CATARACT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND ENGINE. 



IMPROVED CATARACT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, 

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR 

HYDRAULIC DREDGING, WRECKING, WATER WORKS, MINING, DRY DOCKS, SEWERAGE, 
DRAINAGE, IRRIGATION, RECLAIMING AND FILLING OF LAND, ETC. 

SIZE S AND CAPACITIES, 300 TO 60.000 GALLONS PER MINUTE. WILL PASS FROM 20 
TO 50% OF SAND, GRAVEL, COAL, STONE, OR OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES OF 
A SIZE NEARLY EQUAL TO THE DIAMETER OF THE SUCTION PIPE. 

EXTENSIVELY USED BY THE UNITED STATES ENGINEERS. 

Correspondence solicited. Estimates and Catalogues on Application. 



ADVER TISEMENTS. 



ll 



NEW YORK 



# 



* * DREDGING CO., 

ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS. 




Hydraulic Dredge discharging through 5700 ft. Pipe. Will dig and put ashore 

any Material, Rock excepted. 




INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS 
OF NEW YORK. 



GEO. W. CATT, JVL Am. Soc. C.E., 

President and Engineer, 

0. L WILLIAMS, 

Secretary and Treasurer. 



PATENT CANAL-EXCAVATOR. 



Machines at work at Washington, D. C, Jacksonville, Fla., 

and Oakland, Cal. 



SPECIALTIE S : 



Machinery for Economical Excavation of Canals; 
for Dredging; for Reclamation of Low Lands. 



CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



WORLD BUILDING, New York, N. Y. 



j ALFRED W. BOOTH, 

President. 



A 



DeWITT c. ivins, 

Secretary and Treasurer, 



The Barney Dumping Boat Co. 

OE NEW JERSEY. 

New York Office, 319 BROADWAY. 





rhis cut shows end view bow of boat and water 
line, when loaded. 



Cross-section of boat showing the load 

in place, between the pontoons, and 

the tension-rods which hold the 

pontoons together at the 

bottom when loaded. 




Shows the boat after the load is dumped, and while being held open 

by the man on centre bridge, to allow the space to be thoroughly 

washed. When open, a clear space is shown from stem 

to stern, the sides of sloping well being nearly vertical. 

The Advantages of these are as follows : 

First. — Cheapness of construction for the amount of work and labor 

accomplished, time and labor saved. 
Second. — Economy in operation. Two men can dump the load in 

ten minutes. 
Third. — Submerging the load six feet below the surface of the water. 

Fourth. — The boat can go to sea in all kinds of weather. 

Fifth. — It presents a complete solution of the problem of disposing 

of the refuse of seaboard cities. 
Sixth. — The pontoons work automatically, the gravity opens the 

boat and the displacement closes it. 



12 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



ROSS F. TUCKER, B.S., WM. HARTLEY DENNETT, B.S., LEONARD C. WASON, B.S., 

President. Treasurer. Vice President. V 



THE 



ABERTHAW COMPANY 



CONCRETE ENGINEERS. 



DRAWINGS AND ESTIMATES MADE AND CONTRACTS TAKEN FOR ALL KINDS 

OF CONCRETE MASONRY. 



RANSOME ROTARY MACHINE MIXERS. 



(Used by War Department U. S. A., on Pacific Coast.) 



WE BUILD CONCRETE 

Foundations, Bridge Piers, Docks, Magazines, Vaults, Engine=beds, 

Stand=pipes, and Dams. Walls of all kinds, Water=proof and 

Fire=proof Floors, Watertight Cellars, Self=supporting 

Sidewalks, Illuminated Concrete Tiles and Vault 

Lights, Domes, Wells, and Conduits. 

SPECIFICATIONS, DRAWINGS AND ESTIMATES FOR GENERAL CONCRETE WORK 

AND FOR ALL WORK UNDER THE RANSOME PATENTS (CONCRETE 

AND TWISTED STEEL) FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 

31 STATE STREET, BOSTON. 

Master Builders' Exchange, 166 Devonshire Street. Box i. 



LEONARD C. WASON, 
President. 



WM. HARTLEY DENNETT, 
Treasurer. 



ROSS F. TUCKER, 
Vice President. 



Stony Brook 
Felsite Quarry Company, 



31 STATE STREET, BOSTON. 



Quarries at Mt. Hope Station, 



On N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R., Prov. Div. 



QUARRYMEN AND CONTRACTORS 



-FOR- 



Broken Stone in any quantities and of all 

sizes for Road Building, Concrete 

Construction, etc. 

DIMENSION STONE OF ALL KINDS. 

Seamed Faced Stone, beautifully colored, for ornamental work — unrivalled 
in brilliancy by any stone in New England. 

FELSITE IS THE FINEST STONE IN NEW ENGLAND FOR ROAD METAL 

AND CONCRETE WORK. 

Crushing tests on a 3" cube at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
developed 29,900 pounds per square inch. 

It has withstood a furnace heat of 2200 F. for a week without decomposition. 
I It has also withstood fire and water without crumbling. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



13 



Steam Stone 

Cutter Company, 

PROPRIETORS OK PATENTS AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF 

THE WARDWELL 

Stone Channelling and Quarrying Machine, 

Rutland, Vermont 



* 



JOHN W. CRAMTON, President. GEO. E. ROYCE, Treasurer. 
H. O. CARPENTER, Secretary. 



THE FOLLOWING REMARKS 

ARE INTENDED TO MEET INQUIRY IN RELATION TO MACHINES. 

The Single Machine cuts from 40 to 100 square feet of channel in marble and 
limestone per day, and will do the work of 25 men. 

The Double Machine cuts from 75 to 150 square feet of channel in marble 
and from 150 to 400 in limestone and sandstone per day, and will do the work of 50 
men. 

The cost of cutting channels is from 3 to 10 cents per square foot of channel. 
The cost, per cubic foot, for cutting channels is from 1 to 3 cents. 

They have cut over 400 square feet of channel in Western limestone, and 
over 500 feet of Lake Superior brown sandstone in one day of ten hours. 

Three-fourths to seven-eighths of all the marble, limestone, and sandstone 
produced in the United States is quarried by these Machines. 

These Machines are the original and first practical invention of the kind and 
for the purpose described, and have no equal for efficiency and economy. There 
are about 400 of them in use, and over forty million dollars has already been 
saved by their use. 

Parties quarrying stone are solicited to give the invention a careful examina- 
tion, and for terms address the 

STEAM STONE CUTTER CO., 

Rutland, Vt. 



TRUE BLUE 



MARBLE CO. 



Quarries and Mills at 

West Rutland, Vermont. 



BUSINESS OFFICE AND 

P. O. ADDRESS, 



RUTLAND, VT. 



J. W. CRAMTON, President. 

GEO. E. ROYCE, Treasurer, Secretary and Manager. 

RICHARD W. SMITH, Superintendent. 



A 



TO THE TRADE. 

Rutland, Vt., February 1st, 1895. 

True Blue Marble has been in use for years, and dealers indorse its great superi- 
ority as to fineness, evenness in working, and great beauty and stability of color, being 
almost an unfading blue. 

We have the largest and best stock of Blue Marble on hand, in blocks, sawed and 
finished, of any producer in the business. Having about 300 blocks ready for sawing 
and the best quarry we have ever had, a very large proportion of which is very nice 
Dark Mottled and Ex. Dk. Veined stock, we are prepared to fill orders promptly. 

We are prepared to furnish Building Marble in rock ashler and all sizes of trim- 
mings in the various styles of finish, and will be pleased to submit estimates on appli- 
cation. 

We have the best marble mill in existence, constructed of steel, iron, and marble, 
absolutely fireproof, 254x80 ft , with 16 extra-large gangs, 2 rubbing-beds, turning- 
lathes, polishing-machines, etc. 

Our mill and quarries are 2% miles north of West Rutland depot, on a branch of 
the D. & H. Canal Co.'s Railroad. 

A special passenger train leaves Rutland every morning (Sundays excepted) at 6 30 
A. M., stopping at Center and West Rutland, arriving at the True Blue Quarries at 7 
A. M., and returning at 5.30 P. M. 

Hoping for your patronage, we remain, 

Respectfully yours, 

TRUE BLUE MARBLE CO. 



14 

Brownville Maine 
Slate Company. 

O. W. Norcross, President. 
Albert J. Park, Treasurer. 



ADVER TISEMENTS. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



UNFADING BLACK ROOFING 

5LATE. 



Strongest, Toughest, Most 
Slate in the World. 



Durable 



Office, WORCESTER, 3IASS. 

Slate from our quarry have recently been taken 
from a roof built in 1846, and after nearly half a 
century's exposure in the severe climate of North- 
ern Maine they show no indication of deterioration 
or wear, and have lost none of their original color 
and lustre. 

Punching does not Damage our Slate. 

It may be Punched full of Holes an inch or two 
apart without breaking. 

All slate drilled and countersunk when desired. 
It costs no more for labor to put on the best slate 
than an inferior one. The difference in cost be- 
tween our slate and those not so tough is a small 
percentage of the entire cost of covering a roof. 

Owing to the toughness of our slate, the dan- 
ger of expense and annoyance from leakages occa- 
sioned by broken slate is reduced to a minimum. 



tu ■ Q. 
_rt "> — 

oc'V 



686 
515 
5*5 
450 

534 
458 
400 
356 

320 

374 
328 
291 
262 
219 

187 
277 
247 
222 



Sizes 



gx 7 
1 ox 8 
1 ix 7 
nx 8 
12X 6 

I2X 7 
I2X 8 

12X 9 

12x10 
i 4 x 7 
14X 8 
14X 9 
14x10 
14x12 
14x14 
i6x 8 
i6x 9 
16x10 



Price per Sq ~ erg- I Price per Sq 

<75 s~ Sizes 



No. 



No. 



'IOC" 



$4 00 
4 00 
4 10 
4 
4 
4 



202 

i»5 
139 
214 
192 

'75 

160 

138 

I70 

*54 
142 

121 

138 
127 

109 

"5 
08 



No. 



No. 



16x11 

16x12 

16x16 

i8x 9 

18x10 

i8xn| 

i8xi> 

18x14 

20x10 

2oxie 

20x12 

20x14 

22x11 

22x12 

22x14 

24X12 

24x14 



qp6 00 
6 00 

5 80 

6 10 
6 00 
5 80 
5 80 
5 60 
5 80 

5 7° 

5 60 

5 60 

S 50 

5 40 

5 30 

5 40 

5 20 




v 



The Southern Marble Company, 



Ouarry Owners and Producers of 



Georgia White Marble. 



QUARRIES AT 



MARBLE HILL, near Tate, PICKENS COUNTY, GA. 



ROBERT P. BEECHER, 



General Sai.es Agent, 



197 Jackson Street, ATLANTA, GA. 



A Corner in our Quarry at Brownville, Maine. /\ 



m~ PUNCHIGN DOES NOT DAMAGE OUR SLATE. ~m 



This marble is nearly pure carbonate of lime, as will be seen 
by the following analysis by L. P. Kinnicutt, 
Professor of Chemistry, School of Tech- 
nology, Worcester, Mass. 



Carbonate of calcium 
Aluminum and iron oxides 
Insoluble residue - 
Loss and undetermined 



98.96 

- .22 
.61 

- .08 



Absorption of moisture of the white marble of the Southern 

Marble Co., .02. 






ADVERTISEMENTS. 



15 



THE 



V 



Branford Granite Company. 



EDW'D FREEL, President. 






turn 




ill" 



ill 



FI 




■iii 






^ mi 



Win 

MMmwwu 
i I II 1011 ill 




BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA. 

QUARRIES: STONY CREEK. CONN. 

OFFICES: 4 & 5 COURT SQUARE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 



Estimates Furnished for Buildings, Monumental Work, 
Sea-walls, Breakwater Work, etc. 



Marble and Mosaic 

Decorations, 



ARCHITECTURAL 
WORK A 
SPECIALTY. 



— -@@^ — 



ESTIMATES 

FURNISHED. 



— -©© — 



DaviLtson Sons Marble Co. 



ELEVENTH AVENUE, 
26th and 27th Streets, 



New York City. 



THE STONE FOR THE ABOVE BUILDING FURNISHED BY /j\ 
THE BRANFORD GRANITE COMPANY. 



Importers, Dealers, and Manufacturers of all kinds of 

Foreign and Domestic Marbles. 



16 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Engineering News. 

Published Weekly by the Engineering News Publishing Company. 
Chicago Office: 1636 The Monadnock. Tribune Building, New York. 

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, Canada, and Mexico, one year, $5.00 ; two months, $1.00. Single copies, 15 cents. In all 
other countries in the Postal Union add $2.08 a year (4 cents a number) to above prices. BOUND VOLUMES: Six months {one vol.), 
$4.00; twelve months (two volumes in one cover), $0.75. 



For information upon engineering subjects your 
journal is invaluable, and to me -without an equal. 
Washington, D. C, 1804. S. Thayer Abert. 



Please place to my credit enclosed $5.00 for the 
Best Engineering Publication Extant. I would 
not exchange it for all the others put together. 

Salem, O., 1894. J. B. Straws. 

We get more information from Engineering 
News than from all the others combined, and I 
think we have them nearly all in our line. 

Pittsburg, Pa., 1894. O. B. Bovard, 

Sec. and Treas. Monongahela Fire-clay Co. 

I have found the information given in your "Con- 
struction News" correct and satisfactory, and will 
further add 7nore so than in any other Engineering 
paper. L. K, Davis. 

New York, 1894. 



The reading matter in Engineering News occupies each week 24 quarto pages, and, besides numerous 
illustrations in the text, each number is supplemented by an inset sheet of drawings (generally 14 X 21 
inches). Sixteen of these pages are given up to articles of technical interest, letters, editorial comments, 
and reviews of books. The aim is to cover what is most important in the whole field of Engineering ; and 
while most space is given to (so-called) Civil Engineering, it will be found that Mechanical (including 
Electrical) Engineering receives much attention. The remaining eight pages contain matter of more 
transitory interest, and are now made up separately so that they need not be bound in the yearly volumes. 
Personal items and short notices of new publications, and of the meetings of societies, are given space 
in this supplement, while over six pages of small solid type are filled with reliable items relating to 

projected work in all parts of the United States and Canada. These items number from five to eight 

hundred each week, and their value to contractors and engineers cannot be overestimated. 

The advertisements in Engineering News are those of representative firms, and there is the 
best evidence that the results obtained are satisfactory. But, besides these standing advertisements, 
a special feature is made of transient advertising. Since 1887 there have been published in this 
Journal 21 10 different advertisements calling for bids on contract work, many of them being repeated 
from five to eight times. They came from 913 cities in 46 States and Territories of the United States, 
and from Canada, Central and South America, and a few even from Europe and Asia. The wide 
publicity given among contractors makes the cost of these proposal advertisements ($2.40 per inch) 
verv small indeed. 



In my estimation, there is but one medium for 
advertising— Engineering News. 

Muncie, Ind., 1894. T. J. McNerney. 

General Contractor. 

We received more inquiries from the notice in 
your excellent paper than from all other sources 
combined. C. P. Fillmore, City Clerk. 

Marengo, 111., 1894. 

Our department has been kept busy replying to 
letters froi7i contractors asking for specifications, 
etc., all saying they had seen the notice in the News. 

Quincy, 111., 1894. E. R. Chatten, 

City Engineer. 

Your paper is a worthy advertising medium, nine 
companies having responded to our call for bids 
for a garbage crematory. Parker N. Black. 

Asbury Park, N. J., 1894. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



17 



Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., * morses diving apparatus. 



JERSEY CITY, N. J., U. S. A. 

MINERS, IMPORTERS, AND MANUFACTURERS 



ite, PliMitap BIqgK-L 



PENCILS, CRUCIBLES, STOVE=POLISH, LUBRICANTS, 
AND GRAPHITE PRODUCTS OF ALL KINDS. 





Established 1827. 



Incorporated 1868. 




Oldest and Largest House of its kind in the World. 



Dixon's SiHca=Graphite Paint is the best and most econom- 
ical protective paint for construction work 
of all kinds. Roofs painted with this paint 
have not required repainting in 20 years. 

Dixon's Graphite Wire=Rope Grease is recommended 

for all Stays and Cables. 
Dixon's Pure Flake Graphite is an unrivalled lubricant. 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED ON ALL MATTERS 
PERTAINING TO GRAPHITE. 



A 




Air=pumps, 

Dresses, 

Weights, 

Mittens, 

Wire, 



Diving=helmets, 
Hose, 
Shoes, 
Batteries, 
Fuses, etc. 



MORSE'S DIVING=HELMETS, 

THREE STYLES, WITH 

SAFETY-VALVES. 

We have furnished, for many years, 
our Diving Apparatus to the Corps of 
Engineers, U.S.A., U.S. Navy Depart- 
ment, and the leading Wrecking Com- 
panies, Contractors, and Railways of 
the country. 



ANDREW J. MORSE & SON. 



140 Congress Street, 



BOSTON, MASS. 



JOS. DIXON CRUCIBLE CO., 



JERSEY CITY, N. J. 



Alsen's Portland Cement Works, 

Hamburg, Germany. 

NEW YORK OFFICE, 

No. 143 Liberty Street, New York. 

"ALSEN" has no equal in color, fineness and sand carrying capacity. 
It weighs less per bushel (measuring about 10 per cent, more Cement to a 
barrel than other brands, which verv materially reduces its cost as compared «ith 
other cements): it is, theref-re, an economical cement to use and especially adapt- 
ed for fine concrete work. 

A PRACTICAL 

Treatise on Foundations, 

Designed for Engineers in Active Professional Practice. 
By W. M. PATTON, C.E., 

Containing 425 pages together with numerous Cuts and Plates. Full Table of 
Contents and Complete Index. 8vo, cloth, S5.00. 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 53 East 10th Street, New York. 



18 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



THE 



PULSOMETER 



STEAM 
PUMP. 




"The Contractors' Friend." 

OFTEN IMITATED— NEVER EQUALED. 

OVER 20,000 IN USE. 



Recent Important Improvements. 

The Handiest, Simplest, and Most Efficient Steam Pump 
for General Mining, Quarrying, Railroad, Irrigating, Drainage, 
Coal-washing, Tank-filling, Paper-mill, Sewer, and Bridge Con- 
tractors' Purposes, etc., etc. 

Muddy or gritty liquids handled without injury to the Pump. 



'JS'rrGATg; 



Catalogue on 

Application. 

Correspondence Solicited. 



PULSOMETER STEAM PUMP CO., 

135 Greenwich Street, one block South of Liberty, New York, N. Y, 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Double Cylinder, Double Friction Drum, Reverse Link Motion Hoisting Engine with Brake Bands. 







19 



This Engine is especially 
adapted for the tail-rope 
system of haulage ; double 
shafts in mines, also for wire- 
rope tramways. All levers 
working the friction-drums, 
brakes, and links, as well as 
the steam, are operated by one 
man at one place, by arc- 
notched levers, so that the 
pressure on each lever is held 
automatically by the ratchets. 

J. S. MUNDY, 

MANUFACTURER <>F 

Hoisting Engines 

For every class of work. 

NEWARK, N. J, 

Send for Catalogue and 
Prices. 



PATENT CHILLED-POINT PILE-SHOES. 

WITH BENT WROUGHT-IRON STRAPS. 



PLUG SHOE. PLUG SHOE. 

Octagonal Point. Square Point. 

Patterns " G " and " H" for 




Round or Square Piles. 



The only shoe of any real prac- 
tical use. They insure a Saving 
in Piles, in Labor of Driving. 
and the certainty of solid, uni- 
form foundation. 




Pattern "D" for Sheet 

Piling or Cofferdam 

Work. 



For information as to sizes and 
prices, address 

J. N. 1AYS & CO.. 




209 WALNUT PLACE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

Sole Manufacturers in United States, 



20 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Hoisting, Crushing, and Mining 



MACHINERY. 








"Farrel's" Rock and Ore Crusher. 



Bacon's Portable Hoisting Engine 
With One, Two, or Three Drums. 




Bacon's Double-Cylinder Ffiction-Drum 

Hoisting Engine. 

With Single, Double, or Triple Drum. 

EARLE C. BACON, 

ENGINEER, 

Havemeyer Building, NEW YORK. 



Bacon's Double-Drum Winding Engine. 
Friction and Link Motion. 




Send for Catalogues of Hoisting, Crushing, 
and Mining Machinery. 



Bacon's Friction-Drum Winding Engine. 
Large Drum and Brake. 



i 



T 





Electric Mining Hoist. 



Double-cylinder, Double-drum Hoist- 
ing Engine, for Contractors' use. 



W. A. CROOK & BRO.'S CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF A COMPLETE LINE OF 

Improved Hoisting Machinery 

FOR MINING, QUARRYING, COAL-HOISTING, PILE-DRIVING, DOCK-BUILDING, 
BRIDGE-BUILDING, LOG-HAULING, EXCAVATING, AND GENERAL CON- 
TRACTORS' USE. ELECTRIC HOISTS FOR ALL PURPOSES. 

Suspension Cable Ways 

FOR QUARRIES, DAM-BUILDING, SEWER CONSTRUCTION, CANAL-EXCAVATING, 
AND GENERAL HOISTING AND CONVEYING PURPOSES. 

Send for Illustrated Catalogue r/iviny full description, etc. 

Main Office and Works, 117=123 Poinier Street, 

NEWARK, IV. J. 

SALESROOMS, 

143 Liberty Street, 

NEW YORK!. 





Double-cylinder, Reversible Link Motion, 
Mining Engine. 



Double-cylinder, Double-friction 

Drum, Coal Hoisting and 

Mining Engine. 



ADVEKTISEMENTS. 



21 



inrold C. Dayton \ Co 



44 DEY STREET, 



') 



NEW YORK. 



CONTRACTORS' 



TOOLS 

AND 

SUPPLIES. 




RAILROAD, CONSTRUCTION, MINE, 
AND DUMP CARS. 



4 



HIGH=GRADE RUBBER GOODS. 




HOSE, 

BELTING, 

PACKING, 

VALVES, 
SUCTIONS, 

MATS, 

MATTINGS, 
TREADS, 

TUBING, 

SPECIALTIES. 



RUBBER, COTTON and LINEN FIRE and MILL HOSE. 

N. J. CAR SPRING AND RUBBER CO., 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 



JOHN WILEY & SONS, 

53 East Tenth Street, N. Y. 



PUBLISHERS OF 



Scientific and Industrial Works. 

Circular Catalogues on the following subjects will be sent to your 
address on receipt of request. 



No. I. Civil Engineering. 

II. Materials of Engineering. 

III. Bridges, Roofs, etc. 

IV. Hydraulics, etc. 

V. Steam Engines, Boilers, etc. 
VI. Chemistry, Electricity, etc. 
VII. Mathematics, Astronomy, etc. 
VIII. Assaying, Metallurgy, Miner= 
alogy, etc. 



X. Art, Drawing, Painting, En= 
graving, Architecture, Car= 
pentry, Stair Building, etc. 
XI. Mechanics, Machinery, Manu= 
factures. 
XII. Military and Naval Text-Books, 
Navigation, Seamanship, 
Port Charges, etc. 



ALSO, 



REFINED BAR IRON, DRIFT AND SCREW BOLTS. T A Catalogue of Valuable Text-books, Industrial Works, etc. 8vo. 



22 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



SULLIVAN CHANNELERS AND GADDERS. 

54 Sullivan Channelers used on Chicago Drainage Canal. 



Diamond Core 
Prospecting Drills, 

FOR TESTING FOR MINERALS, 
BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS, 

OR MAKING TESTS OF GROUND 
WHERE TUNNELS ARE PROPOSED. 





Rock Drills, 



COAL=MINING MACHINERY. 



NNS^t 



CONTRACTORS FOR 



WORK WITH 



Diamond Core Drills. 



*^^* 



SULLIVAN CHANNELER AS USED ON CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. 



SULLIVAN MACHINERY CO. 



GENERAL OFFICE: 

54 N. Clinton Street, Chicago, 111. 



EASTERN OFFICE AND WORKS: 

Claremont, N. H. 



ADVEKTISEMENTS. 



23 



Consulting Engineers and Contractors. 

Charles Sooysmith, C. E., President. 

Charles H. Deans. C.E., Vice-President. 

George Adgate, Western Manager. 

Edwin S. Jarrett, C.E., Engineer. 

SOOYSMITH & COMPANY, 

(incorporated.) 
Main Office, Mills Building, Wall and Broad Streets, NEW YORK. 



Steam and Water Heating. 



Dredging. 



M. Lewinson, C.E. 



Geo. A. Just, C.E. 



LEWINSON & JUST, 

128 W. 42d STREET, 
NEW YORK. 

P. SANFORD ROSS, 

1 1 3 Hudson Street 

Savannah, Ga. JERSEY CITY, N. J. 

The International Contracting Co., 

95 BROAD STREET, 

NEW YORK. 



Consulting Engineers. 



EDWARD S. SHAW, 

12 Pearl Street, 

BOSTON. MASS. 
Machine Designers. 

FRED W. MCARDLE, 

75 State Street, 

room 12, BOSTON. 



J. R. Reed, Prest. A. Mekcek, Vice-Prest. P. C. Smith, Treas. 

THE H. B. SMITH CO., 

office and warerooms, 

133-137 Centre Street, 

NEW YORK. 



Telephone No., 736 Franklin. 
Foundry, Westfield, Mass. 



H ydraulic Jacks and Tools. 

Watson & Stillman, 

204-210 E. 43d Street, 

NEW YORK. 

Steam and Power Pumping Machinery. 
DEANE STEAM PUMP CO, 

72 CORTLANDT STREET, 

NEW YORK. 

Perrin, Seamans & Co., 

57 OLIVER STREET, 

BOSTON, MASS. 



PULSOMETER, CENTRIFUGAL, 
AND DIAPHRAGM. 



NEW ENGLAND DREDGING CO., 

12 Post Office Square, 

BOSTON, MASS. 

EASTERN DREDGING CO., 

25 Congress Street, 

BOSTON, MASS. 



Atlantic Dynamite Co., 

245 Broadway, 

SMALL & SCHRADER, NEW Y0RK - 

AGENTS. 



American Powder Mills. 
GUNPOWDER, * 

SPORTING and BLASTING. "^ 

"/ETNA" DYNAMITE 



Electric Blasting Supplies, 

OFFICE: 

No. 233 STATE STREET, 

BOSTON. 

The Hecla Powder Co., 

239 Broadway, 

NEW YORK. 



' 



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